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Lateral Deformation of Large-scale Coronal Mass Ejections during the Transition from Nonradial to Radial Propagation

2026-04-14T09:29:01Z

Hhudson:

{{Infobox Nugget |name = Nugget
|title = Lateral Deformation of Large-scale Coronal Mass Ejections during the Transition from Nonradial to Radial Propagation
|number = 522
|first_author = Huidong HU
|publish_date = April 13, 2026
|next_nugget = Leif Svalgaard
|previous_nugget = {{#ask: [[Category:Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::521]]}}
}}

== Introduction ==

Solar coronal mass ejections
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection (CMEs)] are large-scale expulsions of
plasma and magnetic fields from the solar atmosphere.
Their speed can be up to 3000 km/s near the Sun, and
their mass could be as large as 1014 kg. When the ejecta reach the
Earth, it can disrupt the Earth's magnetic fields and inject a large
amount of energy and energetic particles into the
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosphere#Earth's_magnetosphere magnetosphere],
causing a
[https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/geomagnetic-storms geomagnetic storm].

The propagation direction of a CME is an important factor in its
space weather effects because it determines whether and which part
of the CME impacts the Earth. However, a significant fraction of
CMEs initially propagate nonradially in the corona, and then
transition to radial direction that is often about a dozen degrees
away from the source position (e.g., Ref. [1,2]). This transition from nonradial
to radial propagation is an important process in the evolution of
such CMEs, yet it remains poorly understood.

== Obervations and Results ==

We investigated the lateral deformation of two large-scale CMEs
from the same active region on the solar limb (Ref. [3]). Based on
multiwavelength observations, we present a detailed analysis
of the transition from nonradial to radial propagation of CMEs in
the low corona.

The two CMEs erupted on 2023 March 3 and 4, respectively, from the
solar west limb. In the beginning, both CMEs move in a nonradial
direction (indicated by arrows in Figures 1(a)(c) for the CME on
March 3), beneath a system of overlying loops that are roughly
parallel to the flux-rope axis. During the nonradial stage, the
CMEs laterally deform by bulging their upper flanks toward the
higher corona (indicated by rightward white arrows in Figures
1(e)(h)). This process eventually leads to a transition to a radial
propagation direction approximately 25° away from the eruption site
(see Figure 1(i)). After the directional transition, the nonradial-stage
upper flank becomes the leading edge in the radial stage.

[[File:522f1.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 1: 
Multiwavelength observations of the 2023 March 3 CME transitioning
from nonradial to radial propagation. (a)--(c) The erupting filament
observed by
[https://aia.lmsal.com SDO/AIA]? 304 Å and
[https://sun10.bao.ac.cn/SUTRI/ SATech-01/SUTRI]
465 Å moving along a
nonradial direction; (d)--(h)
[https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/goes-solar-ultraviolet-imager-suvi GOES/SUVI]
284 Å running-difference images
showing the CME transitioning from nonradial to radial propagation
through lateral deformation (bulging of the upper flank); (i)
[https://lasco-www.nrl.navy.mil SOHO/LASCO] C2 image showing the CME finally propagating radially.
Animations are available online in Ref. [3].
]]

The system of overlying loops is roughly parallel to the axis of
the flux rope and thus does not strap over it. However, these loops
are generally perpendicular to the flux-rope legs, and their strong
magnetic tension force can constrain the radial expansion of part
of the CME by acting on the legs during the transition. The interaction
between the expanding CME and the overlying loops causes transverse
oscillations of the loops (see Figure 2(c)+(f)).

Furthermore, the study found that the motion direction of a major
portion of the filament lagged behind the transition of the overall
CME structure in the March 3 event. This resulted in the filament
being displaced to the southern part of the CME, moving away from
the ecliptic plane (as indicated by the arrow in Figure 1(i)). This
highlights the complexity of CME features; for instance, in situ
observations near the ecliptic plane might not detect the filament
material.

[[File:522f2.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 2: 
(a)+(d)
[https://nso.edu/research/solar-magnetism/ PFSS]-extrapolated magnetic loops (cyan curves) overlying
the CME source regions. (b)+(e) SDO/AIA 171 Å images showing the
overlying loops and the nonradial morphology of the two CMEs in the
early stage. (c)+(f) Time-distance profiles along the loops showing
oscillations caused by the interaction between the CMEs and the
loops.
]]

== Summary ==

This study presents the first observational investigation of the
lateral deformation of CMEs during the transition from nonradial
to radial propagation in the low corona, contributing significantly
to a comprehensive understanding of the complete CME evolution
picture. More details are in Ref. [3].

== References ==

[1] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011SoPh..271..111G "Quantitative Analysis of CME Deflections in the Corona"]

[2] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...805..168K "Global Trends of CME Deflections Based on CME and Solar Parameters"]

[3] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026ApJ...997..303H "Lateral Deformation of Large-scale Coronal Mass Ejections during the Transition from Nonradial to Radial Propagation"]

Lateral Deformation of Large-scale Coronal Mass Ejections during the Transition from Nonradial to Radial Propagation

2026-04-14T09:25:28Z

Hhudson: author's fixes

{{Infobox Nugget |name = Nugget
|title = Lateral Deformation of Large-scale Coronal Mass Ejections during the Transition from Nonradial to Radial Propagation
|number = 522
|first_author = Huidong HU
|publish_date = April 13, 2026
|next_nugget = TBD
|previous_nugget = {{#ask: [[Category:Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::521]]}}
}}

== Introduction ==

Solar coronal mass ejections
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection (CMEs)] are large-scale expulsions of
plasma and magnetic fields from the solar atmosphere.
Their speed can be up to 3000 km/s near the Sun, and
their mass could be as large as 1014 kg. When the ejecta reach the
Earth, it can disrupt the Earth's magnetic fields and inject a large
amount of energy and energetic particles into the
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosphere#Earth's_magnetosphere magnetosphere],
causing a
[https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/geomagnetic-storms geomagnetic storm].

The propagation direction of a CME is an important factor in its
space weather effects because it determines whether and which part
of the CME impacts the Earth. However, a significant fraction of
CMEs initially propagate nonradially in the corona, and then
transition to radial direction that is often about a dozen degrees
away from the source position (e.g., Ref. [1,2]). This transition from nonradial
to radial propagation is an important process in the evolution of
such CMEs, yet it remains poorly understood.

== Obervations and Results ==

We investigated the lateral deformation of two large-scale CMEs
from the same active region on the solar limb (Ref. [3]). Based on
multiwavelength observations, we present a detailed analysis
of the transition from nonradial to radial propagation of CMEs in
the low corona.

The two CMEs erupted on 2023 March 3 and 4, respectively, from the
solar west limb. In the beginning, both CMEs move in a nonradial
direction (indicated by arrows in Figures 1(a)(c) for the CME on
March 3), beneath a system of overlying loops that are roughly
parallel to the flux-rope axis. During the nonradial stage, the
CMEs laterally deform by bulging their upper flanks toward the
higher corona (indicated by rightward white arrows in Figures
1(e)(h)). This process eventually leads to a transition to a radial
propagation direction approximately 25° away from the eruption site
(see Figure 1(i)). After the directional transition, the nonradial-stage
upper flank becomes the leading edge in the radial stage.

[[File:522f1.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 1: 
Multiwavelength observations of the 2023 March 3 CME transitioning
from nonradial to radial propagation. (a)--(c) The erupting filament
observed by
[https://aia.lmsal.com SDO/AIA]? 304 Å and
[https://sun10.bao.ac.cn/SUTRI/ SATech-01/SUTRI]
465 Å moving along a
nonradial direction; (d)--(h)
[https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/goes-solar-ultraviolet-imager-suvi GOES/SUVI]
284 Å running-difference images
showing the CME transitioning from nonradial to radial propagation
through lateral deformation (bulging of the upper flank); (i)
[https://lasco-www.nrl.navy.mil SOHO/LASCO] C2 image showing the CME finally propagating radially.
Animations are available online in Ref. [3].
]]

The system of overlying loops is roughly parallel to the axis of
the flux rope and thus does not strap over it. However, these loops
are generally perpendicular to the flux-rope legs, and their strong
magnetic tension force can constrain the radial expansion of part
of the CME by acting on the legs during the transition. The interaction
between the expanding CME and the overlying loops causes transverse
oscillations of the loops (see Figure 2(c)+(f)).

Furthermore, the study found that the motion direction of a major
portion of the filament lagged behind the transition of the overall
CME structure in the March 3 event. This resulted in the filament
being displaced to the southern part of the CME, moving away from
the ecliptic plane (as indicated by the arrow in Figure 1(i)). This
highlights the complexity of CME features; for instance, in situ
observations near the ecliptic plane might not detect the filament
material.

[[File:522f2.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 2: 
(a)+(d)
[https://nso.edu/research/solar-magnetism/ PFSS]-extrapolated magnetic loops (cyan curves) overlying
the CME source regions. (b)+(e) SDO/AIA 171 Å images showing the
overlying loops and the nonradial morphology of the two CMEs in the
early stage. (c)+(f) Time-distance profiles along the loops showing
oscillations caused by the interaction between the CMEs and the
loops.
]]

== Summary ==

This study presents the first observational investigation of the
lateral deformation of CMEs during the transition from nonradial
to radial propagation in the low corona, contributing significantly
to a comprehensive understanding of the complete CME evolution
picture. More details are in Ref. [3].

== References ==

[1] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011SoPh..271..111G "Quantitative Analysis of CME Deflections in the Corona"]

[2] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...805..168K "Global Trends of CME Deflections Based on CME and Solar Parameters"]

[3] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026ApJ...997..303H "Lateral Deformation of Large-scale Coronal Mass Ejections during the Transition from Nonradial to Radial Propagation"]

SolarNuggets

2026-04-13T20:11:03Z

Hhudson:

Welcome to the [[SolarNuggets]] collection, which extends the series of [[RHESSI]] Nuggets. The following is a time-ordered list of the latest Nuggets added to the HelioWiki. An [[:Category:Nugget|alphabetical list of the SolarNuggets]] is also available as well as [[:Category:RHESSI Nugget List|yearly lists]]. One can search on author, topic, IAU flare identifier, etc.). We welcome volunteer authors - please see our page of [[Help:For_Authors| help for authors]] or just send an email to the Curator at (hugh.hudson@glasgow.ac.uk).

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Lateral Deformation of Large-scale Coronal Mass Ejections during the Transition from Nonradial to Radial Propagation
|number = 522
|first_author = Huidong HU
||publish_date = 13 April 2026
|description = Coronal mass ejections can begin their trajectory highly tilted to the vertical, but then straighten out
|image=Icon522.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Can EUV Power-Spectral Indices Reveal Imminent Solar Flares?
|number = 521
|first_author = Sihui ZHONG,
|second_author = Dmitrii KOLOTKOV and Valery M. NAKARIAKOV
||publish_date = 6 April 2026
|description = A new flare-precursor observable - power spectra
|image=Icon521.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = How energetic can solar flares become?
|number = 520
|first_author = Natalie KRIVOVA
||publish_date = 31 March 2026
|description = The history of active-region areas suggests the possibility of solar superflares
|image=Icon520.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops
|number = 519
|first_author = Teodora MIHĂILESCU,
|second_author = Peter YOUNG et AL.
||publish_date = 16 March 2026
|description = Higher FIP bias than expected in some flare loops, a diagnostically interesting result
|image=Icon519.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = When Magnetic Field Lines Stretch, Snap, and Expand: A New Look at Solar Flares with L-maps
|number = 518
|first_author = Maria KAZACHENKO,
|second_author = Yuhong FAN and Andrey AFANASYEV
||publish_date = 9 March 2026
|description = A clever new tool tracks magnetic connectivity (and energy) during flare/CME occurrence
|image=Icon518.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observational Evidence Linking Loop Length and Thermal/Nonthermal Peak Timing in Solar Flares
|number = 517
|first_author = Solomon PERRIYIL
||publish_date = 23 February 2026
|description = Clear evidence for the universality of the physics behind the Neupert Effect
|image=Icon517.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A fine-scale bright kernel captured by Hi-C 3 in the post-maximum phase of an M-class solar flare
|number = 516
|first_author = Sanjiv TIWARI
||publish_date = 9 February 2026
|description = The Hi-C rocket catches an extremely compact brightening in late-phase flare ribbon development
|image=Icon516.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On the Relationship Between Nanoflare Energy and Delay in the Closed Solar Corona
|number = 515
|first_author = Shanwlee SOW MONDAL et al.
||publish_date = 19 January 2026
|description = Nanoflaring implies energy storage and sudden release, suggesting correlation between event energy and its timing
|image=Icon515.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fine structures in solar flare ribbons
|number = 514
|first_author = Jonas THOEN FABER
||publish_date = 12 January 2026
|description = Elongated "riblets" commonly rise out of flare ribbons, and have characteristic Doppler shifts
|image=Icon514.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The M- and X-class White-light Flares in Super Active Region NOAA 13664/13697
|number = 513
|first_author = Zhichen JING
|second_author = and Ying LI
|publish_date = 5 January 2026
|description = "Super" active regions have relatively more frequent X-class flares, which correlate well with visible continuum (white-light flare) emission
|image=Icon513.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Iron Fluorescence in X-class Solar Flares
|number = 512
|first_author = Abhilash SARWADE
|publish_date = 8 December 2025
|description = A new spectroscopic capability for Iron K-alpha fluorescence
|image=Icon512.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star Analysis of a Solar Eruption Source Region Using H-alpha Spectroscopic Observations from CHASE
|number = 510
|first_author = Xiaofeng LIU
|second_author = and Yijun HOU
|publish_date = 24 November 2025
|description = Sun-as-a-star observations help to translate solar/stellar processes
|image=Icon5010.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On the Origin of Solar Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Flares‎‎‎‎
|number = 509
|first_author = Alessandro BRUNO
|publish_date = 3 November 2025
|description = Do we really need a CME to produce a long-duration solar gamma-ray event?
|image=Icon509.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = FAI and GOES eclipses‎‎
|number = 508
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 20 October 2025
|description = Flare anticipation via FAI may have problems during GOES eclipses, which are really interesting in their own right
|image=Icon508.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The EUV Late Phase‎
|number = 507
|first_author = Sascha ORNIG
|publish_date = 13 October 2025
|description = Basic comparative statistics of the ELP, a distinct flare phenomenon
|image=Icon507.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Time evolution of flare-accelerated electrons using the warm-target model‎
|number = 506
|first_author = Debesh BHATTACHARJEE
|publish_date = 6 October 2025
|description = Considering a "warm" thick target allows flare-accelerated electrons to be treated self-consistently
|image=Icon506.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOLSTICE observes flare Doppler shifts in Si III
|number = 505
|first_author = Luke MAJURY
|publish_date = 30 September 2025
|description = A rarely used database suggests prograde-flow Doppler shifts in flaring plasmas
|image=Icon505.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare Phases and the Earth's Ionospheric Response
|number = 504
|first_author = Susanna BEKKER
|publish_date = 16 September 2025
|description = A flare's "EUV late phase" is surprisingly geoeffective
|image=Icon504.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Neupertianity
|number = 503
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 August 2025
|description = It's hard to avoid the Neupert Effect
|image=Icon503.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Synchrotron Radiation and the Foundations for a Cosmic Bridge
|number = 502
|first_author = Immanuel JEBARAJ
|publish_date = 11 August 2025
|description = Gyrosynchrotron radiation in shocks: a cosmic connection
|image=Icon502.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Aulanier Effect: drifting footpoints of CME flux ropes
|number = 501
|first_author = Jaroslav DUDÍK,
|second_author = Juraj LÖRINČÍK and Brigitte SCHMIEDER
|publish_date = 21 July 2025
|description = The breakthrough to 3D flare physics: the Aulanier Effect
|image=Icon501.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Five Hundred Nuggets
|number = 500
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 14 July 2025
|description = A milestone
|image=Icon169.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasiperiodic Pulsations in the Balmer Continuum in an X-class Solar White-light Flare
|number = 499
|first_author = De-Chao SONG et al.
|publish_date = 30 June 2025
|description = QPP in the Balmer continuum: the powerful heartbeat of a flare
|image=Icon499.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = High-Resolution Observations of a C3 class White-Light Flare
|number = 498
|first_author = Zhe XU and
|second_author = Xiaoli YAN
|publish_date = 16 June 2025
|description = A compact white-light flare with vortical motions (and hard X-rays)
|image=Icon498.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Sun's open-closed flux boundary and the origin of the slow solar wind
|number = 497
|first_author = Chloe WILKINS and
|second_author = David PONTIN
|publish_date = 26 May 2025
|description = Identifying the solar sources of slow solar wind
|image=Icon497.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Delay of Near-Relativistic Electrons
|number = 496
|first_author = Grant MITCHELL
|publish_date = 19 May 2025
|description = Parker Solar Probe solves an old mystery about type III bursts
|image=Icon496.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Multi-Site Telescope for Multi-Height for Synoptic Observations
|number = 495
|first_author = Fallon KONOW
|publish_date = 11 May 2025
|description = A new synoptic network for observations at multiple wavelengths
|image=Icon495.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On turbulent magnetic reconnection: fast and slow mean steady-states
|number = 494
|first_author = Sage STANISH
|second_author = and David MacTAGGART
|publish_date = 28 April 2025
|description = In a turbulent medium, magnetic reconnection has two limiting domains
|image=Icon494.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasi-Periodic Pulsations in Ionospheric TEC and Flare EUV
|number = 493
|first_author = Aisling O'HARE
|publish_date = 21 April 2025
|description = The Earth's ionosphere reflects QPPs, with a small delay
|image=Icon493.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Metis observations of Alfvenic outflows driven by interchange reconnection in a pseudostreamer
|number = 492
|first_author = Paolo ROMANO and the Metis team
|publish_date = 7 April 2025
|description = Exactly as predicted by numerical simulations... a rare coup
|image=Icon492.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Rollercoaster: looping-the-loop in the solar corona
|number = 491
|first_author = Mohamed NEDAL et al.
|publish_date = 31 March 2025
|description = Large-scale helical motion in the flare/CME SOL2024-05-14
|image=Icon491.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Proton Beam Energy Deposition as a Mechanism of Deep Photospheric Heating
|number = 490
|first_author = Samuel GRANOVSKY
|second_author = and Alexander KOSOVICHEV
|publish_date = 17 March 2025
|description = Evidence for proton beams in white-light flares
|image=Icon490.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = New insights into the proton precipitation sites in solar flares
|number = 489
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 17 February 2025
|description = There is no detectable difference in proton and electron foopoint locations after all
|image=Icon489.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Gamma-Ray Evidence for a Distinct Population of MeV Flare-Accelerated Electrons
|number = 488
|first_author = Gerry SHARE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 10 February 2025
|description = Relativistic electrons in solar flares newly recognized as a distinct process
|image=Icon488.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = From Chromospheric Evaporation to Coronal Rain: An Investigation of the Mass and Energy Cycle of a Flare‎
|number = 487
|first_author = Seray &Scedil;AHIN
|second_author = and Patrick ANTOLIN
|publish_date = 3 February 2025
|description = A first quantitative comparison of flare evaporation and coronal rain
|image=Icon487.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energetic neutral atoms detected in the large solar energetic particle event of February 2022‎
|number = 486
|first_author = Christina COHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 January 2025
|description = Only the second direct observation of high-energy neutral atoms from the Sun
|image=Icon486.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Magnetic topology of quiet-Sun Ellerman bombs and associated ultraviolet brightenings‎
|number = 485
|first_author = Aditi BHATNAGAR
|second_author =
|publish_date = 6 January 2025
|description = Tiny "Ellerman Bombs" occur all across the solar surface, with differences
|image=Icon485.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unveiling CME Dynamics: Rare Rotations of CMEs in the Heliosphere
|number = 484
|first_author = Sandeep KUMAR and
|second_author = Nandita SRIVASTAVA
|publish_date = 30 December 2024
|description = CMEs usually do not show additional rotation as they move though the heliosphere
|image=Icon484.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatial and Spectral Evolution of Microwave and X-Ray Sources During the Limb Flare SOL2023-02-05
|number = 483
|first_author = Yulia N. SHAMSUTDINOVA
|publish_date = 23 December 2024
|description = Rare microwave imaging spectroscopy of a hot-onset precursor event
|image=Icon483.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = High-resolution observational analysis of flare ribbon fine structures
|number = 482
|first_author = Jonas THOEN FABER
|publish_date = 16 December 2024
|description = Spatially periodic fine structures in flare ribbons reveal current-sheet tearing
|image=Icon482.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Advection and super-diffusive expansion as the model of flare accelerated electron transport in type III solar radio bursts
|number = 481
|first_author = Eduard KONTAR
|publish_date = 9 December 2024
|description = Sturrock's dilemma resolved
|image=Icon481.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Faraday's Law in Solar Flares: A Cautionary Message
|number = 480
|first_author = Michael FARADAY
|publish_date = 2 December 2024
|description = We must not forget the global implications of Faraday's Law
|image=Icon480.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remarkable NUV Spectrum of an M-star Megaflare
|number = 479
|first_author = Adam KOWALSKI
|publish_date = 25 November 2024
|description = Remarkable NUV spectra from an HST stellar flare
|image=Icon479.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Revised Point-Spread Functions of AIA and their effect on DEM analyses
|number = 478
|first_author =Stefan HOFMEISTER,
|second_author = Daniel Wolf SAVIN, and Michael HAHN
|publish_date = 18 November 2024
|description = Substantial revisions of the AIA point-response functions
|image=Icon478.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = How much of the energy in flare-accelerated electrons reaches the chromosphere?
|number = 477
|first_author = Meriem ALAOUI
|second_author = and Gordon HOLMAN
|publish_date = 11 November 2024
|description = Keeping flare-accelerated electrons out of the chromosphere
|image=Icon477.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatially resolved plasma composition evolution in a solar flare
|number = 476
|first_author = Andy S. H. TO
|publish_date = 4 November 2024
|description = Reconnection outflow feeds abundance variations
|image=Icon476.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = HOPE during high activity
|number = 475
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Alphonse STERLING
|publish_date = 28 October 2024
|description = Hot onsets appear even in the most active solar conditions
|image=Icon475.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Simulated heliospheric electron spectra show sensitivity to plasma properties of a source region in the flaring corona
|number = 474
|first_author = Ross PALLISTER
|second_author = and Natasha JEFFREY
|publish_date = 21 October 2024
|description = Getting closer to an understanding of how solar energetic particles "escape"
|image=Icon474.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An extremely complex active region with very strong non-neutralized electric currents
|number = 473
|first_author = Ioannis KONTOGIANNIS
|publish_date = 14 October 2024
|description = Large non-neutralized electric currents flow through the active-region corona
|image=Icon473.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An X9 flare and its huge crochet (SFE)
|number = 472
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 7 October 2024
|description = The geomagnetic effect (SFE/crochet) that will calibrate the Carrington flare
|image=Icon472.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = All microflares that accelerate electrons to high energies are rooted in sunspots
|number = 471
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|publish_date = 30 September 2024
|description = Microflares with hard X-ray spectra are a well-defined class, and invariably have one footpoint embedded in a sunspot
|image=Icon471.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The warm-target model and kappa distributions
|number = 470
|first_author = Yingjie LUO
|publish_date = 16 September 2024
|description = A self-consistent treatment of non-thermal electron spectra points to kappa distributions
|image=Icon470.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Is there HOPE for Hyder flares...
|number = 468
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 15 March 2024
|description = Filament eruptions/Hyder flares/disparitions brusques may all show HOPE
|image=Icon468.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star Analysis of the M8.7 Flare on 2022 October 2 Using H-alpha and EUV Spectra Taken by SMART/SDDI and SDO/EVE
|number = 467
|first_author = Takato OTSU
|publish_date = 19 February 2024
|description = Whole-Sun spectroscopic observations can readily detect ejecta
|image=Icon467.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unexpected Asymmetry in GeV Emission
|number = 466
|first_author = Bruno ARSIOLI and Elena ORLANDO
|publish_date = 15 January 2024
|description = The high-energy solar gamma radiation shows inexplicable but fascinating properties
|image=Icon466.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = When it rippled in one place and exploded in another
|number = 465
|first_author = Ivan ZIMOVETS
|publish_date = 25 December 2023
|description = Pulsations precede a flare, but seem unrelated
|image=Icon465.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar flares: evaporation and simulation‎
|number = 464
|first_author = Malcolm DRUETT
|publish_date = 18 December 2023
|description = Fitting beam electrons into multi-dimensional models
|image=Icon464.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Pre-impulsive and Impulsive Phases of the March 28, 2022 Sub-Terahertz Flare
|number = 463
|first_author = Galina G. MOTORINA
|publish_date = 11 December 2023
|description = A flare with an increasing sub-THz spectrum and sub-THZ precursor information
|image=Icon463.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal Bright Points
|number = 462
|first_author = Daniel NÓBREGA-SIVERIO
|publish_date = 27 November 2023
|description = Bright EUV rowel-like structures can result from null-point reconnection
|image=Icon462.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Aurora-like Radio Emission from a Sunspot
|number = 461
|first_author = Sijie YU
|publish_date = 20 November 2023
|description = Maser action above a sunspot
|image=Icon461.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Search for a Flare Anticipation Index (FAI)
|number = 460
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Jim McTiernan
|publish_date = 13 November 2023
|description = Quantifying flare precursors on a few-minute time scale
|image=Icon460.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bouncing motions of fast electrons using Nobeyama Radioheliograph
|number = 459
|first_author = Keitarou MATSUMOTO
|publish_date = 6 November 2023
|description = Solar evidence for conservation of second adiabatic invariant in particle motion
|image=Icon459.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Impact of nanoflare heating in the lower solar atmosphere
|number = 458
|first_author = Helle BAKKE
|publish_date = 30 October 2023
|description = The behavior of nanoflare fast electrons in Bifrost models
|image=Icon458.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Precise timing of flare footpoint sources from mid-infrared observations‎
|number = 457
|first_author = Paulo SIMÕES et al.
|publish_date = 23 October 2023
|description = Mid-IR observations at high spatial and high temporal resolution: Conjugacy
|image=Icon457.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Greatest GOES Flares‎
|number = 456
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Ed CLIVER
|publish_date = 25 September 2023
|description = The greatest GOES events, re-analyzed, fall short of expectations
|image=Icon456.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Introducing SunSketcher
|number = 455
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Gordon EMSLIE
|publish_date = 11 September 2023
|description = Galloping towards roundup in the 2024 total solar eclipse
|image=Icon455.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = TeV Gamma rays from the Quiescent Sun
|number = 454
|first_author = Mehr Un NISA
|second_author = and John BEACOM
|publish_date = 21 August 2023
|description = Solar photons at unprecedented high energies
|image=Icon454.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Hard X-Ray Sources in Flare Model with Vertical Current Sheet
|number = 453
|first_author = Alexander SHABALIN, Eugenia OVCHINNIKOVA,
|second_author = and Yuri CHARIKOV
|publish_date = 7 August 2023
|description = Modeling betatron acceleration in current-sheet development.
|image=Icon453.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatial Distribution of Magnetic Reconnection Rate in an M6.5 Solar Flare
|number = 452
|first_author = Ju JING
|publish_date = 12 June 2023
|description = Linking hard X-rays to high-resolution images that show reconnection rates.
|image=Icon452.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Statistical study of Type III bursts and associated HXR emissions
|number = 451
|first_author = Nicole VILMER and Tomin JAMES
|publish_date = 29 May 2023
|description = Linking electron populations escaping from the Sun with those that RHESSI detects.
|image=Icon451.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar flare hard X-rays from the anchor points of an eruptive filament
|number = 450
|first_author = Muriel STIEFEL
|publish_date = 15 May 2023
|description = A rare "four-ribbon" flare has been detected in hard X-rays.
|image=Icon450.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Did a Solar Flare Accelerate all the Ambient Electrons in the Coronal Acceleration Region?...
|number = 449
|first_author = Gordon EMSLIE, Eduard KONTAR,
|second_author = Galina MOTORINA, and Brian DENNIS
|publish_date = 1 May 2023
|description = Considering SOL2017-09-10, probably not.
|image=Icon449.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Diagnostics of Spatially-Extended Turbulent Acceleration and Transport
|number = 448
|first_author = Morgan STORES
|publish_date = 24 April 2023
|description = Drilling down into the detailed structure of solar-flare energy release by including turbulence with particle acceleration.
|image=Icon448.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = RHESSI's Re-entry
|number = 447
|first_author = Pascal SAINT-HILAIRE and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 17 April 2023
|description = The final demise of RHESSI is this week
|image=Icon447.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Glasgow geomagnetic observation of a solar flare
|number = 446
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON, John MALONE-LEIGH,
|second_author = Graham WOAN, and Chris OSBORNE
|publish_date = 13 March 2023
|description = Irish and Scottish geomagnetic observatories see a crochet much like that of the Carrington event
|image=Icon_446.png}}

{{{Nugget Badge
|title = Particle Acceleration in Two Coronal Jets
|number = 445
|first_author = Yixian ZHANG
|publish_date = 27 February 2023
|description = Coronal jets with hard X-ray sources at disjoint locations
|image=Icon445.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Curious First Sunquake of Solar Cycle 25‎
|number = 444
|first_author = Alexander KOSOVICHEV
|publish_date = 13 February 2023
|description = A double whammy: two distinct sunquakes from SOL2022-05-10.
|image=Icon444.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hard X-ray Pulsations via Gaussian Decomposition
|number = 443
|first_author = Hannah COLLIER and Laura HAYES
|publish_date = 30 January 2023
|description = Flare hard X-ray time variations decomposed objectively
|image=Icon443.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A possible coronal magnetic flare precursor
|number = 442
|first_author = Enrico LANDI
|publish_date = 16 January 2023
|description = Novel measurements of the coronal magnetic field may help with flare prediction
|image=Icon442.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A slow HOPE with microwave context
|number = 441
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 12 December 2022
|description = A new microwave facility at Chashan Observatory, and a prototypical HOPE
|image=Icon441.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Rapid variations of Si IV spectra in a flare observed by IRIS at a sub-second cadence
|number = 440
|first_author = Juraj LÖRINČÍK
|publish_date = 14 November 2022
|description = Transition-region lines in a flare have a Doppler component revealing quasi-periodic pulsations
|image=Icon440.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Significant Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance Associated with a Massive Gamma-ray Burst
|number = 439
|first_author = Laura HAYES and Peter GALLAGHER
|publish_date = 31 October 2022
|description = A first SID observed in broad daylight, from a source far far away
|image=Icon439.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Effects of Coronal Structures on the Dynamics of the Global Coronal Wave of SOL2017-09-10‎
|number = 438
|first_author = Huidong HU, Ying D. LIU, and Bei ZHU
|publish_date = 17 October 2022
|description = The amazing global coronal wave of SOL2017-09-10 wrapped around the whole Sun, and displayed transmission and reflection at both polar coronal holes
|image=Icon438.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = KW-Sun: The Konus-Wind Solar Flare Database in Hard X-Ray and Soft Gamma-Ray Ranges
|number = 437
|first_author = Alexandra LYSENKO
|publish_date = 26 September 2022
|description = An unrivaled hard X-ray and gamma-ray database is entering its third activity maximum
|image=Icon437.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = First Detection of Kink Oscillations with Solar Orbiter
|number = 436
|first_author = Sihui ZHONG et al.
|publish_date = 19 September 2022
|description = SolO sees coronal oscillations as well as AIA can, and even better
|image=Icon436.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energetic Neutral Hydrogen from Large Solar Flares
|number = 435
|first_author = Glenn MASON
|publish_date = 6 September 2022
|description = A rediscovered data treasury reveals the occurrence of many flare/CME events producing solar high-energy neutral atoms
|image=Icon435.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fifty-year Anniversary of the First Detection of Gamma rays from a Solar Flare
|number = 434
|first_author = Jim Ryan,
|second_author = Brian Dennis, and Phil Dunphy
|publish_date = 8 August 2022
|description = The rich astrophysics of gamma-ray astronomy began with solar observations fifty years ago
|image=Icon434.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fast Prograde Flows in Solar Active Regions
|number = 433
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 July 2022
|description = Unexpected, unpredicted, and not modeled yet - weird flows in hot active-region loops
|image=Icon433.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Undetected Minority-polarity Flux, Moss, and Coronal Heating
|number = 432
|first_author = Yi-Ming WANG
|publish_date = 11 July 2022
|description = There's plenty of room in "unipolar" active regions for both polarities, and there is good evidence for them
|image=Icon432.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Thermal/Nonthermal with MinXSS and RHESSI
|number = 431
|first_author = Shunsaku NAGASAWA
|publish_date = 13 June 2022
|description = Time-domain studies of improved X-ray spectra reveal a "super-hot' component
|image=Icon431.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star spectroscopic observations of the line-of-sight velocity of a solar eruption on October 28, 2021
|number = 430
|first_author = Yu XU
|second_author = and Hui TIAN
|publish_date = 30 May 2022
|description = The observation of the full 3d velocity of a CME, for an anniversary event
|image=Icon430.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Carl Størmer
|number = 429
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Lyndsay FLETCHER
|publish_date = 15 April 2022
|description = Størmer and the theory of trapping in loops
|image=Icon429.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Hard X-rays with Insight
|number = 428
|first_author = Wei WANG
|second_author = and Ping ZHANG
|publish_date = 21 March 2022
|description = A spectacular limb flare introduces Insight/HXMT, a new observational resource
|image=Icon428.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Probing chromospheric current sheets using SST and ALMA co-observations
|number = 427
|first_author = João da SILVA SANTOS
|publish_date = 21 February 2022
|description = Emerging magnetic flux appears in ALMA images reflecting coronal current sheets
|image=Icon427.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A demonstration of STIX hard X-ray imaging spectroscopy capabilities for an X-class flare (SOL2021-10-28)
|number = 426
|first_author = Andrea BATTAGLIA, Hannah COLLIER,
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 7 February 2022
|description = STIX imaging of an X-class flare marks its success
|image=Icon426.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A solar flare driven by thermal conduction observed in mid-infrared
|number = 425
|first_author = Guillermo GIMÉNEZ de CASTRO
|publish_date = 24 January 2022
|description = Strong 10-micron emission from a GOES C2 flare suggests conductive heating
|image=Icon425.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Disk Occultation of a Lopsided Sun‎
|number = 424
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON,
|second_author = Stephen WHITE and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 10 January 2022
|description = Observing a spotless Sun can enable observations of the faint corona.
|image=Icon424.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Resolving two distinct thermal X-ray components in a compound solar flare
|number = 423
|first_author = Zhenjun ZHOU
|second_author = and Rui LIU
|publish_date = 28 December 2021
|description = Superhot coronal sources may be independent loop systems
|image=Icon423.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bridging solar flares to coronal mass ejections
|number = 422
|first_author = Markus ASCHWANDEN
|publish_date = 14 December 2021
|description = The Neupert effect allows us to trace coronal mass ejections seamlessly
|image=Icon422.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Jakimiec Diagnostic Diagram
|number = 421
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 29 November 2021
|description = The joint variation of GOES temperature and emission measure discloses new features via an old tool
|image=Icon421.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = First look at ALMA/HInode/IRIS microflares
|number = 420
|first_author = Toshifumi SHIMIZU
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 8 November 2021
|description = High-resolution ALMA and multiwavelength observations of microflaring
|image=Icon420.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Thomson scattering near sunspots
|number = 419
|first_author = Pascal Saint-Hilaire
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 25 October 2021
|description = Completing the modeling of low-coronal Thomson polarimetry
|image=Icon419.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Non-PFSS Global Coronal Model
|number = 418
|first_author = Oliver RICE
|second_author = and Anthony YEATES
|publish_date = 11 October 2021
|description = Modeling as convenient as PFSS but much more realistic
|image=Icon418.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Manifold Nonthermality
|number = 417
|first_author = Marina BATTAGLIA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 27 September 2021
|description = Even weak flares involve multiple sites of non thermal activity
|image=Icon417.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = X-Rays from a Type I Radio Burst
|number = 416
|first_author = R. RAMESH
|publish_date = 20 September 2021
|description = A first identification of type I radio emission with hot plasma
|image=Icon416.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Do Hot Onsets Predict Flare Magnitudes?
|number = 415
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 30 August 2021
|description = Maybe we can tell how big a flare is going to be from its initial development...
|image=Icon415.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Confined or Eruptive?
|number = 414
|first_author = Ting LI et al.
|publish_date = 16 August 2021
|description = Increased magnetic flux reduces CME eruptivity
|image=Icon414.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Impulsive and Gradual Eruptive Gamma Flares and Associated CMEs
|number = 413
|first_author = Alexey STRUMINSKY,
|second_author = Irina GRIGORIEVA and Andrei SADOVSKI
|publish_date = 19 July 2021
|description = Extreme behavior of flare/CME events explained by environment
|image=Icon373.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Morphology of Flare Time Profiles
|number = 412
|first_author = Larisa KASHAPOVA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 12 July 2021
|description = Systematic comparison of solar and stellar flaring time profiles
|image=Icon412.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare Pulsation and the Heliosphere
|number = 411
|first_author = Brendan CLARKE
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 5 July 2021
|description = Flare pulsations link closely to the distant heliosphere
|image=Icon411.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = STIX, the Hard X-Ray Telescope on board Solar Orbiter
|number = 410
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 28 June 2021
|description = STIX is operational and producing great data
|image=Icon410.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Nonequilibrium Ionization of Flare Plasma Observed by Hinode/EIS
|number = 409
|first_author = Shinsuke IMADA
|second_author =
|publish_date = 14 June 2021
|description = Evidence for non-equilibrium ionization in the current sheet of SOL2017-09-10
|image=Icon409.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Effects of Flares on Solar p-modes
|number = 408
|first_author = Maria-Cristina RABELLO SOARES
|second_author = and Frederic BAUDIN
|publish_date = 26 April 2021
|description = No detectable p-mode amplitude changes due to solar flares
|image=Icon408.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Subsecond Spikes in Solar Flare X-ray Flux as Seen by Fermi GBM
|number = 407
|first_author =Trevor KNUTH
|second_author = and Lindsay GLESENER
|publish_date = 19 April 2021
|description = A new analysis technique pushes hard X-ray time scales to 0.1 sec or faster
|image=Icon407.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Negative He 10830 Flare Ribbons and Non-thermal Electrons
|number = 406
|first_author = Graham KERR
|second_author =
|publish_date = 12 April 2021
|description = A 1D radiation hydrodynamics model can explain the dark leading edges of He I flare ribbons
|image=Icon406.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Tracing the sources of gradual solar energetic particle events
|number = 405
|first_author = David H. BROOKS
|second_author = and Stephanie L. YARDLEY
|publish_date = 29 March 2021
|description = Chemical abundances in SEPs suggest an origin in flare-related moss regions
|image=Icon405.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Superflare SOL2017-09-06: from submm to mid-IR
|number = 404
|first_author = Guillermo (Guigue) GIMÉNEZ DE CASTRO
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 March 2021
|description = Glimpsing the "missing decades" of the flare emission spectrum
|image=Icon404.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Neupert Effect Revisited
|number = 403
|first_author = Jiong QIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 8 March 2021
|description = Two time scales for heating individual flare strands
|image=Icon403.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = FLUKA as a tool for interpreting flare gamma-rays
|number = 402
|first_author = Alec MACKINNON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 1 March 2021
|description = The nuclear physics of solar flares captured in a detailed model
|image=Icon402.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Collective Study of 11 NuSTAR Microflares
|number = 401
|first_author = Jessie DUNCAN and
|second_author = Lindsay GLESENER
|publish_date = 22 February 2021
|description = Swarms of NuSTAR micro flares
|image=Icon401.png}}

{{{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Solar FRB
|number = 400
|first_author = Dale GARY and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 15 February 2021
|description = A new frontier in the solar time domain
|image=Icon400.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Richard Schwartz
|number = 399
|first_author = Brian DENNIS and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 January 2021
|description = Remembering a friend and colleague
|image=Icon399.jpg}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observing Solar Flare X-ray Polarization with Prospective CubeSat Missions
|number = 398
|first_author = Natasha JEFFREY
|publish_date = 4 January 2021
|description = The polarization of the solar X-ray spectrum generally remains to be observed
|image=Icon398.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar effects in the local interstellar medium
|number = 397
|first_author = Don GURNETT and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 14 December 2020
|description = Relativistic particle events observed _in situ_ in the interstellar medium
|image=Icon397.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Investigation of Small-Scale Energy Releases in Hard X-rays with FOXSI
|number = 396
|first_author = Subramania ATHIRAY and
|second_author = Juliana VIEVERING
|publish_date = 7 December 2020
|description = Hard X-rays and high temperatures from the feeblest microflares
|image=Icon396.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = What drives impulsive coronal heating?
|number = 395
|first_author = Pradeep CHITTA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 30 November 2020
|description = Impulsive footpoint emissions suggest magnetic reconnection in the chromosphere
|image=Icon395.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Probing the solar coronal heating function with slow magnetoacoustic waves
|number = 394
|first_author = Dmitrii KOLOTKOV
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 16 November 2020
|description = Coronal heating models meet damped slow magnetoacoustic waves
|image=Icon394.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Self-Consistent Flare Model
|number = 393
|first_author = Wenzhi RUAN
|second_author = and Rony KEPPENS
|publish_date = 2 November 2020
|description = Energy transport by fast particles made self-consistent with MHD flare modeling
|image=Icon393.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hot Flare Onsets
|number = 392
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 26 October 2020
|description = The initial soft X-ray temperatures of solar flares tend to be in the 10-15 MK range
|image=Icon392.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electric Current Neutralization and Eruption
|number = 391
|first_author = Ellis AVALLONE
|second_author = and Xudong SUN
|publish_date = 19 October 2020
|description = Coronal currents without neutralizing return currents appear to
|image=Icon391.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Prediction of Solar Cycle 25
|number = 390
|first_author = Leif SVALGAARD
|second_author =
|publish_date = 5 October 2020
|description = Now we know how big the next solar maximum will be
|image=Icon390.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare/CME Cartoon Archive
|number = 389
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 September 2020
|description = A new edition of the Flare/CME archive, nearly a half kilotoon now
|image=Icon389.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Submerged Flare Acoustic Sources
|number = 388
|first_author = Juan Camilo BUITRAGO CASAS
|second_author = and Angel MARTÍNEZ
|publish_date = 13 September 2020
|description = Flare acoustic radiation emanates from a source _inside_ the Sun
|image=Icon388.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Circular Ribbon Flare at Microwaves
|number = 387
|first_author = Jeongwoo LEE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 31 August 2020
|description = Breakout reconnection reveals itself via microwave polarization measurements.
|image=Icon387.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Relation of Non-neutralized electric currents and the activity in active regions
|number = 386
|first_author = P. VEMAREDDY
|second_author =
|publish_date = 24 August 2020
|description = Non-neutralized coronal current systems contribute to CME eruptions
|image=Icon386.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = White-light emission and photospheric magnetic field changes in flares
|number = 385
|first_author = J. Sebastián CASTELLANOS DURÁN
|second_author = and Lucia KLEINT
|publish_date = 17 August 2020
|description = There are strong correlations between white-light flare emissions and line-of-sight magnetic field changes
|image=Icon385.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sunspot Differential Rotation in an X-class Flare
|number = 384
|first_author = Richard GRIMES,
|second_author = Balázs PINTÉR and Huw MORGAN
|publish_date = 10 August 2020
|description = Observations suggesting how the coronal tail can wag the photospheric dog
|image=Icon384.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energy Partitioning in a Nonthermally Dominated Two-loop Solar Flare
|number = 383
|first_author = Galina MOTORINA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 3 August 2020
|description = Modeling the propagation of energy via GX Simulator in an early-impulsive flare
|image=Icon383.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOL2013-11-10 Eruptive Circular-ribbon Flare with Extended Remote Brightenings
|number = 382
|first_author = Chang LIU
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 31 July 2020
|description = A circular-ribbon event can launch an eruption by breaking through its separatrix dome
|image=Icon382.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Extreme-Ultraviolet Late Phase of Solar Flares
|number = 381
|first_author = Rui LIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 June 2020
|description = Both arcade and circular-ribbon flares may sometimes spawn EUV late phase emission
|image=Icon381.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energy transport by accelerated particles in the quiet solar atmosphere
|number = 380
|first_author = Lars FROGNER,
|second_author = Boris GUDIKSEN and Helle BAKKE
|publish_date = 15 June 2020
|description = A first study of non-thermal particles integrated into an MHD simulation of the solar atmosphere
|image=Icon380.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasi-periodic pulsations as indicators of oscillatory processes in solar flares
|number = 379
|first_author = Elena KUPRIYANOVA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 11 May 2020
|description = Many, many QPPs
|image=Icon379.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Rejuvenating Solar Flare Termination Shocks as Particle Accelerators
|number = 378
|first_author = Bin CHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 4 May 2020
|description = At last, clear evidence for a long-predicted phenomenon
|image=Icon378.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Broad symmetrical Doppler-shifted Fe XXI line profiles
|number = 377
|first_author = Vanessa POLITO
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 April 2020
|description = It is difficult to explain "evaporation" line profiles by superposition of unresolved flows
|image=Icon377.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Phenomena in the unusually long pre-impulsive phase of SOL2011-06-07
|number = 376
|first_author = Marian KARLICKÝ,
|second_author = Jana KA&Scaron;PAROVÁ, and Robert SYCH
|publish_date = 13 April 2020
|description = A massive and slowly-rising filament eruption reveals important new signatures of the physics
|image=Icon376.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Evidence for a Coronal Shock Wave Origin for Relativistic Protons Producing Solar Gamma-Rays and Observed by Neutron Monitors at Earth‎
|number = 375
|first_author = Athanasios KOULOUMVAKOS
|second_author = and Gerry SHARE
|publish_date = 6 April 2020
|description = Successful modeling of prolonged solar gamma-ray emissions and terrestrial ground-level cosmic-ray events
|image=Icon375.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Using overlappogram data to find hot flare plasma
|number = 374
|first_author = Louise HARRA
|
|publish_date = 23 March 2020
|description = Imaging Fe XXIV at high resolution with the EIS slot data
|image=Icon374.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOL2017-09-04 (M5.5) 2017 as a Source of Relativistic Electrons and Protons
|number = 373
|first_author = Alexei STRUMINSKII
| (see text)
|publish_date = 16 March 2020
|description = Flare-accelerated particles, rather than SEPs, energize sustained gamma-ray emission
|image=Icon373.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Heating of the solar photosphere during a white-light flare‎
|number = 372
|first_author = Jan JURČÁK
| (see text)
|publish_date = 2 March 2020
|description = The best-ever spectrum of the flare photosphere
|image=Icon372.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Hot Cusp-Shaped Confined Solar Flare
|number = 371
|first_author = Aaron HERNANDEZ-PEREZ
|publish_date = 24 February 2020
|description = A flare may have a prominent hot cusp with the help of any eruption
|image=Icon371.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Temporal and Spatial Extension of Gamma-ray Emission from the Sun
|number = 370
|first_author = Nat GOPALSWAMY
|publish_date = 17 February 2020
|description = Sustained solar γ-rays and solar cosmic rays
|image=Icon370.ng.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A PSP Perihelion
|number = 369
|first_author = Jessie DUNCAN
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 20 January 2020
|description = The Parker Solar Probe enters its fourth perihelion already. Now
|image=Icon369.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remembering John Brown
|number = 368
|first_author = Alec MacKINNON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 13 January 2020
|description = John passed away unexpectedly on 16 November 2019
|image=Icon368.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Global Survey of EUV Coronal Power Spectra
|number = 367
|first_author = Karl Battams
|second_author =
|publish_date = 30 December 2019
|description = Time-series parameter maps of imaged power spectra from an AIA pipeline
|image=Icon367.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Cosmic Rays over the Rainbow Bridge
|number = 366
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = Alec MacKinnon
|publish_date = 16 December 2019
|description = Cosmic rays approach the Sun
|image=Icon366.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spectropolarimetric Insight into Plasma-Sheet Dynamics of a Solar Flare
|number = 365
|first_author = Ryan French
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 December 2019
|description = CoMP polarization patterns in SOL2017-09-10 are amazing
|image=Icon365.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Lorentz Force Evolution Reveals the Energy Build-up Processes during Recurrent Eruptive Solar Flares‎
|number = 364
|first_author = Ranadeep Sarkar,
|second_author = Nandita Srivastava and Astrid Veronig
|publish_date = 18 November 2019
|description = The net Lorentz force clearly exhibits a build-up and release pattern
|image=Icon364.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare waiting times depend on their magnitudes
|number = 363
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 11 November 2019
|description = Surprising new evidence for the flare build-up and release process
|image=Icon363.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Can magnetic reconnection cause solar rainstorms?‎
|number = 362
|first_author = Petra Kohutova
|second_author =
|publish_date = 4 November 2019
|description = Impulsive coronal heating resulting from reconnection can trigger coronal rain
|image=Icon362.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Non-radial jets on the edges of active regions
|number = 361
|first_author = Peter Wyper
|second_author =
|publish_date = 14 October 2019
|description = The very common jet structures we see can naturally combine twist and breakout
|image=Icon361.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Searching SOLfully within the Nuggets
|number = 360
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 7 October 2019
|description = The IAU target identifier works well for finding items about a particular event
|image=Icon360.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Submillimeter Radiation as the Thermal Component of the Neupert Effect
|number = 359
|first_author = Guillermo Giménez de Castro
|second_author =
|publish_date = 31 September 2019
|description = Flare radiation at the highest frequencies can be bremsstrahlung
|image=Icon359.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The "Last Best" Flares
|number = 358
|first_author = Hugh Hudson,
|second_author = Ed Cliver, and Brian Dennis
|publish_date = 24 September 2019
|description = Major flares tend to happen at the very ends of sunspot cycles
|image=Icon358.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Dynamic Processes of the Moreton Wave on 2014 March 29‎
|number = 357
|first_author = Denis Cabezas
|second_author = and the FMT team
|publish_date = 16 September 2019
|description = A beautiful Moreton wave excited by the best-observed flare ever
|image=Icon357.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = EVE-RHESSI DEM Models and the Low-energy Cutoff for Nonthermal Electrons
|number = 356
|first_author = Jim McTiernan
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 September 2019
|description = Characterizing flare temperature distributions helps to define the non-thermal energy release
|image=Icon356.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Stealth Coronal Mass Ejections from Active Regions
|number = 355
|first_author = Jennifer O'Kane
|second_author =
|publish_date = 26 August 2019
|description = Perhaps just feeble versions of the same magnetic disease...
|image=Icon355.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Do Kepler Superflare Stars Really Include Slowly Rotating Sun-like Stars?‎
|number = 354
|first_author = Yuta NOTSU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 July 2019
|description = Kepler superflares hint at solar superflares
|image=Icon354.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Localized Microwave and EUV Bright Structures in an Eruptive Prominence
|number = 353
|first_author = Jing HUANG
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 June 2019
|description = Detailed correlations between EUV and microwaves in prominence fine structures
|image=Icon353.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Broken-up hard X-ray spectra found for a loop-top source during a solar limb flare
|number = 352
|first_author = Hao NING,
|second_author = Yao CHEN and Jeongwoo LEE
|publish_date = 16 June 2019
|description = SOL2017-09-10 coronal hard X-ray sources
|image=Icon352.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Cosmic-Ray Shadow and Coronal Magnetism
|number = 351
|first_author = Frederik Tenholt
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 May 2019
|description = The coronal magnetic field measured in Antarctica
|image=Icon351.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Kristian Birkeland
|number = 350
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Lyndsay FLETCHER
|publish_date = 6 May 2019
|description = Space weather a century ago: Kristian Birkeland
|image=Icon350.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Warm UV loops heated by small-scale cancellation events
|number = 349
|first_author = Seray ŞAHIN
|second_author = and Vasyl YURCHYSHYN
|publish_date = 22 April 2019
|description = Precisely locating the footpoints of warm coronal loops helps identify their source(s) of excitation
|image=Icon349.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Multiple Regions of Shock-accelerated Particles during a Solar Coronal Mass Ejection
|number = 348
|first_author = Diana MOROSAN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 1 April 2019
|description = LOFAR identifies herringbone sources within the flank of the SOL2017-09-10 shock - no joke
|image=Icon348.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Persistent Quasi-Periodic Pulsations Detected During the Large X8.2 Solar Flare
|number = 347
|first_author = Laura HAYES
|second_author = and Peter GALLAGHER
|publish_date = 25 March 2019
|description = The most beautiful flare has the most beautiful pulsations
|image=Icon347.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Is the coronal magnetic field braiding?
|number = 346
|first_author = Markus ASCHWANDEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 11 March 2019
|description = This iconic cartoon does not relate well to the observations
|image=Icon346.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An energetic pre-flare: electron distributions in magnetic reconnection outflows
|number = 345
|first_author = Marina BATTAGLIA,
|second_author = Eduard KONTAR and Galina MOTORINA
|publish_date = 18 February 2019
|description = Assessing energy partition in a pre-impulsive flare development
|image=Icon345.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Linear Polarization in H-alpha Flares
|number = 344
|first_author = Tomoko KAWATE
|second_author = and Yoichiro HANAOKA
|publish_date = 4 February 2019
|description = H-alpha polarization is rarely observable but, in once case, very suggestive
|image=Icon344.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Short-Period Waves
|number = 343
|first_author = Sijie YU
|second_author = and Bin CHEN
|publish_date = 21 January 2019
|description = New decimetric imaging spectroscopy suggests Alfvénic energy transport in flares
|image=Icon343.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Interesting RHESSI/SAS Archive
|number = 342
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Martin FIVIAN
|publish_date = 8 January 2019
|description = The full mission database shows RHESSI to have been very stable geometrically
|image=Icon342.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Homologous White Light Solar Flares‎
|number = 341
|first_author = Paolo ROMANO
|second_author = and Abouazza ELMHAMDI
|publish_date = 31 December 2018
|description = Homologous white-light flares, in rapid succession, and coronal null points
|image=Icon341.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The flight of FOXSI-3
|number = 340
|first_author = Lindsay GLESENER
|second_author = and Noriyuki NARUKAGE
|publish_date = 10 December 2018
|description = Single-photon counting and direct focusing across hard and soft energies
|image=Icon340.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Stellar Flares and Starspots
|number = 339
|first_author = Lauren DOYLE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 3 December 2018
|description = Stellar flares don't spatially match their starspots
|image=Icon339.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Neutron Production in Solar Flares
|number = 338
|first_author = Ron MURPHY
|second_author = and Gerry SHARE
|publish_date = 26 November 2018
|description = Neutron astronomy helps us understand solar flares
|image=Icon338.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Cycle 25 Strikes Again
|number = 337
|first_author = Kamil BICZ
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 November 2018
|description = A second, larger Cycle 25 sunspot
|image=Icon337.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remembering Marcos Machado via his research
|number = 336
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 13 November 2018
|description = Recalling a friend and colleague, and admiring his final paper
|image=Icon336.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = CORONAS/SPIRIT Mg XII and Nanoflares‎
|number = 335
|first_author = Anton REVA
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 October 2018
|description = Monochromatic Mg XII spectroheliography sets severe limits on nanoflare heating models
|image=Icon335.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = White-light Emission and Non-thermal Electrons‎
|number = 334
|first_author = Kyoung-Sun LEE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 8 October 2018
|description = An intimate relationship between accelerated electrons and visible flare continuum
|image=Icon334.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal Hard X-ray Sources Revisited
|number = 333
|first_author = Brian DENNIS
|second_author =
|publish_date = 24 September 2018
|description = Reporting some over-interpretation of the evidence for "coronal thick targets"
|image=Icon333.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Photospheric response to a flare
|number = 332
|first_author = Mike WHEATLAND
|second_author =
|publish_date = 17 September 2018
|description = Sudden changes in the magnetic field in the low atmosphere associated with particle acceleration
|image=Icon332.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = New Views of Global Solar Magnetic Field Evolution Over Four Solar Cycles
|number = 331
|first_author = David WEBB
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 August 2018
|description = A digital archive of Pat McIntosh's 44 years of solar synoptic observations
|image=Icon331.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Understanding the co-spatial return current in solar flares
|number = 330
|first_author = Meriem ALAOUI
|second_author = and Gordon HOLMAN
|publish_date = 6 August 2018
|description = Completing the circuit in a thick-target model
|image=Icon330.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = 3D Magnetic Reconnection at a Coronal Null Point
|number = 329
|first_author = Shane MALONEY,
|second_author = Aidan O'Flannagain and Peter Gallagher
|publish_date = 30 July 2018
|description = Large-scale reconnection involved in Type I radio noise storm
|image=Icon329.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The true dawn of multimessenger astronomy
|number = 328
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 23 July 2018
|description = Ever since the Carrington flare
|image=Icon328.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Microwave Imaging Spectroscopy of Flares is Here‎
|number = 327
|first_author = Dale E. Gary,
|second_author = EOVSA and RHESSI Teams
|publish_date = 16 July 2018
|description = Microwave imaging spectroscopy takes a giant leap forward with SOL2017-09-10
|image=Icon327.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal nanoflares powered by footpoint reconnection
|number = 326
|first_author = Pradeep Chitta,
|second_author = Hardi Peter, and Sami Solanki
|publish_date = 9 July 2018
|description = Coronal nanoflares in active region cores can be powered by the magnetic reconnection in the lower solar atmosphere
|image=Icon326.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A remarkable, but confused, coronal hard X-ray source
|number = 325
|first_author = Alexandra Lysenko,
|second_author = Larisa Kashapova and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 25 June 2018
|description = A remarkable flare in 1999 adds to our short list of extended coronal hard X-ray/microwave sources
|image=Icon325.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Understanding HMI pseudocontinuum in white-light flares‎
|number = 324
|first_author = Michal &Scaron;vanda
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 28 May 2018
|description = The HMI pseudocontinuum (Ic) is ill-calibrated in regions with strong fields, i.e. for white-light flares
|image=Icon324.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = To beam or not to beam - that is (still) the question
|number = 323
|first_author = Paulo Simões
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 14 May 2018
|description = Descriptions of the lower solar atmosphere of flares ca. Cycle 21 sound surprisingly current
|image=Icon323.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observation of Cosmic Ray Spallation Events from SoHO‎
|number = 322
|first_author = Serge Koutchmy
|second_author = and Ehsan Tavabi
|publish_date = 7 May 2018
|description = LASCO's images capture high-energy nuclear interactions from cosmic-ray hits
|image=Icon322.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Sunspot from Cycle 25 for sure
|number = 321
|first_author = Tomek Mrozek
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 10 April 2018
|description = YES! Cycle 25 is here!
|image=Icon321.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Blue-wing enhancement of the Mg II h and k lines in a flare
|number = 320
|first_author = Akiko TEI
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 April 2018
|description = Flare loops involve a cool upflow preceding the hot evaporation flow
|image=Icon320.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = NuSTAR detects X-ray flares in the quiet Sun
|number = 319
|first_author = Matej Kuhar
|second_author = and Säm Krucker
|publish_date = 26 March 2018
|description = Quiet-Sun flares may not be powerful, but they look a lot like ordinary flares
|image=Icon319.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Homologous CME/flares from AR 12371
|number = 318
|first_author = Panditi Vemareddy
|second_author = and Pascal Demoulín
|publish_date = 19 March 2018
|description = An excellent set of homologous flare/CMEs analyzed and explained
|image=Icon318.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Non-Maxwellian Diagnostics from SDO/EVE Spectra of an X-class Flare
|number = 317
|first_author = Elena Dzifčáková
|second_author = and Jaroslav Dudík
|publish_date = 16 February 2018
|description = Ratios of high-excitation ions can readily detect κ-distributions in flare plasmas
|image=Icon317.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Joint MinXSS and RHESSI Flare X-ray Spectra between 1 and 15 keV
|number = 316
|first_author = Chris Moore, Brian Dennis and the MinXSS Science Team
|publish_date = 5 February 2018
|description = MinXSS adds systematic views of flare soft X-ray spectra to RHESSI imagery
|image=Icon316.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Parameterized Flare Models with Chromospheric Compressions
|number = 315
|first_author = Adam Kowalski & Joel Allred
|publish_date = 17 January 2018
|description = A new approach to modeling the lower flare atmosphere
|image=FlareModelsKowalskiAllred.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Curious Sunspot Group in 2018
|number = 314
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 14 January 2018
|description = The first new sunspot group of 2018 emerged at the wrong latitude
|image = Icon314.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Tecumseh's Eclipse and Astrophysics
|number = 313
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 25 December 2017
|description = The solar corona was first recognized as such, and named, in an eclipse of 1806
|image = Icon313.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hunting for Hidden Tiny Flares
|number = 312
|first_author = Shin-nosuke ISHIKAWA
|publish_date = 27 November 2017
|description = FOXSI-2 says that episodic energy releases are still viable as a part of the coronal heating problem.
|image = Icon312.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unusual Type III Burst Dynamics Produced by Diverging Magnetic Fields
|number = 311
|first_author = Patrick McCauley
|publish_date = 20 November 2017
|description = Unusual type III bursts follow coronal separatrix structures.
|image = Icon311.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Valderrama in the 21st Century
|number = 310
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 31 October 2017
|description = A newly-described white-light flare from the 19th century!..
|image = Icon310.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electron Scattering in the Flaring Corona
|number = 309
|first_author = Sophie Musset
|publish_date = 24 October 2017
|description = Diffusive transport may contribute to the trapping of electrons in coronal X-ray sources
|image = Icon309.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Power of Turbulence
|number = 308
|first_author = Nic Bian
|publish_date = 25 September 2017
|description = Turbulent energy content may underlie flare energy transfer, magnetic reconnection, and particle acceleration
|image = Icon308.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Kelvin Force and Loop-Top Concentration
|number = 307
|first_author = Kiyoto SHIBASAKI
|publish_date = 18 September 2017
|description = New physics can explain the perplexing overpressure at the flare looptop regions
|image = Icon307.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Last Best Flare of Cycle 24?
|number = 306
|first_author = Säm Krucker
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 11 September 2017
|description = Right on schedule, Cycle 24 has produced a great flare (with a GLE)
|image = Icon306.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electric Current Neutralization and Solar Eruption in Active Regions
|number = 305
|first_author = Yang LIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 28 August 2017
|description = Active current systems in the solar corona don't have return currents
|image = Icon305.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = RHESSI and the Megamovie
|number = 304
|first_author = Hugh Hudson, Laura Peticolas,
|second_author = and Juan Carlos Martínez Oliveros
|publish_date = 31 July 2017
|description = A wholly new way to view a solar eclipse, and to do solar astrometry
|image = Icon304.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bastille Day 2017
|number = 303
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = and Säm Krucker
|publish_date = 24 July 2017
|description = Interesting flares really do happen on Bastille Day...
|image = Icon303.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Solar X-ray Limb III
|number = 302
|first_author = Marina Battaglia
|second_author = and Gordon Hurford
|publish_date = 12 June 2017
|description = RHESSI succeeds with a wholly new way to measure the solar diameter
|image = Icon302.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Double Coronal X-ray and Microwave Sources Associated With A Magnetic Breakout Solar Eruption
|number = 301
|first_author = Yao CHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 29 May 2017
|description = A different explanation of the double coronal hard X-ray sources
|image = Icon301.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Lasso Model for Solar Gamma-ray Events
|number = 300
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 May 2017
|description = A toy model hoping to explain the SEP/LAT relationship
|image = Icon300.png}}

[[RHESSI Science Nuggets 200 to 299|Next Nuggets]]

Can EUV Power-Spectral Indices Reveal Imminent Solar Flares?

2026-04-13T19:57:05Z

Hhudson:

{{Infobox Nugget |name = Nugget
|title = Can EUV Power-Spectral Indices Reveal Imminent Solar Flares?
|number = 521
|first_author = Sihui ZHONG
|second_author = Dmitrii KOLOTKOV and Valery M. NAKARIAKOV
|publish_date = April 6, 2026
|next_nugget = TBD
|previous_nugget = {{#ask: [[Category:Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::520]]}}
}}

== Introduction ==

As the closest star to Earth, the Sun provides the light and heat
necessary for life, but it also poses hazards through solar flares
and coronal mass ejections.
Despite decades of
research, existing solar flare forecasting methods, whether physical
or empirical, still have limited predictive reliability
(Ref. [1]).

Producing a solar flare requires both stored magnetic energy in non-potential plasma structures, such as an unstable flux rope, and a trigger-induced instability.
To tell whether an active
region is about to erupt, we need to track the evolving coronal
dynamics within it rather than rely only on the presence of flare-favourable
conditions.
Tiny bubbles in a kettle precede the eruption of boiling water, for example.

The dynamics of the solar atmosphere can be probed via
the time variability of radiation. Across the chromosphere to the
inner heliosphere, intensity fluctuations often follow power-law
spectra in frequency, S ~ f-α.
The power laws can be single-slope or segmented into a broken power law,
with low-frequency αlf and high-frequency
αhf values.
The observed values of α carry information about local coronal
dynamics that may be relevant to the flare process (Ref. [2]).
Building on these findings, our recent paper (Ref. [3])
investigates the spatial and temporal evolution of the power-law
indices of EUV intensity power spectra in the solar corona, to
determine whether changes in these indices can serve as flare
precursors.

== Results ==

We construct "α maps" from a sequence of full-disk images and
study their relation to plasma structures and their dynamics. As
shown in Figure 1(a-b), the αhf map closely resembles
the AIA intensity image, with high values appearing in the high-contrast
plasma structures, clearly outlining the active region (AR) belts.

[[File:521f1.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 1: 
Power-law index map (b) for a full-disk image (a) sequence from
08:00 UT to 16:00 UT on 2023 March 29th and time evolution of
intensity and α values in three selected regions. The grey
shading indicates the time interval of an M1.3 flare.
]]

The temporal evolution of αlf varies in different
regions.
It remains nearly steady in non-flaring
regions (Figure 1(c-d)), while strong variability is seen in the
flaring area preceding the flare (e).
To explore whether this behaviour is a common
preflare trend, we further analyse 13 flare events and one additional
quiescent AR for comparison.
We find that the two power-law
indices have typical values, αlf > 1 and
αhf ~ 0, but a reversal of the two indices to (αlf ~0, αhf > 1)
appears in regions with short-lived brightenings before the flare onset.
In addition, some regions show a continuous increase of αlf
before the flare. Based on these signatures, we quantified the
temporal and spatial evolution of indices using three proxies: (1)
the minimum of αlf - αhf
defining a reversal when less than -1; (2) Δαlf,
the temporal change of αlf and (3) the growth
rate of αlf, Δαlf/Δt.

Figure 2 shows AIA images and proxy maps for two representative
cases. In the quiescent AR (top), reversals are almost not seen
(except a sporadic jet near one loop footpoint), and both of the
proxy maps appear spatially random. In flaring ARs (before flares),
however, areas where the proxies exceed a pre-defined threshold
form coherent patterns near the flare site.
The Δαlf map resembles the EUV image with
distinct loop-like and open-field
structures, while the growth-rate map is less obvious due to temporal
averaging.

[[File:521f2.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 2: 
Three power-law index proxies as potential flare precursors in ARs
of interest: a nonflaring AR (top row) and a representative C-class
flaring AR (bottom row).
]]

We further examined the temporal distribution of two other proxies,
min(αlf-αhf) and
Δαlf.
Because the first of these
is generally related to short-lived brightenings in
reconnection-indicative morphologies, it can be an indicator of
small-scale magnetic reconnection.
If unrelated to flares, such
events should occur stochastically (Figure 3a, top).
Instead, in
several cases, they cluster before flare onset, forming distinct
peaks at about 30-90 minutes before flares (Figure 3a, bottom) or
the occurrence intensifies at a certain time before flares (Figure
3a, middle).
In Figure 3(b), instances when Δαlf
exceeds a threshold form a peak near the flare onset, often within
the last few minutes. These behaviours were derived from the analysis
of 14 flare events. If confirmed in a larger flare sample, these
variations may serve as quantitative precursors of flare activity.

[[File:521f3.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 3: 
Occurence time (to flare onset) when
min(αlf-αhf) < -1
and when
|&\Delta;αlf > 0.6 of its maximum
occur in the selected events of analysis.
]]

== Conclusion ==

This work investigates the spatial and temporal evolution of power-law
indices in coronal EUV intensity power spectra in flare-hosting
ARs. The spatial distribution of the power-law index in the
low-frequency domain closely mirrors EUV intensity images,
indicating that it can reveal the dynamics of coronal plasma structures.
Temporally, the low-frequency power law
remains stable in quiescent regions, but shows clear variability
before flares.
Across 14 flare events, notable deviations of
αlf beyond a defined threshold consistently occurred
at the flare site within a few minutes before the flare.
In some cases, the change in the value of the slope difference
was detected within 30-90 minutes before the flare.

This proof-of-concept study suggests that the temporal changes in
power-law indices may provide short-term precursors of solar flares,
although confirmation with a larger dataset is required.

== References ==

[1] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ApJS..243...36L "A Comparison of Flare Forecasting Methods"]

[2] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...798....1I "Coronal Fourier Power Spectra: Implications for Coronal Seismology and Coronal Heating"]

[3] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026ApJ..1000..114Z "Power-law Indices of EUV Intensity Power Spectrum in Flaring Coronal Active Regions"]

Can EUV Power-Spectral Indices Reveal Imminent Solar Flares?

2026-04-13T19:56:46Z

Hhudson:

{{Infobox Nugget |name = Nugget
|title = Can EUV Power-Spectral Indices Reveal Imminent Solar Flares?
|number = 521
|first_author = Sihui ZHONG
|second_author = Dmitrii KOLOTKOV and Valery M. NAKARIAKOV
|publish_date = April 6, 2026?
|next_nugget = TBD
|previous_nugget = {{#ask: [[Category:Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::520]]}}
}}

== Introduction ==

As the closest star to Earth, the Sun provides the light and heat
necessary for life, but it also poses hazards through solar flares
and coronal mass ejections.
Despite decades of
research, existing solar flare forecasting methods, whether physical
or empirical, still have limited predictive reliability
(Ref. [1]).

Producing a solar flare requires both stored magnetic energy in non-potential plasma structures, such as an unstable flux rope, and a trigger-induced instability.
To tell whether an active
region is about to erupt, we need to track the evolving coronal
dynamics within it rather than rely only on the presence of flare-favourable
conditions.
Tiny bubbles in a kettle precede the eruption of boiling water, for example.

The dynamics of the solar atmosphere can be probed via
the time variability of radiation. Across the chromosphere to the
inner heliosphere, intensity fluctuations often follow power-law
spectra in frequency, S ~ f-α.
The power laws can be single-slope or segmented into a broken power law,
with low-frequency αlf and high-frequency
αhf values.
The observed values of α carry information about local coronal
dynamics that may be relevant to the flare process (Ref. [2]).
Building on these findings, our recent paper (Ref. [3])
investigates the spatial and temporal evolution of the power-law
indices of EUV intensity power spectra in the solar corona, to
determine whether changes in these indices can serve as flare
precursors.

== Results ==

We construct "α maps" from a sequence of full-disk images and
study their relation to plasma structures and their dynamics. As
shown in Figure 1(a-b), the αhf map closely resembles
the AIA intensity image, with high values appearing in the high-contrast
plasma structures, clearly outlining the active region (AR) belts.

[[File:521f1.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 1: 
Power-law index map (b) for a full-disk image (a) sequence from
08:00 UT to 16:00 UT on 2023 March 29th and time evolution of
intensity and α values in three selected regions. The grey
shading indicates the time interval of an M1.3 flare.
]]

The temporal evolution of αlf varies in different
regions.
It remains nearly steady in non-flaring
regions (Figure 1(c-d)), while strong variability is seen in the
flaring area preceding the flare (e).
To explore whether this behaviour is a common
preflare trend, we further analyse 13 flare events and one additional
quiescent AR for comparison.
We find that the two power-law
indices have typical values, αlf > 1 and
αhf ~ 0, but a reversal of the two indices to (αlf ~0, αhf > 1)
appears in regions with short-lived brightenings before the flare onset.
In addition, some regions show a continuous increase of αlf
before the flare. Based on these signatures, we quantified the
temporal and spatial evolution of indices using three proxies: (1)
the minimum of αlf - αhf
defining a reversal when less than -1; (2) Δαlf,
the temporal change of αlf and (3) the growth
rate of αlf, Δαlf/Δt.

Figure 2 shows AIA images and proxy maps for two representative
cases. In the quiescent AR (top), reversals are almost not seen
(except a sporadic jet near one loop footpoint), and both of the
proxy maps appear spatially random. In flaring ARs (before flares),
however, areas where the proxies exceed a pre-defined threshold
form coherent patterns near the flare site.
The Δαlf map resembles the EUV image with
distinct loop-like and open-field
structures, while the growth-rate map is less obvious due to temporal
averaging.

[[File:521f2.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 2: 
Three power-law index proxies as potential flare precursors in ARs
of interest: a nonflaring AR (top row) and a representative C-class
flaring AR (bottom row).
]]

We further examined the temporal distribution of two other proxies,
min(αlf-αhf) and
Δαlf.
Because the first of these
is generally related to short-lived brightenings in
reconnection-indicative morphologies, it can be an indicator of
small-scale magnetic reconnection.
If unrelated to flares, such
events should occur stochastically (Figure 3a, top).
Instead, in
several cases, they cluster before flare onset, forming distinct
peaks at about 30-90 minutes before flares (Figure 3a, bottom) or
the occurrence intensifies at a certain time before flares (Figure
3a, middle).
In Figure 3(b), instances when Δαlf
exceeds a threshold form a peak near the flare onset, often within
the last few minutes. These behaviours were derived from the analysis
of 14 flare events. If confirmed in a larger flare sample, these
variations may serve as quantitative precursors of flare activity.

[[File:521f3.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 3: 
Occurence time (to flare onset) when
min(αlf-αhf) < -1
and when
|&\Delta;αlf > 0.6 of its maximum
occur in the selected events of analysis.
]]

== Conclusion ==

This work investigates the spatial and temporal evolution of power-law
indices in coronal EUV intensity power spectra in flare-hosting
ARs. The spatial distribution of the power-law index in the
low-frequency domain closely mirrors EUV intensity images,
indicating that it can reveal the dynamics of coronal plasma structures.
Temporally, the low-frequency power law
remains stable in quiescent regions, but shows clear variability
before flares.
Across 14 flare events, notable deviations of
αlf beyond a defined threshold consistently occurred
at the flare site within a few minutes before the flare.
In some cases, the change in the value of the slope difference
was detected within 30-90 minutes before the flare.

This proof-of-concept study suggests that the temporal changes in
power-law indices may provide short-term precursors of solar flares,
although confirmation with a larger dataset is required.

== References ==

[1] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ApJS..243...36L "A Comparison of Flare Forecasting Methods"]

[2] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...798....1I "Coronal Fourier Power Spectra: Implications for Coronal Seismology and Coronal Heating"]

[3] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026ApJ..1000..114Z "Power-law Indices of EUV Intensity Power Spectrum in Flaring Coronal Active Regions"]

Can EUV Power-Spectral Indices Reveal Imminent Solar Flares?

2026-04-13T14:18:13Z

Hhudson: author's fixes

{{Infobox Nugget |name = Nugget
|title = Can EUV Power-Spectral Indices Reveal Imminent Solar Flares?
|number = 521
|first_author = Sihui ZHONG
|second_author = Dmitrii KOLOTKOV and Valery M. NAKARIAKOV
|publish_date = April 6, 2026?
|next_nugget = TBD
|previous_nugget = {{#ask: [[Category:Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::520]]}}
}}

== Introduction ==

As the closest star to Earth, the Sun provides the light and heat
necessary for life, but it also poses hazards through solar flares
and coronal mass ejections.
Despite decades of
research, existing solar flare forecasting methods, whether physical
or empirical, still have limited predictive reliability
(Ref. [1]).

Producing a solar flare requires both stored magnetic energy in non-potential plasma structures, such as an unstable flux rope, and a trigger-induced instability.
To tell whether an active
region is about to erupt, we need to track the evolving coronal
dynamics within it rather than rely only on the presence of flare-favourable
conditions.
Tiny bubbles in a kettle precede the eruption of boiling water, for example.

The dynamics of the solar atmosphere can be probed via
the time variability of radiation. Across the chromosphere to the
inner heliosphere, intensity fluctuations often follow power-law
spectra in frequency, S ~ f-α.
The power laws can be single-slope or segmented into a broken power law,
with low-frequency αlf and high-frequency
αhf values.
The observed values of α carry information about local coronal
dynamics that may be relevant to the flare process (Ref. [2]).
Building on these findings, our recent paper (Ref. [3])
investigates the spatial and temporal evolution of the power-law
indices of EUV intensity power spectra in the solar corona, to
determine whether changes in these indices can serve as flare
precursors.

== Results ==

We construct "α maps" from a sequence of full-disk images and
study their relation to plasma structures and their dynamics. As
shown in Figure 1(a-b), the αhf map closely resembles
the AIA intensity image, with high values appearing in the high-contrast
plasma structures, clearly outlining the active region (AR) belts.

[[File:521f1.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 1: 
Power-law index map (b) for a full-disk image (a) sequence from
08:00 UT to 16:00 UT on 2023 March 29th and time evolution of
intensity and α values in three selected regions. The grey
shading indicates the time interval of an M1.3 flare.
]]

The temporal evolution of αlf varies in different
regions.
It remains nearly steady in non-flaring
regions (Figure 1(c-d)), while strong variability is seen in the
flaring area preceding the flare (e).
To explore whether this behaviour is a common
preflare trend, we further analyse 13 flare events and one additional
quiescent AR for comparison.
We find that the two power-law
indices have typical values, αlf > 1 and
αhf ~ 0, but a reversal of the two indices to (αlf ~0, αhf > 1)
appears in regions with short-lived brightenings before the flare onset.
In addition, some regions show a continuous increase of αlf
before the flare. Based on these signatures, we quantified the
temporal and spatial evolution of indices using three proxies: (1)
the minimum of αlf - αhf
defining a reversal when less than -1; (2) Δαlf,
the temporal change of αlf and(3) the growth
rate of αlf, Δαlf/Δt.

Figure 2 shows AIA images and proxy maps for two representative
cases. In the quiescent AR (top), reversals are almost not seen
(except a sporadic jet near one loop footpoint), and both of the
proxy maps appear spatially random. In flaring ARs (before flares),
however, areas where the proxies exceed a pre-defined threshold
form coherent patterns near the flare site.
The Δαlf map resembles the EUV image with
distinct loop-like and open-field
structures, while the growth-rate map is less obvious due to temporal
averaging.

[[File:521f2.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 2: 
Three power-law index proxies as potential flare precursors in ARs
of interest: a nonflaring AR (top row) and a representative C-class
flaring AR (bottom row).
]]

We further examined the temporal distribution of two other proxies,
min(αlf-αhf) and
Δαlf.
Because the first of these
is generally related to short-lived brightenings in
reconnection-indicative morphologies, it can be an indicator of
small-scale magnetic reconnection.
If unrelated to flares, such
events should occur stochastically (Figure 3a, top).
Instead, in
several cases, they cluster before flare onset, forming distinct
peaks at about 30-90 minutes before flares (Figure 3a, bottom) or
the occurrence intensifies at a certain time before flares (Figure
3a, middle).
In Figure 3(b), instances when Δαlf
exceeds a threshold form a peak near the flare onset, often within
the last few minutes. These behaviours were derived from the analysis
of 14 flare events. If confirmed in a larger flare sample, these
variations may serve as quantitative precursors of flare activity.

[[File:521f3.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 3: 
Occurence time (to flare onset) when
min(αlf-αhf) < -1
and when
|&\Delta;αlf > 0.6 of its maximum
occur in the selected events of analysis.
]]

== Conclusion ==

This work investigates the spatial and temporal evolution of power-law
indices in coronal EUV intensity power spectra in flare-hosting
ARs. The spatial distribution of the power-law index in the
low-frequency domain closely mirrors EUV intensity images,
indicating that it can reveal the dynamics of coronal plasma structures.
Temporally, the low-frequency power law
remains stable in quiescent regions, but shows clear variability
before flares.
Across 14 flare events, notable deviations of
αlf beyond a defined threshold consistently occurred
at the flare site within a few minutes before the flare.
In some cases, the change in the value of the slope difference
was detected within 30-90 minutes before the flare.

This proof-of-concept study suggests that the temporal changes in
power-law indices may provide short-term precursors of solar flares,
although confirmation with a larger dataset is required.

== References ==

[1] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ApJS..243...36L "A Comparison of Flare Forecasting Methods"]

[2] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...798....1I "Coronal Fourier Power Spectra: Implications for Coronal Seismology and Coronal Heating"]

[3] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026ApJ..1000..114Z "Power-law Indices of EUV Intensity Power Spectrum in Flaring Coronal Active Regions"]

SolarNuggets

2026-04-13T14:06:51Z

Hhudson: added 522 wondering about co-authors

Welcome to the [[SolarNuggets]] collection, which extends the series of [[RHESSI]] Nuggets. The following is a time-ordered list of the latest Nuggets added to the HelioWiki. An [[:Category:Nugget|alphabetical list of the SolarNuggets]] is also available as well as [[:Category:RHESSI Nugget List|yearly lists]]. One can search on author, topic, IAU flare identifier, etc.). We welcome volunteer authors - please see our page of [[Help:For_Authors| help for authors]] or just send an email to the Curator at (hugh.hudson@glasgow.ac.uk).

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Lateral Deformation of Large-scale Coronal Mass Ejections during the Transition from Nonradial to Radial Propagation
|number = 522
|first_author = Huidong HU
||publish_date = 13 April 2026
|description = Coronal mass ejections can begin highly tilted to the vertical
|image=Icon522.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Can EUV Power-Spectral Indices Reveal Imminent Solar Flares?
|number = 521
|first_author = Sihui ZHONG,
|second_author = Dmitrii KOLOTKOV and Valery M. NAKARIAKOV
||publish_date = 6 April 2026
|description = A new flare-precursor observable - power spectra
|image=Icon521.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = How energetic can solar flares become?
|number = 520
|first_author = Natalie KRIVOVA
||publish_date = 31 March 2026
|description = The history of active-region areas suggests the possibility of solar superflares
|image=Icon520.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops
|number = 519
|first_author = Teodora MIHĂILESCU,
|second_author = Peter YOUNG et AL.
||publish_date = 16 March 2026
|description = Higher FIP bias than expected in some flare loops, a diagnostically interesting result
|image=Icon519.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = When Magnetic Field Lines Stretch, Snap, and Expand: A New Look at Solar Flares with L-maps
|number = 518
|first_author = Maria KAZACHENKO,
|second_author = Yuhong FAN and Andrey AFANASYEV
||publish_date = 9 March 2026
|description = A clever new tool tracks magnetic connectivity (and energy) during flare/CME occurrence
|image=Icon518.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observational Evidence Linking Loop Length and Thermal/Nonthermal Peak Timing in Solar Flares
|number = 517
|first_author = Solomon PERRIYIL
||publish_date = 23 February 2026
|description = Clear evidence for the universality of the physics behind the Neupert Effect
|image=Icon517.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A fine-scale bright kernel captured by Hi-C 3 in the post-maximum phase of an M-class solar flare
|number = 516
|first_author = Sanjiv TIWARI
||publish_date = 9 February 2026
|description = The Hi-C rocket catches an extremely compact brightening in late-phase flare ribbon development
|image=Icon516.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On the Relationship Between Nanoflare Energy and Delay in the Closed Solar Corona
|number = 515
|first_author = Shanwlee SOW MONDAL et al.
||publish_date = 19 January 2026
|description = Nanoflaring implies energy storage and sudden release, suggesting correlation between event energy and its timing
|image=Icon515.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fine structures in solar flare ribbons
|number = 514
|first_author = Jonas THOEN FABER
||publish_date = 12 January 2026
|description = Elongated "riblets" commonly rise out of flare ribbons, and have characteristic Doppler shifts
|image=Icon514.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The M- and X-class White-light Flares in Super Active Region NOAA 13664/13697
|number = 513
|first_author = Zhichen JING
|second_author = and Ying LI
|publish_date = 5 January 2026
|description = "Super" active regions have relatively more frequent X-class flares, which correlate well with visible continuum (white-light flare) emission
|image=Icon513.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Iron Fluorescence in X-class Solar Flares
|number = 512
|first_author = Abhilash SARWADE
|publish_date = 8 December 2025
|description = A new spectroscopic capability for Iron K-alpha fluorescence
|image=Icon512.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star Analysis of a Solar Eruption Source Region Using H-alpha Spectroscopic Observations from CHASE
|number = 510
|first_author = Xiaofeng LIU
|second_author = and Yijun HOU
|publish_date = 24 November 2025
|description = Sun-as-a-star observations help to translate solar/stellar processes
|image=Icon5010.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On the Origin of Solar Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Flares‎‎‎‎
|number = 509
|first_author = Alessandro BRUNO
|publish_date = 3 November 2025
|description = Do we really need a CME to produce a long-duration solar gamma-ray event?
|image=Icon509.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = FAI and GOES eclipses‎‎
|number = 508
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 20 October 2025
|description = Flare anticipation via FAI may have problems during GOES eclipses, which are really interesting in their own right
|image=Icon508.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The EUV Late Phase‎
|number = 507
|first_author = Sascha ORNIG
|publish_date = 13 October 2025
|description = Basic comparative statistics of the ELP, a distinct flare phenomenon
|image=Icon507.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Time evolution of flare-accelerated electrons using the warm-target model‎
|number = 506
|first_author = Debesh BHATTACHARJEE
|publish_date = 6 October 2025
|description = Considering a "warm" thick target allows flare-accelerated electrons to be treated self-consistently
|image=Icon506.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOLSTICE observes flare Doppler shifts in Si III
|number = 505
|first_author = Luke MAJURY
|publish_date = 30 September 2025
|description = A rarely used database suggests prograde-flow Doppler shifts in flaring plasmas
|image=Icon505.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare Phases and the Earth's Ionospheric Response
|number = 504
|first_author = Susanna BEKKER
|publish_date = 16 September 2025
|description = A flare's "EUV late phase" is surprisingly geoeffective
|image=Icon504.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Neupertianity
|number = 503
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 August 2025
|description = It's hard to avoid the Neupert Effect
|image=Icon503.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Synchrotron Radiation and the Foundations for a Cosmic Bridge
|number = 502
|first_author = Immanuel JEBARAJ
|publish_date = 11 August 2025
|description = Gyrosynchrotron radiation in shocks: a cosmic connection
|image=Icon502.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Aulanier Effect: drifting footpoints of CME flux ropes
|number = 501
|first_author = Jaroslav DUDÍK,
|second_author = Juraj LÖRINČÍK and Brigitte SCHMIEDER
|publish_date = 21 July 2025
|description = The breakthrough to 3D flare physics: the Aulanier Effect
|image=Icon501.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Five Hundred Nuggets
|number = 500
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 14 July 2025
|description = A milestone
|image=Icon169.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasiperiodic Pulsations in the Balmer Continuum in an X-class Solar White-light Flare
|number = 499
|first_author = De-Chao SONG et al.
|publish_date = 30 June 2025
|description = QPP in the Balmer continuum: the powerful heartbeat of a flare
|image=Icon499.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = High-Resolution Observations of a C3 class White-Light Flare
|number = 498
|first_author = Zhe XU and
|second_author = Xiaoli YAN
|publish_date = 16 June 2025
|description = A compact white-light flare with vortical motions (and hard X-rays)
|image=Icon498.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Sun's open-closed flux boundary and the origin of the slow solar wind
|number = 497
|first_author = Chloe WILKINS and
|second_author = David PONTIN
|publish_date = 26 May 2025
|description = Identifying the solar sources of slow solar wind
|image=Icon497.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Delay of Near-Relativistic Electrons
|number = 496
|first_author = Grant MITCHELL
|publish_date = 19 May 2025
|description = Parker Solar Probe solves an old mystery about type III bursts
|image=Icon496.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Multi-Site Telescope for Multi-Height for Synoptic Observations
|number = 495
|first_author = Fallon KONOW
|publish_date = 11 May 2025
|description = A new synoptic network for observations at multiple wavelengths
|image=Icon495.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On turbulent magnetic reconnection: fast and slow mean steady-states
|number = 494
|first_author = Sage STANISH
|second_author = and David MacTAGGART
|publish_date = 28 April 2025
|description = In a turbulent medium, magnetic reconnection has two limiting domains
|image=Icon494.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasi-Periodic Pulsations in Ionospheric TEC and Flare EUV
|number = 493
|first_author = Aisling O'HARE
|publish_date = 21 April 2025
|description = The Earth's ionosphere reflects QPPs, with a small delay
|image=Icon493.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Metis observations of Alfvenic outflows driven by interchange reconnection in a pseudostreamer
|number = 492
|first_author = Paolo ROMANO and the Metis team
|publish_date = 7 April 2025
|description = Exactly as predicted by numerical simulations... a rare coup
|image=Icon492.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Rollercoaster: looping-the-loop in the solar corona
|number = 491
|first_author = Mohamed NEDAL et al.
|publish_date = 31 March 2025
|description = Large-scale helical motion in the flare/CME SOL2024-05-14
|image=Icon491.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Proton Beam Energy Deposition as a Mechanism of Deep Photospheric Heating
|number = 490
|first_author = Samuel GRANOVSKY
|second_author = and Alexander KOSOVICHEV
|publish_date = 17 March 2025
|description = Evidence for proton beams in white-light flares
|image=Icon490.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = New insights into the proton precipitation sites in solar flares
|number = 489
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 17 February 2025
|description = There is no detectable difference in proton and electron foopoint locations after all
|image=Icon489.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Gamma-Ray Evidence for a Distinct Population of MeV Flare-Accelerated Electrons
|number = 488
|first_author = Gerry SHARE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 10 February 2025
|description = Relativistic electrons in solar flares newly recognized as a distinct process
|image=Icon488.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = From Chromospheric Evaporation to Coronal Rain: An Investigation of the Mass and Energy Cycle of a Flare‎
|number = 487
|first_author = Seray &Scedil;AHIN
|second_author = and Patrick ANTOLIN
|publish_date = 3 February 2025
|description = A first quantitative comparison of flare evaporation and coronal rain
|image=Icon487.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energetic neutral atoms detected in the large solar energetic particle event of February 2022‎
|number = 486
|first_author = Christina COHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 January 2025
|description = Only the second direct observation of high-energy neutral atoms from the Sun
|image=Icon486.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Magnetic topology of quiet-Sun Ellerman bombs and associated ultraviolet brightenings‎
|number = 485
|first_author = Aditi BHATNAGAR
|second_author =
|publish_date = 6 January 2025
|description = Tiny "Ellerman Bombs" occur all across the solar surface, with differences
|image=Icon485.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unveiling CME Dynamics: Rare Rotations of CMEs in the Heliosphere
|number = 484
|first_author = Sandeep KUMAR and
|second_author = Nandita SRIVASTAVA
|publish_date = 30 December 2024
|description = CMEs usually do not show additional rotation as they move though the heliosphere
|image=Icon484.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatial and Spectral Evolution of Microwave and X-Ray Sources During the Limb Flare SOL2023-02-05
|number = 483
|first_author = Yulia N. SHAMSUTDINOVA
|publish_date = 23 December 2024
|description = Rare microwave imaging spectroscopy of a hot-onset precursor event
|image=Icon483.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = High-resolution observational analysis of flare ribbon fine structures
|number = 482
|first_author = Jonas THOEN FABER
|publish_date = 16 December 2024
|description = Spatially periodic fine structures in flare ribbons reveal current-sheet tearing
|image=Icon482.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Advection and super-diffusive expansion as the model of flare accelerated electron transport in type III solar radio bursts
|number = 481
|first_author = Eduard KONTAR
|publish_date = 9 December 2024
|description = Sturrock's dilemma resolved
|image=Icon481.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Faraday's Law in Solar Flares: A Cautionary Message
|number = 480
|first_author = Michael FARADAY
|publish_date = 2 December 2024
|description = We must not forget the global implications of Faraday's Law
|image=Icon480.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remarkable NUV Spectrum of an M-star Megaflare
|number = 479
|first_author = Adam KOWALSKI
|publish_date = 25 November 2024
|description = Remarkable NUV spectra from an HST stellar flare
|image=Icon479.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Revised Point-Spread Functions of AIA and their effect on DEM analyses
|number = 478
|first_author =Stefan HOFMEISTER,
|second_author = Daniel Wolf SAVIN, and Michael HAHN
|publish_date = 18 November 2024
|description = Substantial revisions of the AIA point-response functions
|image=Icon478.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = How much of the energy in flare-accelerated electrons reaches the chromosphere?
|number = 477
|first_author = Meriem ALAOUI
|second_author = and Gordon HOLMAN
|publish_date = 11 November 2024
|description = Keeping flare-accelerated electrons out of the chromosphere
|image=Icon477.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatially resolved plasma composition evolution in a solar flare
|number = 476
|first_author = Andy S. H. TO
|publish_date = 4 November 2024
|description = Reconnection outflow feeds abundance variations
|image=Icon476.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = HOPE during high activity
|number = 475
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Alphonse STERLING
|publish_date = 28 October 2024
|description = Hot onsets appear even in the most active solar conditions
|image=Icon475.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Simulated heliospheric electron spectra show sensitivity to plasma properties of a source region in the flaring corona
|number = 474
|first_author = Ross PALLISTER
|second_author = and Natasha JEFFREY
|publish_date = 21 October 2024
|description = Getting closer to an understanding of how solar energetic particles "escape"
|image=Icon474.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An extremely complex active region with very strong non-neutralized electric currents
|number = 473
|first_author = Ioannis KONTOGIANNIS
|publish_date = 14 October 2024
|description = Large non-neutralized electric currents flow through the active-region corona
|image=Icon473.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An X9 flare and its huge crochet (SFE)
|number = 472
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 7 October 2024
|description = The geomagnetic effect (SFE/crochet) that will calibrate the Carrington flare
|image=Icon472.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = All microflares that accelerate electrons to high energies are rooted in sunspots
|number = 471
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|publish_date = 30 September 2024
|description = Microflares with hard X-ray spectra are a well-defined class, and invariably have one footpoint embedded in a sunspot
|image=Icon471.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The warm-target model and kappa distributions
|number = 470
|first_author = Yingjie LUO
|publish_date = 16 September 2024
|description = A self-consistent treatment of non-thermal electron spectra points to kappa distributions
|image=Icon470.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Is there HOPE for Hyder flares...
|number = 468
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 15 March 2024
|description = Filament eruptions/Hyder flares/disparitions brusques may all show HOPE
|image=Icon468.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star Analysis of the M8.7 Flare on 2022 October 2 Using H-alpha and EUV Spectra Taken by SMART/SDDI and SDO/EVE
|number = 467
|first_author = Takato OTSU
|publish_date = 19 February 2024
|description = Whole-Sun spectroscopic observations can readily detect ejecta
|image=Icon467.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unexpected Asymmetry in GeV Emission
|number = 466
|first_author = Bruno ARSIOLI and Elena ORLANDO
|publish_date = 15 January 2024
|description = The high-energy solar gamma radiation shows inexplicable but fascinating properties
|image=Icon466.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = When it rippled in one place and exploded in another
|number = 465
|first_author = Ivan ZIMOVETS
|publish_date = 25 December 2023
|description = Pulsations precede a flare, but seem unrelated
|image=Icon465.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar flares: evaporation and simulation‎
|number = 464
|first_author = Malcolm DRUETT
|publish_date = 18 December 2023
|description = Fitting beam electrons into multi-dimensional models
|image=Icon464.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Pre-impulsive and Impulsive Phases of the March 28, 2022 Sub-Terahertz Flare
|number = 463
|first_author = Galina G. MOTORINA
|publish_date = 11 December 2023
|description = A flare with an increasing sub-THz spectrum and sub-THZ precursor information
|image=Icon463.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal Bright Points
|number = 462
|first_author = Daniel NÓBREGA-SIVERIO
|publish_date = 27 November 2023
|description = Bright EUV rowel-like structures can result from null-point reconnection
|image=Icon462.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Aurora-like Radio Emission from a Sunspot
|number = 461
|first_author = Sijie YU
|publish_date = 20 November 2023
|description = Maser action above a sunspot
|image=Icon461.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Search for a Flare Anticipation Index (FAI)
|number = 460
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Jim McTiernan
|publish_date = 13 November 2023
|description = Quantifying flare precursors on a few-minute time scale
|image=Icon460.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bouncing motions of fast electrons using Nobeyama Radioheliograph
|number = 459
|first_author = Keitarou MATSUMOTO
|publish_date = 6 November 2023
|description = Solar evidence for conservation of second adiabatic invariant in particle motion
|image=Icon459.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Impact of nanoflare heating in the lower solar atmosphere
|number = 458
|first_author = Helle BAKKE
|publish_date = 30 October 2023
|description = The behavior of nanoflare fast electrons in Bifrost models
|image=Icon458.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Precise timing of flare footpoint sources from mid-infrared observations‎
|number = 457
|first_author = Paulo SIMÕES et al.
|publish_date = 23 October 2023
|description = Mid-IR observations at high spatial and high temporal resolution: Conjugacy
|image=Icon457.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Greatest GOES Flares‎
|number = 456
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Ed CLIVER
|publish_date = 25 September 2023
|description = The greatest GOES events, re-analyzed, fall short of expectations
|image=Icon456.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Introducing SunSketcher
|number = 455
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Gordon EMSLIE
|publish_date = 11 September 2023
|description = Galloping towards roundup in the 2024 total solar eclipse
|image=Icon455.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = TeV Gamma rays from the Quiescent Sun
|number = 454
|first_author = Mehr Un NISA
|second_author = and John BEACOM
|publish_date = 21 August 2023
|description = Solar photons at unprecedented high energies
|image=Icon454.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Hard X-Ray Sources in Flare Model with Vertical Current Sheet
|number = 453
|first_author = Alexander SHABALIN, Eugenia OVCHINNIKOVA,
|second_author = and Yuri CHARIKOV
|publish_date = 7 August 2023
|description = Modeling betatron acceleration in current-sheet development.
|image=Icon453.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatial Distribution of Magnetic Reconnection Rate in an M6.5 Solar Flare
|number = 452
|first_author = Ju JING
|publish_date = 12 June 2023
|description = Linking hard X-rays to high-resolution images that show reconnection rates.
|image=Icon452.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Statistical study of Type III bursts and associated HXR emissions
|number = 451
|first_author = Nicole VILMER and Tomin JAMES
|publish_date = 29 May 2023
|description = Linking electron populations escaping from the Sun with those that RHESSI detects.
|image=Icon451.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar flare hard X-rays from the anchor points of an eruptive filament
|number = 450
|first_author = Muriel STIEFEL
|publish_date = 15 May 2023
|description = A rare "four-ribbon" flare has been detected in hard X-rays.
|image=Icon450.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Did a Solar Flare Accelerate all the Ambient Electrons in the Coronal Acceleration Region?...
|number = 449
|first_author = Gordon EMSLIE, Eduard KONTAR,
|second_author = Galina MOTORINA, and Brian DENNIS
|publish_date = 1 May 2023
|description = Considering SOL2017-09-10, probably not.
|image=Icon449.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Diagnostics of Spatially-Extended Turbulent Acceleration and Transport
|number = 448
|first_author = Morgan STORES
|publish_date = 24 April 2023
|description = Drilling down into the detailed structure of solar-flare energy release by including turbulence with particle acceleration.
|image=Icon448.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = RHESSI's Re-entry
|number = 447
|first_author = Pascal SAINT-HILAIRE and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 17 April 2023
|description = The final demise of RHESSI is this week
|image=Icon447.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Glasgow geomagnetic observation of a solar flare
|number = 446
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON, John MALONE-LEIGH,
|second_author = Graham WOAN, and Chris OSBORNE
|publish_date = 13 March 2023
|description = Irish and Scottish geomagnetic observatories see a crochet much like that of the Carrington event
|image=Icon_446.png}}

{{{Nugget Badge
|title = Particle Acceleration in Two Coronal Jets
|number = 445
|first_author = Yixian ZHANG
|publish_date = 27 February 2023
|description = Coronal jets with hard X-ray sources at disjoint locations
|image=Icon445.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Curious First Sunquake of Solar Cycle 25‎
|number = 444
|first_author = Alexander KOSOVICHEV
|publish_date = 13 February 2023
|description = A double whammy: two distinct sunquakes from SOL2022-05-10.
|image=Icon444.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hard X-ray Pulsations via Gaussian Decomposition
|number = 443
|first_author = Hannah COLLIER and Laura HAYES
|publish_date = 30 January 2023
|description = Flare hard X-ray time variations decomposed objectively
|image=Icon443.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A possible coronal magnetic flare precursor
|number = 442
|first_author = Enrico LANDI
|publish_date = 16 January 2023
|description = Novel measurements of the coronal magnetic field may help with flare prediction
|image=Icon442.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A slow HOPE with microwave context
|number = 441
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 12 December 2022
|description = A new microwave facility at Chashan Observatory, and a prototypical HOPE
|image=Icon441.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Rapid variations of Si IV spectra in a flare observed by IRIS at a sub-second cadence
|number = 440
|first_author = Juraj LÖRINČÍK
|publish_date = 14 November 2022
|description = Transition-region lines in a flare have a Doppler component revealing quasi-periodic pulsations
|image=Icon440.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Significant Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance Associated with a Massive Gamma-ray Burst
|number = 439
|first_author = Laura HAYES and Peter GALLAGHER
|publish_date = 31 October 2022
|description = A first SID observed in broad daylight, from a source far far away
|image=Icon439.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Effects of Coronal Structures on the Dynamics of the Global Coronal Wave of SOL2017-09-10‎
|number = 438
|first_author = Huidong HU, Ying D. LIU, and Bei ZHU
|publish_date = 17 October 2022
|description = The amazing global coronal wave of SOL2017-09-10 wrapped around the whole Sun, and displayed transmission and reflection at both polar coronal holes
|image=Icon438.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = KW-Sun: The Konus-Wind Solar Flare Database in Hard X-Ray and Soft Gamma-Ray Ranges
|number = 437
|first_author = Alexandra LYSENKO
|publish_date = 26 September 2022
|description = An unrivaled hard X-ray and gamma-ray database is entering its third activity maximum
|image=Icon437.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = First Detection of Kink Oscillations with Solar Orbiter
|number = 436
|first_author = Sihui ZHONG et al.
|publish_date = 19 September 2022
|description = SolO sees coronal oscillations as well as AIA can, and even better
|image=Icon436.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energetic Neutral Hydrogen from Large Solar Flares
|number = 435
|first_author = Glenn MASON
|publish_date = 6 September 2022
|description = A rediscovered data treasury reveals the occurrence of many flare/CME events producing solar high-energy neutral atoms
|image=Icon435.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fifty-year Anniversary of the First Detection of Gamma rays from a Solar Flare
|number = 434
|first_author = Jim Ryan,
|second_author = Brian Dennis, and Phil Dunphy
|publish_date = 8 August 2022
|description = The rich astrophysics of gamma-ray astronomy began with solar observations fifty years ago
|image=Icon434.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fast Prograde Flows in Solar Active Regions
|number = 433
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 July 2022
|description = Unexpected, unpredicted, and not modeled yet - weird flows in hot active-region loops
|image=Icon433.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Undetected Minority-polarity Flux, Moss, and Coronal Heating
|number = 432
|first_author = Yi-Ming WANG
|publish_date = 11 July 2022
|description = There's plenty of room in "unipolar" active regions for both polarities, and there is good evidence for them
|image=Icon432.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Thermal/Nonthermal with MinXSS and RHESSI
|number = 431
|first_author = Shunsaku NAGASAWA
|publish_date = 13 June 2022
|description = Time-domain studies of improved X-ray spectra reveal a "super-hot' component
|image=Icon431.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star spectroscopic observations of the line-of-sight velocity of a solar eruption on October 28, 2021
|number = 430
|first_author = Yu XU
|second_author = and Hui TIAN
|publish_date = 30 May 2022
|description = The observation of the full 3d velocity of a CME, for an anniversary event
|image=Icon430.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Carl Størmer
|number = 429
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Lyndsay FLETCHER
|publish_date = 15 April 2022
|description = Størmer and the theory of trapping in loops
|image=Icon429.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Hard X-rays with Insight
|number = 428
|first_author = Wei WANG
|second_author = and Ping ZHANG
|publish_date = 21 March 2022
|description = A spectacular limb flare introduces Insight/HXMT, a new observational resource
|image=Icon428.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Probing chromospheric current sheets using SST and ALMA co-observations
|number = 427
|first_author = João da SILVA SANTOS
|publish_date = 21 February 2022
|description = Emerging magnetic flux appears in ALMA images reflecting coronal current sheets
|image=Icon427.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A demonstration of STIX hard X-ray imaging spectroscopy capabilities for an X-class flare (SOL2021-10-28)
|number = 426
|first_author = Andrea BATTAGLIA, Hannah COLLIER,
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 7 February 2022
|description = STIX imaging of an X-class flare marks its success
|image=Icon426.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A solar flare driven by thermal conduction observed in mid-infrared
|number = 425
|first_author = Guillermo GIMÉNEZ de CASTRO
|publish_date = 24 January 2022
|description = Strong 10-micron emission from a GOES C2 flare suggests conductive heating
|image=Icon425.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Disk Occultation of a Lopsided Sun‎
|number = 424
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON,
|second_author = Stephen WHITE and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 10 January 2022
|description = Observing a spotless Sun can enable observations of the faint corona.
|image=Icon424.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Resolving two distinct thermal X-ray components in a compound solar flare
|number = 423
|first_author = Zhenjun ZHOU
|second_author = and Rui LIU
|publish_date = 28 December 2021
|description = Superhot coronal sources may be independent loop systems
|image=Icon423.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bridging solar flares to coronal mass ejections
|number = 422
|first_author = Markus ASCHWANDEN
|publish_date = 14 December 2021
|description = The Neupert effect allows us to trace coronal mass ejections seamlessly
|image=Icon422.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Jakimiec Diagnostic Diagram
|number = 421
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 29 November 2021
|description = The joint variation of GOES temperature and emission measure discloses new features via an old tool
|image=Icon421.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = First look at ALMA/HInode/IRIS microflares
|number = 420
|first_author = Toshifumi SHIMIZU
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 8 November 2021
|description = High-resolution ALMA and multiwavelength observations of microflaring
|image=Icon420.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Thomson scattering near sunspots
|number = 419
|first_author = Pascal Saint-Hilaire
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 25 October 2021
|description = Completing the modeling of low-coronal Thomson polarimetry
|image=Icon419.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Non-PFSS Global Coronal Model
|number = 418
|first_author = Oliver RICE
|second_author = and Anthony YEATES
|publish_date = 11 October 2021
|description = Modeling as convenient as PFSS but much more realistic
|image=Icon418.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Manifold Nonthermality
|number = 417
|first_author = Marina BATTAGLIA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 27 September 2021
|description = Even weak flares involve multiple sites of non thermal activity
|image=Icon417.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = X-Rays from a Type I Radio Burst
|number = 416
|first_author = R. RAMESH
|publish_date = 20 September 2021
|description = A first identification of type I radio emission with hot plasma
|image=Icon416.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Do Hot Onsets Predict Flare Magnitudes?
|number = 415
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 30 August 2021
|description = Maybe we can tell how big a flare is going to be from its initial development...
|image=Icon415.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Confined or Eruptive?
|number = 414
|first_author = Ting LI et al.
|publish_date = 16 August 2021
|description = Increased magnetic flux reduces CME eruptivity
|image=Icon414.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Impulsive and Gradual Eruptive Gamma Flares and Associated CMEs
|number = 413
|first_author = Alexey STRUMINSKY,
|second_author = Irina GRIGORIEVA and Andrei SADOVSKI
|publish_date = 19 July 2021
|description = Extreme behavior of flare/CME events explained by environment
|image=Icon373.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Morphology of Flare Time Profiles
|number = 412
|first_author = Larisa KASHAPOVA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 12 July 2021
|description = Systematic comparison of solar and stellar flaring time profiles
|image=Icon412.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare Pulsation and the Heliosphere
|number = 411
|first_author = Brendan CLARKE
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 5 July 2021
|description = Flare pulsations link closely to the distant heliosphere
|image=Icon411.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = STIX, the Hard X-Ray Telescope on board Solar Orbiter
|number = 410
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 28 June 2021
|description = STIX is operational and producing great data
|image=Icon410.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Nonequilibrium Ionization of Flare Plasma Observed by Hinode/EIS
|number = 409
|first_author = Shinsuke IMADA
|second_author =
|publish_date = 14 June 2021
|description = Evidence for non-equilibrium ionization in the current sheet of SOL2017-09-10
|image=Icon409.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Effects of Flares on Solar p-modes
|number = 408
|first_author = Maria-Cristina RABELLO SOARES
|second_author = and Frederic BAUDIN
|publish_date = 26 April 2021
|description = No detectable p-mode amplitude changes due to solar flares
|image=Icon408.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Subsecond Spikes in Solar Flare X-ray Flux as Seen by Fermi GBM
|number = 407
|first_author =Trevor KNUTH
|second_author = and Lindsay GLESENER
|publish_date = 19 April 2021
|description = A new analysis technique pushes hard X-ray time scales to 0.1 sec or faster
|image=Icon407.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Negative He 10830 Flare Ribbons and Non-thermal Electrons
|number = 406
|first_author = Graham KERR
|second_author =
|publish_date = 12 April 2021
|description = A 1D radiation hydrodynamics model can explain the dark leading edges of He I flare ribbons
|image=Icon406.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Tracing the sources of gradual solar energetic particle events
|number = 405
|first_author = David H. BROOKS
|second_author = and Stephanie L. YARDLEY
|publish_date = 29 March 2021
|description = Chemical abundances in SEPs suggest an origin in flare-related moss regions
|image=Icon405.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Superflare SOL2017-09-06: from submm to mid-IR
|number = 404
|first_author = Guillermo (Guigue) GIMÉNEZ DE CASTRO
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 March 2021
|description = Glimpsing the "missing decades" of the flare emission spectrum
|image=Icon404.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Neupert Effect Revisited
|number = 403
|first_author = Jiong QIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 8 March 2021
|description = Two time scales for heating individual flare strands
|image=Icon403.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = FLUKA as a tool for interpreting flare gamma-rays
|number = 402
|first_author = Alec MACKINNON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 1 March 2021
|description = The nuclear physics of solar flares captured in a detailed model
|image=Icon402.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Collective Study of 11 NuSTAR Microflares
|number = 401
|first_author = Jessie DUNCAN and
|second_author = Lindsay GLESENER
|publish_date = 22 February 2021
|description = Swarms of NuSTAR micro flares
|image=Icon401.png}}

{{{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Solar FRB
|number = 400
|first_author = Dale GARY and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 15 February 2021
|description = A new frontier in the solar time domain
|image=Icon400.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Richard Schwartz
|number = 399
|first_author = Brian DENNIS and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 January 2021
|description = Remembering a friend and colleague
|image=Icon399.jpg}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observing Solar Flare X-ray Polarization with Prospective CubeSat Missions
|number = 398
|first_author = Natasha JEFFREY
|publish_date = 4 January 2021
|description = The polarization of the solar X-ray spectrum generally remains to be observed
|image=Icon398.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar effects in the local interstellar medium
|number = 397
|first_author = Don GURNETT and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 14 December 2020
|description = Relativistic particle events observed _in situ_ in the interstellar medium
|image=Icon397.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Investigation of Small-Scale Energy Releases in Hard X-rays with FOXSI
|number = 396
|first_author = Subramania ATHIRAY and
|second_author = Juliana VIEVERING
|publish_date = 7 December 2020
|description = Hard X-rays and high temperatures from the feeblest microflares
|image=Icon396.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = What drives impulsive coronal heating?
|number = 395
|first_author = Pradeep CHITTA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 30 November 2020
|description = Impulsive footpoint emissions suggest magnetic reconnection in the chromosphere
|image=Icon395.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Probing the solar coronal heating function with slow magnetoacoustic waves
|number = 394
|first_author = Dmitrii KOLOTKOV
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 16 November 2020
|description = Coronal heating models meet damped slow magnetoacoustic waves
|image=Icon394.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Self-Consistent Flare Model
|number = 393
|first_author = Wenzhi RUAN
|second_author = and Rony KEPPENS
|publish_date = 2 November 2020
|description = Energy transport by fast particles made self-consistent with MHD flare modeling
|image=Icon393.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hot Flare Onsets
|number = 392
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 26 October 2020
|description = The initial soft X-ray temperatures of solar flares tend to be in the 10-15 MK range
|image=Icon392.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electric Current Neutralization and Eruption
|number = 391
|first_author = Ellis AVALLONE
|second_author = and Xudong SUN
|publish_date = 19 October 2020
|description = Coronal currents without neutralizing return currents appear to
|image=Icon391.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Prediction of Solar Cycle 25
|number = 390
|first_author = Leif SVALGAARD
|second_author =
|publish_date = 5 October 2020
|description = Now we know how big the next solar maximum will be
|image=Icon390.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare/CME Cartoon Archive
|number = 389
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 September 2020
|description = A new edition of the Flare/CME archive, nearly a half kilotoon now
|image=Icon389.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Submerged Flare Acoustic Sources
|number = 388
|first_author = Juan Camilo BUITRAGO CASAS
|second_author = and Angel MARTÍNEZ
|publish_date = 13 September 2020
|description = Flare acoustic radiation emanates from a source _inside_ the Sun
|image=Icon388.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Circular Ribbon Flare at Microwaves
|number = 387
|first_author = Jeongwoo LEE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 31 August 2020
|description = Breakout reconnection reveals itself via microwave polarization measurements.
|image=Icon387.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Relation of Non-neutralized electric currents and the activity in active regions
|number = 386
|first_author = P. VEMAREDDY
|second_author =
|publish_date = 24 August 2020
|description = Non-neutralized coronal current systems contribute to CME eruptions
|image=Icon386.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = White-light emission and photospheric magnetic field changes in flares
|number = 385
|first_author = J. Sebastián CASTELLANOS DURÁN
|second_author = and Lucia KLEINT
|publish_date = 17 August 2020
|description = There are strong correlations between white-light flare emissions and line-of-sight magnetic field changes
|image=Icon385.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sunspot Differential Rotation in an X-class Flare
|number = 384
|first_author = Richard GRIMES,
|second_author = Balázs PINTÉR and Huw MORGAN
|publish_date = 10 August 2020
|description = Observations suggesting how the coronal tail can wag the photospheric dog
|image=Icon384.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energy Partitioning in a Nonthermally Dominated Two-loop Solar Flare
|number = 383
|first_author = Galina MOTORINA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 3 August 2020
|description = Modeling the propagation of energy via GX Simulator in an early-impulsive flare
|image=Icon383.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOL2013-11-10 Eruptive Circular-ribbon Flare with Extended Remote Brightenings
|number = 382
|first_author = Chang LIU
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 31 July 2020
|description = A circular-ribbon event can launch an eruption by breaking through its separatrix dome
|image=Icon382.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Extreme-Ultraviolet Late Phase of Solar Flares
|number = 381
|first_author = Rui LIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 June 2020
|description = Both arcade and circular-ribbon flares may sometimes spawn EUV late phase emission
|image=Icon381.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energy transport by accelerated particles in the quiet solar atmosphere
|number = 380
|first_author = Lars FROGNER,
|second_author = Boris GUDIKSEN and Helle BAKKE
|publish_date = 15 June 2020
|description = A first study of non-thermal particles integrated into an MHD simulation of the solar atmosphere
|image=Icon380.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasi-periodic pulsations as indicators of oscillatory processes in solar flares
|number = 379
|first_author = Elena KUPRIYANOVA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 11 May 2020
|description = Many, many QPPs
|image=Icon379.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Rejuvenating Solar Flare Termination Shocks as Particle Accelerators
|number = 378
|first_author = Bin CHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 4 May 2020
|description = At last, clear evidence for a long-predicted phenomenon
|image=Icon378.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Broad symmetrical Doppler-shifted Fe XXI line profiles
|number = 377
|first_author = Vanessa POLITO
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 April 2020
|description = It is difficult to explain "evaporation" line profiles by superposition of unresolved flows
|image=Icon377.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Phenomena in the unusually long pre-impulsive phase of SOL2011-06-07
|number = 376
|first_author = Marian KARLICKÝ,
|second_author = Jana KA&Scaron;PAROVÁ, and Robert SYCH
|publish_date = 13 April 2020
|description = A massive and slowly-rising filament eruption reveals important new signatures of the physics
|image=Icon376.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Evidence for a Coronal Shock Wave Origin for Relativistic Protons Producing Solar Gamma-Rays and Observed by Neutron Monitors at Earth‎
|number = 375
|first_author = Athanasios KOULOUMVAKOS
|second_author = and Gerry SHARE
|publish_date = 6 April 2020
|description = Successful modeling of prolonged solar gamma-ray emissions and terrestrial ground-level cosmic-ray events
|image=Icon375.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Using overlappogram data to find hot flare plasma
|number = 374
|first_author = Louise HARRA
|
|publish_date = 23 March 2020
|description = Imaging Fe XXIV at high resolution with the EIS slot data
|image=Icon374.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOL2017-09-04 (M5.5) 2017 as a Source of Relativistic Electrons and Protons
|number = 373
|first_author = Alexei STRUMINSKII
| (see text)
|publish_date = 16 March 2020
|description = Flare-accelerated particles, rather than SEPs, energize sustained gamma-ray emission
|image=Icon373.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Heating of the solar photosphere during a white-light flare‎
|number = 372
|first_author = Jan JURČÁK
| (see text)
|publish_date = 2 March 2020
|description = The best-ever spectrum of the flare photosphere
|image=Icon372.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Hot Cusp-Shaped Confined Solar Flare
|number = 371
|first_author = Aaron HERNANDEZ-PEREZ
|publish_date = 24 February 2020
|description = A flare may have a prominent hot cusp with the help of any eruption
|image=Icon371.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Temporal and Spatial Extension of Gamma-ray Emission from the Sun
|number = 370
|first_author = Nat GOPALSWAMY
|publish_date = 17 February 2020
|description = Sustained solar γ-rays and solar cosmic rays
|image=Icon370.ng.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A PSP Perihelion
|number = 369
|first_author = Jessie DUNCAN
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 20 January 2020
|description = The Parker Solar Probe enters its fourth perihelion already. Now
|image=Icon369.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remembering John Brown
|number = 368
|first_author = Alec MacKINNON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 13 January 2020
|description = John passed away unexpectedly on 16 November 2019
|image=Icon368.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Global Survey of EUV Coronal Power Spectra
|number = 367
|first_author = Karl Battams
|second_author =
|publish_date = 30 December 2019
|description = Time-series parameter maps of imaged power spectra from an AIA pipeline
|image=Icon367.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Cosmic Rays over the Rainbow Bridge
|number = 366
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = Alec MacKinnon
|publish_date = 16 December 2019
|description = Cosmic rays approach the Sun
|image=Icon366.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spectropolarimetric Insight into Plasma-Sheet Dynamics of a Solar Flare
|number = 365
|first_author = Ryan French
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 December 2019
|description = CoMP polarization patterns in SOL2017-09-10 are amazing
|image=Icon365.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Lorentz Force Evolution Reveals the Energy Build-up Processes during Recurrent Eruptive Solar Flares‎
|number = 364
|first_author = Ranadeep Sarkar,
|second_author = Nandita Srivastava and Astrid Veronig
|publish_date = 18 November 2019
|description = The net Lorentz force clearly exhibits a build-up and release pattern
|image=Icon364.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare waiting times depend on their magnitudes
|number = 363
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 11 November 2019
|description = Surprising new evidence for the flare build-up and release process
|image=Icon363.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Can magnetic reconnection cause solar rainstorms?‎
|number = 362
|first_author = Petra Kohutova
|second_author =
|publish_date = 4 November 2019
|description = Impulsive coronal heating resulting from reconnection can trigger coronal rain
|image=Icon362.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Non-radial jets on the edges of active regions
|number = 361
|first_author = Peter Wyper
|second_author =
|publish_date = 14 October 2019
|description = The very common jet structures we see can naturally combine twist and breakout
|image=Icon361.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Searching SOLfully within the Nuggets
|number = 360
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 7 October 2019
|description = The IAU target identifier works well for finding items about a particular event
|image=Icon360.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Submillimeter Radiation as the Thermal Component of the Neupert Effect
|number = 359
|first_author = Guillermo Giménez de Castro
|second_author =
|publish_date = 31 September 2019
|description = Flare radiation at the highest frequencies can be bremsstrahlung
|image=Icon359.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The "Last Best" Flares
|number = 358
|first_author = Hugh Hudson,
|second_author = Ed Cliver, and Brian Dennis
|publish_date = 24 September 2019
|description = Major flares tend to happen at the very ends of sunspot cycles
|image=Icon358.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Dynamic Processes of the Moreton Wave on 2014 March 29‎
|number = 357
|first_author = Denis Cabezas
|second_author = and the FMT team
|publish_date = 16 September 2019
|description = A beautiful Moreton wave excited by the best-observed flare ever
|image=Icon357.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = EVE-RHESSI DEM Models and the Low-energy Cutoff for Nonthermal Electrons
|number = 356
|first_author = Jim McTiernan
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 September 2019
|description = Characterizing flare temperature distributions helps to define the non-thermal energy release
|image=Icon356.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Stealth Coronal Mass Ejections from Active Regions
|number = 355
|first_author = Jennifer O'Kane
|second_author =
|publish_date = 26 August 2019
|description = Perhaps just feeble versions of the same magnetic disease...
|image=Icon355.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Do Kepler Superflare Stars Really Include Slowly Rotating Sun-like Stars?‎
|number = 354
|first_author = Yuta NOTSU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 July 2019
|description = Kepler superflares hint at solar superflares
|image=Icon354.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Localized Microwave and EUV Bright Structures in an Eruptive Prominence
|number = 353
|first_author = Jing HUANG
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 June 2019
|description = Detailed correlations between EUV and microwaves in prominence fine structures
|image=Icon353.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Broken-up hard X-ray spectra found for a loop-top source during a solar limb flare
|number = 352
|first_author = Hao NING,
|second_author = Yao CHEN and Jeongwoo LEE
|publish_date = 16 June 2019
|description = SOL2017-09-10 coronal hard X-ray sources
|image=Icon352.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Cosmic-Ray Shadow and Coronal Magnetism
|number = 351
|first_author = Frederik Tenholt
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 May 2019
|description = The coronal magnetic field measured in Antarctica
|image=Icon351.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Kristian Birkeland
|number = 350
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Lyndsay FLETCHER
|publish_date = 6 May 2019
|description = Space weather a century ago: Kristian Birkeland
|image=Icon350.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Warm UV loops heated by small-scale cancellation events
|number = 349
|first_author = Seray ŞAHIN
|second_author = and Vasyl YURCHYSHYN
|publish_date = 22 April 2019
|description = Precisely locating the footpoints of warm coronal loops helps identify their source(s) of excitation
|image=Icon349.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Multiple Regions of Shock-accelerated Particles during a Solar Coronal Mass Ejection
|number = 348
|first_author = Diana MOROSAN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 1 April 2019
|description = LOFAR identifies herringbone sources within the flank of the SOL2017-09-10 shock - no joke
|image=Icon348.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Persistent Quasi-Periodic Pulsations Detected During the Large X8.2 Solar Flare
|number = 347
|first_author = Laura HAYES
|second_author = and Peter GALLAGHER
|publish_date = 25 March 2019
|description = The most beautiful flare has the most beautiful pulsations
|image=Icon347.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Is the coronal magnetic field braiding?
|number = 346
|first_author = Markus ASCHWANDEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 11 March 2019
|description = This iconic cartoon does not relate well to the observations
|image=Icon346.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An energetic pre-flare: electron distributions in magnetic reconnection outflows
|number = 345
|first_author = Marina BATTAGLIA,
|second_author = Eduard KONTAR and Galina MOTORINA
|publish_date = 18 February 2019
|description = Assessing energy partition in a pre-impulsive flare development
|image=Icon345.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Linear Polarization in H-alpha Flares
|number = 344
|first_author = Tomoko KAWATE
|second_author = and Yoichiro HANAOKA
|publish_date = 4 February 2019
|description = H-alpha polarization is rarely observable but, in once case, very suggestive
|image=Icon344.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Short-Period Waves
|number = 343
|first_author = Sijie YU
|second_author = and Bin CHEN
|publish_date = 21 January 2019
|description = New decimetric imaging spectroscopy suggests Alfvénic energy transport in flares
|image=Icon343.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Interesting RHESSI/SAS Archive
|number = 342
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Martin FIVIAN
|publish_date = 8 January 2019
|description = The full mission database shows RHESSI to have been very stable geometrically
|image=Icon342.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Homologous White Light Solar Flares‎
|number = 341
|first_author = Paolo ROMANO
|second_author = and Abouazza ELMHAMDI
|publish_date = 31 December 2018
|description = Homologous white-light flares, in rapid succession, and coronal null points
|image=Icon341.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The flight of FOXSI-3
|number = 340
|first_author = Lindsay GLESENER
|second_author = and Noriyuki NARUKAGE
|publish_date = 10 December 2018
|description = Single-photon counting and direct focusing across hard and soft energies
|image=Icon340.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Stellar Flares and Starspots
|number = 339
|first_author = Lauren DOYLE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 3 December 2018
|description = Stellar flares don't spatially match their starspots
|image=Icon339.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Neutron Production in Solar Flares
|number = 338
|first_author = Ron MURPHY
|second_author = and Gerry SHARE
|publish_date = 26 November 2018
|description = Neutron astronomy helps us understand solar flares
|image=Icon338.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Cycle 25 Strikes Again
|number = 337
|first_author = Kamil BICZ
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 November 2018
|description = A second, larger Cycle 25 sunspot
|image=Icon337.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remembering Marcos Machado via his research
|number = 336
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 13 November 2018
|description = Recalling a friend and colleague, and admiring his final paper
|image=Icon336.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = CORONAS/SPIRIT Mg XII and Nanoflares‎
|number = 335
|first_author = Anton REVA
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 October 2018
|description = Monochromatic Mg XII spectroheliography sets severe limits on nanoflare heating models
|image=Icon335.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = White-light Emission and Non-thermal Electrons‎
|number = 334
|first_author = Kyoung-Sun LEE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 8 October 2018
|description = An intimate relationship between accelerated electrons and visible flare continuum
|image=Icon334.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal Hard X-ray Sources Revisited
|number = 333
|first_author = Brian DENNIS
|second_author =
|publish_date = 24 September 2018
|description = Reporting some over-interpretation of the evidence for "coronal thick targets"
|image=Icon333.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Photospheric response to a flare
|number = 332
|first_author = Mike WHEATLAND
|second_author =
|publish_date = 17 September 2018
|description = Sudden changes in the magnetic field in the low atmosphere associated with particle acceleration
|image=Icon332.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = New Views of Global Solar Magnetic Field Evolution Over Four Solar Cycles
|number = 331
|first_author = David WEBB
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 August 2018
|description = A digital archive of Pat McIntosh's 44 years of solar synoptic observations
|image=Icon331.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Understanding the co-spatial return current in solar flares
|number = 330
|first_author = Meriem ALAOUI
|second_author = and Gordon HOLMAN
|publish_date = 6 August 2018
|description = Completing the circuit in a thick-target model
|image=Icon330.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = 3D Magnetic Reconnection at a Coronal Null Point
|number = 329
|first_author = Shane MALONEY,
|second_author = Aidan O'Flannagain and Peter Gallagher
|publish_date = 30 July 2018
|description = Large-scale reconnection involved in Type I radio noise storm
|image=Icon329.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The true dawn of multimessenger astronomy
|number = 328
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 23 July 2018
|description = Ever since the Carrington flare
|image=Icon328.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Microwave Imaging Spectroscopy of Flares is Here‎
|number = 327
|first_author = Dale E. Gary,
|second_author = EOVSA and RHESSI Teams
|publish_date = 16 July 2018
|description = Microwave imaging spectroscopy takes a giant leap forward with SOL2017-09-10
|image=Icon327.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal nanoflares powered by footpoint reconnection
|number = 326
|first_author = Pradeep Chitta,
|second_author = Hardi Peter, and Sami Solanki
|publish_date = 9 July 2018
|description = Coronal nanoflares in active region cores can be powered by the magnetic reconnection in the lower solar atmosphere
|image=Icon326.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A remarkable, but confused, coronal hard X-ray source
|number = 325
|first_author = Alexandra Lysenko,
|second_author = Larisa Kashapova and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 25 June 2018
|description = A remarkable flare in 1999 adds to our short list of extended coronal hard X-ray/microwave sources
|image=Icon325.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Understanding HMI pseudocontinuum in white-light flares‎
|number = 324
|first_author = Michal &Scaron;vanda
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 28 May 2018
|description = The HMI pseudocontinuum (Ic) is ill-calibrated in regions with strong fields, i.e. for white-light flares
|image=Icon324.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = To beam or not to beam - that is (still) the question
|number = 323
|first_author = Paulo Simões
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 14 May 2018
|description = Descriptions of the lower solar atmosphere of flares ca. Cycle 21 sound surprisingly current
|image=Icon323.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observation of Cosmic Ray Spallation Events from SoHO‎
|number = 322
|first_author = Serge Koutchmy
|second_author = and Ehsan Tavabi
|publish_date = 7 May 2018
|description = LASCO's images capture high-energy nuclear interactions from cosmic-ray hits
|image=Icon322.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Sunspot from Cycle 25 for sure
|number = 321
|first_author = Tomek Mrozek
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 10 April 2018
|description = YES! Cycle 25 is here!
|image=Icon321.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Blue-wing enhancement of the Mg II h and k lines in a flare
|number = 320
|first_author = Akiko TEI
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 April 2018
|description = Flare loops involve a cool upflow preceding the hot evaporation flow
|image=Icon320.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = NuSTAR detects X-ray flares in the quiet Sun
|number = 319
|first_author = Matej Kuhar
|second_author = and Säm Krucker
|publish_date = 26 March 2018
|description = Quiet-Sun flares may not be powerful, but they look a lot like ordinary flares
|image=Icon319.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Homologous CME/flares from AR 12371
|number = 318
|first_author = Panditi Vemareddy
|second_author = and Pascal Demoulín
|publish_date = 19 March 2018
|description = An excellent set of homologous flare/CMEs analyzed and explained
|image=Icon318.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Non-Maxwellian Diagnostics from SDO/EVE Spectra of an X-class Flare
|number = 317
|first_author = Elena Dzifčáková
|second_author = and Jaroslav Dudík
|publish_date = 16 February 2018
|description = Ratios of high-excitation ions can readily detect κ-distributions in flare plasmas
|image=Icon317.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Joint MinXSS and RHESSI Flare X-ray Spectra between 1 and 15 keV
|number = 316
|first_author = Chris Moore, Brian Dennis and the MinXSS Science Team
|publish_date = 5 February 2018
|description = MinXSS adds systematic views of flare soft X-ray spectra to RHESSI imagery
|image=Icon316.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Parameterized Flare Models with Chromospheric Compressions
|number = 315
|first_author = Adam Kowalski & Joel Allred
|publish_date = 17 January 2018
|description = A new approach to modeling the lower flare atmosphere
|image=FlareModelsKowalskiAllred.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Curious Sunspot Group in 2018
|number = 314
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 14 January 2018
|description = The first new sunspot group of 2018 emerged at the wrong latitude
|image = Icon314.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Tecumseh's Eclipse and Astrophysics
|number = 313
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 25 December 2017
|description = The solar corona was first recognized as such, and named, in an eclipse of 1806
|image = Icon313.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hunting for Hidden Tiny Flares
|number = 312
|first_author = Shin-nosuke ISHIKAWA
|publish_date = 27 November 2017
|description = FOXSI-2 says that episodic energy releases are still viable as a part of the coronal heating problem.
|image = Icon312.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unusual Type III Burst Dynamics Produced by Diverging Magnetic Fields
|number = 311
|first_author = Patrick McCauley
|publish_date = 20 November 2017
|description = Unusual type III bursts follow coronal separatrix structures.
|image = Icon311.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Valderrama in the 21st Century
|number = 310
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 31 October 2017
|description = A newly-described white-light flare from the 19th century!..
|image = Icon310.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electron Scattering in the Flaring Corona
|number = 309
|first_author = Sophie Musset
|publish_date = 24 October 2017
|description = Diffusive transport may contribute to the trapping of electrons in coronal X-ray sources
|image = Icon309.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Power of Turbulence
|number = 308
|first_author = Nic Bian
|publish_date = 25 September 2017
|description = Turbulent energy content may underlie flare energy transfer, magnetic reconnection, and particle acceleration
|image = Icon308.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Kelvin Force and Loop-Top Concentration
|number = 307
|first_author = Kiyoto SHIBASAKI
|publish_date = 18 September 2017
|description = New physics can explain the perplexing overpressure at the flare looptop regions
|image = Icon307.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Last Best Flare of Cycle 24?
|number = 306
|first_author = Säm Krucker
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 11 September 2017
|description = Right on schedule, Cycle 24 has produced a great flare (with a GLE)
|image = Icon306.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electric Current Neutralization and Solar Eruption in Active Regions
|number = 305
|first_author = Yang LIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 28 August 2017
|description = Active current systems in the solar corona don't have return currents
|image = Icon305.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = RHESSI and the Megamovie
|number = 304
|first_author = Hugh Hudson, Laura Peticolas,
|second_author = and Juan Carlos Martínez Oliveros
|publish_date = 31 July 2017
|description = A wholly new way to view a solar eclipse, and to do solar astrometry
|image = Icon304.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bastille Day 2017
|number = 303
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = and Säm Krucker
|publish_date = 24 July 2017
|description = Interesting flares really do happen on Bastille Day...
|image = Icon303.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Solar X-ray Limb III
|number = 302
|first_author = Marina Battaglia
|second_author = and Gordon Hurford
|publish_date = 12 June 2017
|description = RHESSI succeeds with a wholly new way to measure the solar diameter
|image = Icon302.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Double Coronal X-ray and Microwave Sources Associated With A Magnetic Breakout Solar Eruption
|number = 301
|first_author = Yao CHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 29 May 2017
|description = A different explanation of the double coronal hard X-ray sources
|image = Icon301.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Lasso Model for Solar Gamma-ray Events
|number = 300
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 May 2017
|description = A toy model hoping to explain the SEP/LAT relationship
|image = Icon300.png}}

[[RHESSI Science Nuggets 200 to 299|Next Nuggets]]

File:Icon522.png

2026-04-13T13:49:11Z

Hhudson:

File:522f2.png

2026-04-13T13:27:39Z

Hhudson:

File:522f1.png

2026-04-13T13:27:17Z

Hhudson:

Lateral Deformation of Large-scale Coronal Mass Ejections during the Transition from Nonradial to Radial Propagation

2026-04-13T13:26:49Z

Hhudson: Created page with "{{Infobox Nugget |name = Nugget |title = Lateral Deformation of Large-scale Coronal Mass Ejections during the Transition from Nonradial to Radial Propagation |number = 522 |first_author = Huidong HU |publish_date = April 13, 2026 |next_nugget = TBD |previous_nugget = {{#ask: Category:Nugget RHESSI Nugget Index::521}} }} == Introduction == Solar coronal mass ejections [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection (CMEs)] are large-scale expulsions of p..."

{{Infobox Nugget |name = Nugget
|title = Lateral Deformation of Large-scale Coronal Mass Ejections during the Transition from Nonradial to Radial Propagation
|number = 522
|first_author = Huidong HU
|publish_date = April 13, 2026
|next_nugget = TBD
|previous_nugget = {{#ask: [[Category:Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::521]]}}
}}

== Introduction ==

Solar coronal mass ejections
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection (CMEs)] are large-scale expulsions of
plasma and magnetic fields from the solar atmosphere.
Their speed can be up to 3000 km/s near the Sun, and
their mass could be as large as 1014 kg. When the ejecta reach the
Earth, it can disrupt the Earth's magnetic fields and inject a large
amount of energy and energetic particles into the
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosphere#Earth's_magnetosphere magnetosphere],
causing a
[https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/geomagnetic-storms geomagnetic storm].

The propagation direction of a CME is an important factor in its
space weather effects because it determines whether and which part
of the CME impacts the Earth. However, a significant fraction of
CMEs initially propagate nonradially in the corona, and then
transition to radial direction that is often about a dozen degrees
away from the source position (e.g., Ref. [1]. This transition from nonradial
to radial propagation is an important process in the evolution of
such CMEs, yet it remains poorly understood.

== Obervations and Results ==

We investigated the lateral deformation of two large-scale CMEs
from the same active region on the solar limb (Ref. [3]). Based on
multiwavelength observations, we present a detailed analysis
of the transition from nonradial to radial propagation of CMEs in
the low corona.

The two CMEs erupted on 2023 March 3 and 4, respectively, from the
solar west limb. In the beginning, both CMEs move in a nonradial
direction (indicated by arrows in Figures 1(a)(c) for the CME on
March 3), beneath a system of overlying loops that are roughly
parallel to the flux-rope axis. During the nonradial stage, the
CMEs laterally deform by bulging their upper flanks toward the
higher corona (indicated by rightward white arrows in Figures
1(e)(h)). This process eventually leads to a transition to a radial
propagation direction approximately 25° away from the eruption site
(see Figure 1(i)). After the directional transition, the nonradial-stage
upper flank becomes the leading edge in the radial stage.

[[File:522f1.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 1: 
Multiwavelength observations of the 2023 March 3 CME transitioning
from nonradial to radial propagation. (a)--(c) The erupting filament
observed by
[https://aia.lmsal.com SDO/AIA]? 304 Å and
[https://sun10.bao.ac.cn/SUTRI/ SATech-01/SUTRI]
465 Å moving along a
nonradial direction; (d)--(h)
[https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/goes-solar-ultraviolet-imager-suvi GOES/SUVI]
284 Å running-difference images
showing the CME transitioning from nonradial to radial propagation
through lateral deformation (bulging of the upper flank); (i)
[https://lasco-www.nrl.navy.mil SOHO/LASCO] C2 image showing the CME finally propagating radially.
Animations are available online in Reference [5].
]]

The system of overlying loops is roughly parallel to the axis of
the flux rope and thus does not strap over it. However, these loops
are generally perpendicular to the flux-rope legs, and their strong
magnetic tension force can constrain the radial expansion of part
of the CME by acting on the legs during the transition. The interaction
between the expanding CME and the overlying loops causes transverse
oscillations of the loops (see Figure 2(c)+(f)).

Furthermore, the study found that the motion direction of a major
portion of the filament lagged behind the transition of the overall
CME structure in the March 3 event. This resulted in the filament
being displaced to the southern part of the CME, moving away from
the ecliptic plane (as indicated by the arrow in Figure 1(i)). This
highlights the complexity of CME features; for instance, in situ
observations near the ecliptic plane might not detect the filament
material.

[[File:522f2.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 2: 
(a)+(d)
[https://nso.edu/research/solar-magnetism/ PFSS]-extrapolated magnetic loops (cyan curves) overlying
the CME source regions. (b)+(e) SDO/AIA 171 Å images showing the
overlying loops and the nonradial morphology of the two CMEs in the
early stage. (c)+(f) Time-distance profiles along the loops showing
oscillations caused by the interaction between the CMEs and the
loops.
]]

== Summary ==

This study presents the first observational investigation of the
lateral deformation of CMEs during the transition from nonradial
to radial propagation in the low corona, contributing significantly
to a comprehensive understanding of the complete CME evolution
picture. More details are in Ref. [5].

== References ==

[1] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011SoPh..271..111G "Quantitative Analysis of CME Deflections in the Corona"]

[2] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...805..168K "Global Trends of CME Deflections Based on CME and Solar Parameters"]

[3] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026ApJ...997..303H "Lateral Deformation of Large-scale Coronal Mass Ejections during the Transition from Nonradial to Radial Propagation"]

SolarNuggets

2026-04-12T08:12:52Z

Hhudson:

Welcome to the [[SolarNuggets]] collection, which extends the series of [[RHESSI]] Nuggets. The following is a time-ordered list of the latest Nuggets added to the HelioWiki. An [[:Category:Nugget|alphabetical list of the SolarNuggets]] is also available as well as [[:Category:RHESSI Nugget List|yearly lists]]. One can search on author, topic, IAU flare identifier, etc.). We welcome volunteer authors - please see our page of [[Help:For_Authors| help for authors]] or just send an email to the Curator at (hugh.hudson@glasgow.ac.uk).

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Can EUV Power-Spectral Indices Reveal Imminent Solar Flares?
|number = 521
|first_author = Sihui ZHONG,
|second_author = Dmitrii KOLOTKOV and Valery M. NAKARIAKOV
||publish_date = 6 April 2026
|description = A new flare-precursor observable - power spectra
|image=Icon521.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = How energetic can solar flares become?
|number = 520
|first_author = Natalie KRIVOVA
||publish_date = 31 March 2026
|description = The history of active-region areas suggests the possibility of solar superflares
|image=Icon520.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops
|number = 519
|first_author = Teodora MIHĂILESCU,
|second_author = Peter YOUNG et AL.
||publish_date = 16 March 2026
|description = Higher FIP bias than expected in some flare loops, a diagnostically interesting result
|image=Icon519.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = When Magnetic Field Lines Stretch, Snap, and Expand: A New Look at Solar Flares with L-maps
|number = 518
|first_author = Maria KAZACHENKO,
|second_author = Yuhong FAN and Andrey AFANASYEV
||publish_date = 9 March 2026
|description = A clever new tool tracks magnetic connectivity (and energy) during flare/CME occurrence
|image=Icon518.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observational Evidence Linking Loop Length and Thermal/Nonthermal Peak Timing in Solar Flares
|number = 517
|first_author = Solomon PERRIYIL
||publish_date = 23 February 2026
|description = Clear evidence for the universality of the physics behind the Neupert Effect
|image=Icon517.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A fine-scale bright kernel captured by Hi-C 3 in the post-maximum phase of an M-class solar flare
|number = 516
|first_author = Sanjiv TIWARI
||publish_date = 9 February 2026
|description = The Hi-C rocket catches an extremely compact brightening in late-phase flare ribbon development
|image=Icon516.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On the Relationship Between Nanoflare Energy and Delay in the Closed Solar Corona
|number = 515
|first_author = Shanwlee SOW MONDAL et al.
||publish_date = 19 January 2026
|description = Nanoflaring implies energy storage and sudden release, suggesting correlation between event energy and its timing
|image=Icon515.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fine structures in solar flare ribbons
|number = 514
|first_author = Jonas THOEN FABER
||publish_date = 12 January 2026
|description = Elongated "riblets" commonly rise out of flare ribbons, and have characteristic Doppler shifts
|image=Icon514.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The M- and X-class White-light Flares in Super Active Region NOAA 13664/13697
|number = 513
|first_author = Zhichen JING
|second_author = and Ying LI
|publish_date = 5 January 2026
|description = "Super" active regions have relatively more frequent X-class flares, which correlate well with visible continuum (white-light flare) emission
|image=Icon513.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Iron Fluorescence in X-class Solar Flares
|number = 512
|first_author = Abhilash SARWADE
|publish_date = 8 December 2025
|description = A new spectroscopic capability for Iron K-alpha fluorescence
|image=Icon512.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star Analysis of a Solar Eruption Source Region Using H-alpha Spectroscopic Observations from CHASE
|number = 510
|first_author = Xiaofeng LIU
|second_author = and Yijun HOU
|publish_date = 24 November 2025
|description = Sun-as-a-star observations help to translate solar/stellar processes
|image=Icon5010.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On the Origin of Solar Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Flares‎‎‎‎
|number = 509
|first_author = Alessandro BRUNO
|publish_date = 3 November 2025
|description = Do we really need a CME to produce a long-duration solar gamma-ray event?
|image=Icon509.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = FAI and GOES eclipses‎‎
|number = 508
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 20 October 2025
|description = Flare anticipation via FAI may have problems during GOES eclipses, which are really interesting in their own right
|image=Icon508.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The EUV Late Phase‎
|number = 507
|first_author = Sascha ORNIG
|publish_date = 13 October 2025
|description = Basic comparative statistics of the ELP, a distinct flare phenomenon
|image=Icon507.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Time evolution of flare-accelerated electrons using the warm-target model‎
|number = 506
|first_author = Debesh BHATTACHARJEE
|publish_date = 6 October 2025
|description = Considering a "warm" thick target allows flare-accelerated electrons to be treated self-consistently
|image=Icon506.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOLSTICE observes flare Doppler shifts in Si III
|number = 505
|first_author = Luke MAJURY
|publish_date = 30 September 2025
|description = A rarely used database suggests prograde-flow Doppler shifts in flaring plasmas
|image=Icon505.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare Phases and the Earth's Ionospheric Response
|number = 504
|first_author = Susanna BEKKER
|publish_date = 16 September 2025
|description = A flare's "EUV late phase" is surprisingly geoeffective
|image=Icon504.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Neupertianity
|number = 503
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 August 2025
|description = It's hard to avoid the Neupert Effect
|image=Icon503.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Synchrotron Radiation and the Foundations for a Cosmic Bridge
|number = 502
|first_author = Immanuel JEBARAJ
|publish_date = 11 August 2025
|description = Gyrosynchrotron radiation in shocks: a cosmic connection
|image=Icon502.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Aulanier Effect: drifting footpoints of CME flux ropes
|number = 501
|first_author = Jaroslav DUDÍK,
|second_author = Juraj LÖRINČÍK and Brigitte SCHMIEDER
|publish_date = 21 July 2025
|description = The breakthrough to 3D flare physics: the Aulanier Effect
|image=Icon501.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Five Hundred Nuggets
|number = 500
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 14 July 2025
|description = A milestone
|image=Icon169.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasiperiodic Pulsations in the Balmer Continuum in an X-class Solar White-light Flare
|number = 499
|first_author = De-Chao SONG et al.
|publish_date = 30 June 2025
|description = QPP in the Balmer continuum: the powerful heartbeat of a flare
|image=Icon499.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = High-Resolution Observations of a C3 class White-Light Flare
|number = 498
|first_author = Zhe XU and
|second_author = Xiaoli YAN
|publish_date = 16 June 2025
|description = A compact white-light flare with vortical motions (and hard X-rays)
|image=Icon498.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Sun's open-closed flux boundary and the origin of the slow solar wind
|number = 497
|first_author = Chloe WILKINS and
|second_author = David PONTIN
|publish_date = 26 May 2025
|description = Identifying the solar sources of slow solar wind
|image=Icon497.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Delay of Near-Relativistic Electrons
|number = 496
|first_author = Grant MITCHELL
|publish_date = 19 May 2025
|description = Parker Solar Probe solves an old mystery about type III bursts
|image=Icon496.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Multi-Site Telescope for Multi-Height for Synoptic Observations
|number = 495
|first_author = Fallon KONOW
|publish_date = 11 May 2025
|description = A new synoptic network for observations at multiple wavelengths
|image=Icon495.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On turbulent magnetic reconnection: fast and slow mean steady-states
|number = 494
|first_author = Sage STANISH
|second_author = and David MacTAGGART
|publish_date = 28 April 2025
|description = In a turbulent medium, magnetic reconnection has two limiting domains
|image=Icon494.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasi-Periodic Pulsations in Ionospheric TEC and Flare EUV
|number = 493
|first_author = Aisling O'HARE
|publish_date = 21 April 2025
|description = The Earth's ionosphere reflects QPPs, with a small delay
|image=Icon493.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Metis observations of Alfvenic outflows driven by interchange reconnection in a pseudostreamer
|number = 492
|first_author = Paolo ROMANO and the Metis team
|publish_date = 7 April 2025
|description = Exactly as predicted by numerical simulations... a rare coup
|image=Icon492.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Rollercoaster: looping-the-loop in the solar corona
|number = 491
|first_author = Mohamed NEDAL et al.
|publish_date = 31 March 2025
|description = Large-scale helical motion in the flare/CME SOL2024-05-14
|image=Icon491.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Proton Beam Energy Deposition as a Mechanism of Deep Photospheric Heating
|number = 490
|first_author = Samuel GRANOVSKY
|second_author = and Alexander KOSOVICHEV
|publish_date = 17 March 2025
|description = Evidence for proton beams in white-light flares
|image=Icon490.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = New insights into the proton precipitation sites in solar flares
|number = 489
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 17 February 2025
|description = There is no detectable difference in proton and electron foopoint locations after all
|image=Icon489.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Gamma-Ray Evidence for a Distinct Population of MeV Flare-Accelerated Electrons
|number = 488
|first_author = Gerry SHARE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 10 February 2025
|description = Relativistic electrons in solar flares newly recognized as a distinct process
|image=Icon488.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = From Chromospheric Evaporation to Coronal Rain: An Investigation of the Mass and Energy Cycle of a Flare‎
|number = 487
|first_author = Seray &Scedil;AHIN
|second_author = and Patrick ANTOLIN
|publish_date = 3 February 2025
|description = A first quantitative comparison of flare evaporation and coronal rain
|image=Icon487.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energetic neutral atoms detected in the large solar energetic particle event of February 2022‎
|number = 486
|first_author = Christina COHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 January 2025
|description = Only the second direct observation of high-energy neutral atoms from the Sun
|image=Icon486.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Magnetic topology of quiet-Sun Ellerman bombs and associated ultraviolet brightenings‎
|number = 485
|first_author = Aditi BHATNAGAR
|second_author =
|publish_date = 6 January 2025
|description = Tiny "Ellerman Bombs" occur all across the solar surface, with differences
|image=Icon485.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unveiling CME Dynamics: Rare Rotations of CMEs in the Heliosphere
|number = 484
|first_author = Sandeep KUMAR and
|second_author = Nandita SRIVASTAVA
|publish_date = 30 December 2024
|description = CMEs usually do not show additional rotation as they move though the heliosphere
|image=Icon484.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatial and Spectral Evolution of Microwave and X-Ray Sources During the Limb Flare SOL2023-02-05
|number = 483
|first_author = Yulia N. SHAMSUTDINOVA
|publish_date = 23 December 2024
|description = Rare microwave imaging spectroscopy of a hot-onset precursor event
|image=Icon483.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = High-resolution observational analysis of flare ribbon fine structures
|number = 482
|first_author = Jonas THOEN FABER
|publish_date = 16 December 2024
|description = Spatially periodic fine structures in flare ribbons reveal current-sheet tearing
|image=Icon482.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Advection and super-diffusive expansion as the model of flare accelerated electron transport in type III solar radio bursts
|number = 481
|first_author = Eduard KONTAR
|publish_date = 9 December 2024
|description = Sturrock's dilemma resolved
|image=Icon481.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Faraday's Law in Solar Flares: A Cautionary Message
|number = 480
|first_author = Michael FARADAY
|publish_date = 2 December 2024
|description = We must not forget the global implications of Faraday's Law
|image=Icon480.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remarkable NUV Spectrum of an M-star Megaflare
|number = 479
|first_author = Adam KOWALSKI
|publish_date = 25 November 2024
|description = Remarkable NUV spectra from an HST stellar flare
|image=Icon479.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Revised Point-Spread Functions of AIA and their effect on DEM analyses
|number = 478
|first_author =Stefan HOFMEISTER,
|second_author = Daniel Wolf SAVIN, and Michael HAHN
|publish_date = 18 November 2024
|description = Substantial revisions of the AIA point-response functions
|image=Icon478.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = How much of the energy in flare-accelerated electrons reaches the chromosphere?
|number = 477
|first_author = Meriem ALAOUI
|second_author = and Gordon HOLMAN
|publish_date = 11 November 2024
|description = Keeping flare-accelerated electrons out of the chromosphere
|image=Icon477.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatially resolved plasma composition evolution in a solar flare
|number = 476
|first_author = Andy S. H. TO
|publish_date = 4 November 2024
|description = Reconnection outflow feeds abundance variations
|image=Icon476.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = HOPE during high activity
|number = 475
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Alphonse STERLING
|publish_date = 28 October 2024
|description = Hot onsets appear even in the most active solar conditions
|image=Icon475.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Simulated heliospheric electron spectra show sensitivity to plasma properties of a source region in the flaring corona
|number = 474
|first_author = Ross PALLISTER
|second_author = and Natasha JEFFREY
|publish_date = 21 October 2024
|description = Getting closer to an understanding of how solar energetic particles "escape"
|image=Icon474.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An extremely complex active region with very strong non-neutralized electric currents
|number = 473
|first_author = Ioannis KONTOGIANNIS
|publish_date = 14 October 2024
|description = Large non-neutralized electric currents flow through the active-region corona
|image=Icon473.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An X9 flare and its huge crochet (SFE)
|number = 472
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 7 October 2024
|description = The geomagnetic effect (SFE/crochet) that will calibrate the Carrington flare
|image=Icon472.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = All microflares that accelerate electrons to high energies are rooted in sunspots
|number = 471
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|publish_date = 30 September 2024
|description = Microflares with hard X-ray spectra are a well-defined class, and invariably have one footpoint embedded in a sunspot
|image=Icon471.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The warm-target model and kappa distributions
|number = 470
|first_author = Yingjie LUO
|publish_date = 16 September 2024
|description = A self-consistent treatment of non-thermal electron spectra points to kappa distributions
|image=Icon470.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Is there HOPE for Hyder flares...
|number = 468
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 15 March 2024
|description = Filament eruptions/Hyder flares/disparitions brusques may all show HOPE
|image=Icon468.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star Analysis of the M8.7 Flare on 2022 October 2 Using H-alpha and EUV Spectra Taken by SMART/SDDI and SDO/EVE
|number = 467
|first_author = Takato OTSU
|publish_date = 19 February 2024
|description = Whole-Sun spectroscopic observations can readily detect ejecta
|image=Icon467.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unexpected Asymmetry in GeV Emission
|number = 466
|first_author = Bruno ARSIOLI and Elena ORLANDO
|publish_date = 15 January 2024
|description = The high-energy solar gamma radiation shows inexplicable but fascinating properties
|image=Icon466.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = When it rippled in one place and exploded in another
|number = 465
|first_author = Ivan ZIMOVETS
|publish_date = 25 December 2023
|description = Pulsations precede a flare, but seem unrelated
|image=Icon465.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar flares: evaporation and simulation‎
|number = 464
|first_author = Malcolm DRUETT
|publish_date = 18 December 2023
|description = Fitting beam electrons into multi-dimensional models
|image=Icon464.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Pre-impulsive and Impulsive Phases of the March 28, 2022 Sub-Terahertz Flare
|number = 463
|first_author = Galina G. MOTORINA
|publish_date = 11 December 2023
|description = A flare with an increasing sub-THz spectrum and sub-THZ precursor information
|image=Icon463.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal Bright Points
|number = 462
|first_author = Daniel NÓBREGA-SIVERIO
|publish_date = 27 November 2023
|description = Bright EUV rowel-like structures can result from null-point reconnection
|image=Icon462.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Aurora-like Radio Emission from a Sunspot
|number = 461
|first_author = Sijie YU
|publish_date = 20 November 2023
|description = Maser action above a sunspot
|image=Icon461.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Search for a Flare Anticipation Index (FAI)
|number = 460
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Jim McTiernan
|publish_date = 13 November 2023
|description = Quantifying flare precursors on a few-minute time scale
|image=Icon460.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bouncing motions of fast electrons using Nobeyama Radioheliograph
|number = 459
|first_author = Keitarou MATSUMOTO
|publish_date = 6 November 2023
|description = Solar evidence for conservation of second adiabatic invariant in particle motion
|image=Icon459.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Impact of nanoflare heating in the lower solar atmosphere
|number = 458
|first_author = Helle BAKKE
|publish_date = 30 October 2023
|description = The behavior of nanoflare fast electrons in Bifrost models
|image=Icon458.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Precise timing of flare footpoint sources from mid-infrared observations‎
|number = 457
|first_author = Paulo SIMÕES et al.
|publish_date = 23 October 2023
|description = Mid-IR observations at high spatial and high temporal resolution: Conjugacy
|image=Icon457.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Greatest GOES Flares‎
|number = 456
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Ed CLIVER
|publish_date = 25 September 2023
|description = The greatest GOES events, re-analyzed, fall short of expectations
|image=Icon456.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Introducing SunSketcher
|number = 455
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Gordon EMSLIE
|publish_date = 11 September 2023
|description = Galloping towards roundup in the 2024 total solar eclipse
|image=Icon455.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = TeV Gamma rays from the Quiescent Sun
|number = 454
|first_author = Mehr Un NISA
|second_author = and John BEACOM
|publish_date = 21 August 2023
|description = Solar photons at unprecedented high energies
|image=Icon454.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Hard X-Ray Sources in Flare Model with Vertical Current Sheet
|number = 453
|first_author = Alexander SHABALIN, Eugenia OVCHINNIKOVA,
|second_author = and Yuri CHARIKOV
|publish_date = 7 August 2023
|description = Modeling betatron acceleration in current-sheet development.
|image=Icon453.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatial Distribution of Magnetic Reconnection Rate in an M6.5 Solar Flare
|number = 452
|first_author = Ju JING
|publish_date = 12 June 2023
|description = Linking hard X-rays to high-resolution images that show reconnection rates.
|image=Icon452.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Statistical study of Type III bursts and associated HXR emissions
|number = 451
|first_author = Nicole VILMER and Tomin JAMES
|publish_date = 29 May 2023
|description = Linking electron populations escaping from the Sun with those that RHESSI detects.
|image=Icon451.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar flare hard X-rays from the anchor points of an eruptive filament
|number = 450
|first_author = Muriel STIEFEL
|publish_date = 15 May 2023
|description = A rare "four-ribbon" flare has been detected in hard X-rays.
|image=Icon450.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Did a Solar Flare Accelerate all the Ambient Electrons in the Coronal Acceleration Region?...
|number = 449
|first_author = Gordon EMSLIE, Eduard KONTAR,
|second_author = Galina MOTORINA, and Brian DENNIS
|publish_date = 1 May 2023
|description = Considering SOL2017-09-10, probably not.
|image=Icon449.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Diagnostics of Spatially-Extended Turbulent Acceleration and Transport
|number = 448
|first_author = Morgan STORES
|publish_date = 24 April 2023
|description = Drilling down into the detailed structure of solar-flare energy release by including turbulence with particle acceleration.
|image=Icon448.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = RHESSI's Re-entry
|number = 447
|first_author = Pascal SAINT-HILAIRE and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 17 April 2023
|description = The final demise of RHESSI is this week
|image=Icon447.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Glasgow geomagnetic observation of a solar flare
|number = 446
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON, John MALONE-LEIGH,
|second_author = Graham WOAN, and Chris OSBORNE
|publish_date = 13 March 2023
|description = Irish and Scottish geomagnetic observatories see a crochet much like that of the Carrington event
|image=Icon_446.png}}

{{{Nugget Badge
|title = Particle Acceleration in Two Coronal Jets
|number = 445
|first_author = Yixian ZHANG
|publish_date = 27 February 2023
|description = Coronal jets with hard X-ray sources at disjoint locations
|image=Icon445.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Curious First Sunquake of Solar Cycle 25‎
|number = 444
|first_author = Alexander KOSOVICHEV
|publish_date = 13 February 2023
|description = A double whammy: two distinct sunquakes from SOL2022-05-10.
|image=Icon444.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hard X-ray Pulsations via Gaussian Decomposition
|number = 443
|first_author = Hannah COLLIER and Laura HAYES
|publish_date = 30 January 2023
|description = Flare hard X-ray time variations decomposed objectively
|image=Icon443.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A possible coronal magnetic flare precursor
|number = 442
|first_author = Enrico LANDI
|publish_date = 16 January 2023
|description = Novel measurements of the coronal magnetic field may help with flare prediction
|image=Icon442.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A slow HOPE with microwave context
|number = 441
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 12 December 2022
|description = A new microwave facility at Chashan Observatory, and a prototypical HOPE
|image=Icon441.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Rapid variations of Si IV spectra in a flare observed by IRIS at a sub-second cadence
|number = 440
|first_author = Juraj LÖRINČÍK
|publish_date = 14 November 2022
|description = Transition-region lines in a flare have a Doppler component revealing quasi-periodic pulsations
|image=Icon440.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Significant Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance Associated with a Massive Gamma-ray Burst
|number = 439
|first_author = Laura HAYES and Peter GALLAGHER
|publish_date = 31 October 2022
|description = A first SID observed in broad daylight, from a source far far away
|image=Icon439.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Effects of Coronal Structures on the Dynamics of the Global Coronal Wave of SOL2017-09-10‎
|number = 438
|first_author = Huidong HU, Ying D. LIU, and Bei ZHU
|publish_date = 17 October 2022
|description = The amazing global coronal wave of SOL2017-09-10 wrapped around the whole Sun, and displayed transmission and reflection at both polar coronal holes
|image=Icon438.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = KW-Sun: The Konus-Wind Solar Flare Database in Hard X-Ray and Soft Gamma-Ray Ranges
|number = 437
|first_author = Alexandra LYSENKO
|publish_date = 26 September 2022
|description = An unrivaled hard X-ray and gamma-ray database is entering its third activity maximum
|image=Icon437.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = First Detection of Kink Oscillations with Solar Orbiter
|number = 436
|first_author = Sihui ZHONG et al.
|publish_date = 19 September 2022
|description = SolO sees coronal oscillations as well as AIA can, and even better
|image=Icon436.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energetic Neutral Hydrogen from Large Solar Flares
|number = 435
|first_author = Glenn MASON
|publish_date = 6 September 2022
|description = A rediscovered data treasury reveals the occurrence of many flare/CME events producing solar high-energy neutral atoms
|image=Icon435.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fifty-year Anniversary of the First Detection of Gamma rays from a Solar Flare
|number = 434
|first_author = Jim Ryan,
|second_author = Brian Dennis, and Phil Dunphy
|publish_date = 8 August 2022
|description = The rich astrophysics of gamma-ray astronomy began with solar observations fifty years ago
|image=Icon434.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fast Prograde Flows in Solar Active Regions
|number = 433
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 July 2022
|description = Unexpected, unpredicted, and not modeled yet - weird flows in hot active-region loops
|image=Icon433.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Undetected Minority-polarity Flux, Moss, and Coronal Heating
|number = 432
|first_author = Yi-Ming WANG
|publish_date = 11 July 2022
|description = There's plenty of room in "unipolar" active regions for both polarities, and there is good evidence for them
|image=Icon432.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Thermal/Nonthermal with MinXSS and RHESSI
|number = 431
|first_author = Shunsaku NAGASAWA
|publish_date = 13 June 2022
|description = Time-domain studies of improved X-ray spectra reveal a "super-hot' component
|image=Icon431.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star spectroscopic observations of the line-of-sight velocity of a solar eruption on October 28, 2021
|number = 430
|first_author = Yu XU
|second_author = and Hui TIAN
|publish_date = 30 May 2022
|description = The observation of the full 3d velocity of a CME, for an anniversary event
|image=Icon430.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Carl Størmer
|number = 429
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Lyndsay FLETCHER
|publish_date = 15 April 2022
|description = Størmer and the theory of trapping in loops
|image=Icon429.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Hard X-rays with Insight
|number = 428
|first_author = Wei WANG
|second_author = and Ping ZHANG
|publish_date = 21 March 2022
|description = A spectacular limb flare introduces Insight/HXMT, a new observational resource
|image=Icon428.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Probing chromospheric current sheets using SST and ALMA co-observations
|number = 427
|first_author = João da SILVA SANTOS
|publish_date = 21 February 2022
|description = Emerging magnetic flux appears in ALMA images reflecting coronal current sheets
|image=Icon427.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A demonstration of STIX hard X-ray imaging spectroscopy capabilities for an X-class flare (SOL2021-10-28)
|number = 426
|first_author = Andrea BATTAGLIA, Hannah COLLIER,
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 7 February 2022
|description = STIX imaging of an X-class flare marks its success
|image=Icon426.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A solar flare driven by thermal conduction observed in mid-infrared
|number = 425
|first_author = Guillermo GIMÉNEZ de CASTRO
|publish_date = 24 January 2022
|description = Strong 10-micron emission from a GOES C2 flare suggests conductive heating
|image=Icon425.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Disk Occultation of a Lopsided Sun‎
|number = 424
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON,
|second_author = Stephen WHITE and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 10 January 2022
|description = Observing a spotless Sun can enable observations of the faint corona.
|image=Icon424.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Resolving two distinct thermal X-ray components in a compound solar flare
|number = 423
|first_author = Zhenjun ZHOU
|second_author = and Rui LIU
|publish_date = 28 December 2021
|description = Superhot coronal sources may be independent loop systems
|image=Icon423.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bridging solar flares to coronal mass ejections
|number = 422
|first_author = Markus ASCHWANDEN
|publish_date = 14 December 2021
|description = The Neupert effect allows us to trace coronal mass ejections seamlessly
|image=Icon422.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Jakimiec Diagnostic Diagram
|number = 421
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 29 November 2021
|description = The joint variation of GOES temperature and emission measure discloses new features via an old tool
|image=Icon421.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = First look at ALMA/HInode/IRIS microflares
|number = 420
|first_author = Toshifumi SHIMIZU
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 8 November 2021
|description = High-resolution ALMA and multiwavelength observations of microflaring
|image=Icon420.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Thomson scattering near sunspots
|number = 419
|first_author = Pascal Saint-Hilaire
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 25 October 2021
|description = Completing the modeling of low-coronal Thomson polarimetry
|image=Icon419.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Non-PFSS Global Coronal Model
|number = 418
|first_author = Oliver RICE
|second_author = and Anthony YEATES
|publish_date = 11 October 2021
|description = Modeling as convenient as PFSS but much more realistic
|image=Icon418.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Manifold Nonthermality
|number = 417
|first_author = Marina BATTAGLIA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 27 September 2021
|description = Even weak flares involve multiple sites of non thermal activity
|image=Icon417.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = X-Rays from a Type I Radio Burst
|number = 416
|first_author = R. RAMESH
|publish_date = 20 September 2021
|description = A first identification of type I radio emission with hot plasma
|image=Icon416.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Do Hot Onsets Predict Flare Magnitudes?
|number = 415
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 30 August 2021
|description = Maybe we can tell how big a flare is going to be from its initial development...
|image=Icon415.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Confined or Eruptive?
|number = 414
|first_author = Ting LI et al.
|publish_date = 16 August 2021
|description = Increased magnetic flux reduces CME eruptivity
|image=Icon414.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Impulsive and Gradual Eruptive Gamma Flares and Associated CMEs
|number = 413
|first_author = Alexey STRUMINSKY,
|second_author = Irina GRIGORIEVA and Andrei SADOVSKI
|publish_date = 19 July 2021
|description = Extreme behavior of flare/CME events explained by environment
|image=Icon373.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Morphology of Flare Time Profiles
|number = 412
|first_author = Larisa KASHAPOVA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 12 July 2021
|description = Systematic comparison of solar and stellar flaring time profiles
|image=Icon412.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare Pulsation and the Heliosphere
|number = 411
|first_author = Brendan CLARKE
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 5 July 2021
|description = Flare pulsations link closely to the distant heliosphere
|image=Icon411.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = STIX, the Hard X-Ray Telescope on board Solar Orbiter
|number = 410
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 28 June 2021
|description = STIX is operational and producing great data
|image=Icon410.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Nonequilibrium Ionization of Flare Plasma Observed by Hinode/EIS
|number = 409
|first_author = Shinsuke IMADA
|second_author =
|publish_date = 14 June 2021
|description = Evidence for non-equilibrium ionization in the current sheet of SOL2017-09-10
|image=Icon409.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Effects of Flares on Solar p-modes
|number = 408
|first_author = Maria-Cristina RABELLO SOARES
|second_author = and Frederic BAUDIN
|publish_date = 26 April 2021
|description = No detectable p-mode amplitude changes due to solar flares
|image=Icon408.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Subsecond Spikes in Solar Flare X-ray Flux as Seen by Fermi GBM
|number = 407
|first_author =Trevor KNUTH
|second_author = and Lindsay GLESENER
|publish_date = 19 April 2021
|description = A new analysis technique pushes hard X-ray time scales to 0.1 sec or faster
|image=Icon407.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Negative He 10830 Flare Ribbons and Non-thermal Electrons
|number = 406
|first_author = Graham KERR
|second_author =
|publish_date = 12 April 2021
|description = A 1D radiation hydrodynamics model can explain the dark leading edges of He I flare ribbons
|image=Icon406.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Tracing the sources of gradual solar energetic particle events
|number = 405
|first_author = David H. BROOKS
|second_author = and Stephanie L. YARDLEY
|publish_date = 29 March 2021
|description = Chemical abundances in SEPs suggest an origin in flare-related moss regions
|image=Icon405.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Superflare SOL2017-09-06: from submm to mid-IR
|number = 404
|first_author = Guillermo (Guigue) GIMÉNEZ DE CASTRO
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 March 2021
|description = Glimpsing the "missing decades" of the flare emission spectrum
|image=Icon404.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Neupert Effect Revisited
|number = 403
|first_author = Jiong QIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 8 March 2021
|description = Two time scales for heating individual flare strands
|image=Icon403.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = FLUKA as a tool for interpreting flare gamma-rays
|number = 402
|first_author = Alec MACKINNON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 1 March 2021
|description = The nuclear physics of solar flares captured in a detailed model
|image=Icon402.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Collective Study of 11 NuSTAR Microflares
|number = 401
|first_author = Jessie DUNCAN and
|second_author = Lindsay GLESENER
|publish_date = 22 February 2021
|description = Swarms of NuSTAR micro flares
|image=Icon401.png}}

{{{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Solar FRB
|number = 400
|first_author = Dale GARY and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 15 February 2021
|description = A new frontier in the solar time domain
|image=Icon400.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Richard Schwartz
|number = 399
|first_author = Brian DENNIS and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 January 2021
|description = Remembering a friend and colleague
|image=Icon399.jpg}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observing Solar Flare X-ray Polarization with Prospective CubeSat Missions
|number = 398
|first_author = Natasha JEFFREY
|publish_date = 4 January 2021
|description = The polarization of the solar X-ray spectrum generally remains to be observed
|image=Icon398.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar effects in the local interstellar medium
|number = 397
|first_author = Don GURNETT and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 14 December 2020
|description = Relativistic particle events observed _in situ_ in the interstellar medium
|image=Icon397.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Investigation of Small-Scale Energy Releases in Hard X-rays with FOXSI
|number = 396
|first_author = Subramania ATHIRAY and
|second_author = Juliana VIEVERING
|publish_date = 7 December 2020
|description = Hard X-rays and high temperatures from the feeblest microflares
|image=Icon396.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = What drives impulsive coronal heating?
|number = 395
|first_author = Pradeep CHITTA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 30 November 2020
|description = Impulsive footpoint emissions suggest magnetic reconnection in the chromosphere
|image=Icon395.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Probing the solar coronal heating function with slow magnetoacoustic waves
|number = 394
|first_author = Dmitrii KOLOTKOV
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 16 November 2020
|description = Coronal heating models meet damped slow magnetoacoustic waves
|image=Icon394.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Self-Consistent Flare Model
|number = 393
|first_author = Wenzhi RUAN
|second_author = and Rony KEPPENS
|publish_date = 2 November 2020
|description = Energy transport by fast particles made self-consistent with MHD flare modeling
|image=Icon393.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hot Flare Onsets
|number = 392
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 26 October 2020
|description = The initial soft X-ray temperatures of solar flares tend to be in the 10-15 MK range
|image=Icon392.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electric Current Neutralization and Eruption
|number = 391
|first_author = Ellis AVALLONE
|second_author = and Xudong SUN
|publish_date = 19 October 2020
|description = Coronal currents without neutralizing return currents appear to
|image=Icon391.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Prediction of Solar Cycle 25
|number = 390
|first_author = Leif SVALGAARD
|second_author =
|publish_date = 5 October 2020
|description = Now we know how big the next solar maximum will be
|image=Icon390.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare/CME Cartoon Archive
|number = 389
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 September 2020
|description = A new edition of the Flare/CME archive, nearly a half kilotoon now
|image=Icon389.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Submerged Flare Acoustic Sources
|number = 388
|first_author = Juan Camilo BUITRAGO CASAS
|second_author = and Angel MARTÍNEZ
|publish_date = 13 September 2020
|description = Flare acoustic radiation emanates from a source _inside_ the Sun
|image=Icon388.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Circular Ribbon Flare at Microwaves
|number = 387
|first_author = Jeongwoo LEE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 31 August 2020
|description = Breakout reconnection reveals itself via microwave polarization measurements.
|image=Icon387.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Relation of Non-neutralized electric currents and the activity in active regions
|number = 386
|first_author = P. VEMAREDDY
|second_author =
|publish_date = 24 August 2020
|description = Non-neutralized coronal current systems contribute to CME eruptions
|image=Icon386.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = White-light emission and photospheric magnetic field changes in flares
|number = 385
|first_author = J. Sebastián CASTELLANOS DURÁN
|second_author = and Lucia KLEINT
|publish_date = 17 August 2020
|description = There are strong correlations between white-light flare emissions and line-of-sight magnetic field changes
|image=Icon385.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sunspot Differential Rotation in an X-class Flare
|number = 384
|first_author = Richard GRIMES,
|second_author = Balázs PINTÉR and Huw MORGAN
|publish_date = 10 August 2020
|description = Observations suggesting how the coronal tail can wag the photospheric dog
|image=Icon384.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energy Partitioning in a Nonthermally Dominated Two-loop Solar Flare
|number = 383
|first_author = Galina MOTORINA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 3 August 2020
|description = Modeling the propagation of energy via GX Simulator in an early-impulsive flare
|image=Icon383.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOL2013-11-10 Eruptive Circular-ribbon Flare with Extended Remote Brightenings
|number = 382
|first_author = Chang LIU
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 31 July 2020
|description = A circular-ribbon event can launch an eruption by breaking through its separatrix dome
|image=Icon382.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Extreme-Ultraviolet Late Phase of Solar Flares
|number = 381
|first_author = Rui LIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 June 2020
|description = Both arcade and circular-ribbon flares may sometimes spawn EUV late phase emission
|image=Icon381.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energy transport by accelerated particles in the quiet solar atmosphere
|number = 380
|first_author = Lars FROGNER,
|second_author = Boris GUDIKSEN and Helle BAKKE
|publish_date = 15 June 2020
|description = A first study of non-thermal particles integrated into an MHD simulation of the solar atmosphere
|image=Icon380.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasi-periodic pulsations as indicators of oscillatory processes in solar flares
|number = 379
|first_author = Elena KUPRIYANOVA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 11 May 2020
|description = Many, many QPPs
|image=Icon379.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Rejuvenating Solar Flare Termination Shocks as Particle Accelerators
|number = 378
|first_author = Bin CHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 4 May 2020
|description = At last, clear evidence for a long-predicted phenomenon
|image=Icon378.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Broad symmetrical Doppler-shifted Fe XXI line profiles
|number = 377
|first_author = Vanessa POLITO
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 April 2020
|description = It is difficult to explain "evaporation" line profiles by superposition of unresolved flows
|image=Icon377.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Phenomena in the unusually long pre-impulsive phase of SOL2011-06-07
|number = 376
|first_author = Marian KARLICKÝ,
|second_author = Jana KA&Scaron;PAROVÁ, and Robert SYCH
|publish_date = 13 April 2020
|description = A massive and slowly-rising filament eruption reveals important new signatures of the physics
|image=Icon376.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Evidence for a Coronal Shock Wave Origin for Relativistic Protons Producing Solar Gamma-Rays and Observed by Neutron Monitors at Earth‎
|number = 375
|first_author = Athanasios KOULOUMVAKOS
|second_author = and Gerry SHARE
|publish_date = 6 April 2020
|description = Successful modeling of prolonged solar gamma-ray emissions and terrestrial ground-level cosmic-ray events
|image=Icon375.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Using overlappogram data to find hot flare plasma
|number = 374
|first_author = Louise HARRA
|
|publish_date = 23 March 2020
|description = Imaging Fe XXIV at high resolution with the EIS slot data
|image=Icon374.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOL2017-09-04 (M5.5) 2017 as a Source of Relativistic Electrons and Protons
|number = 373
|first_author = Alexei STRUMINSKII
| (see text)
|publish_date = 16 March 2020
|description = Flare-accelerated particles, rather than SEPs, energize sustained gamma-ray emission
|image=Icon373.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Heating of the solar photosphere during a white-light flare‎
|number = 372
|first_author = Jan JURČÁK
| (see text)
|publish_date = 2 March 2020
|description = The best-ever spectrum of the flare photosphere
|image=Icon372.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Hot Cusp-Shaped Confined Solar Flare
|number = 371
|first_author = Aaron HERNANDEZ-PEREZ
|publish_date = 24 February 2020
|description = A flare may have a prominent hot cusp with the help of any eruption
|image=Icon371.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Temporal and Spatial Extension of Gamma-ray Emission from the Sun
|number = 370
|first_author = Nat GOPALSWAMY
|publish_date = 17 February 2020
|description = Sustained solar γ-rays and solar cosmic rays
|image=Icon370.ng.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A PSP Perihelion
|number = 369
|first_author = Jessie DUNCAN
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 20 January 2020
|description = The Parker Solar Probe enters its fourth perihelion already. Now
|image=Icon369.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remembering John Brown
|number = 368
|first_author = Alec MacKINNON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 13 January 2020
|description = John passed away unexpectedly on 16 November 2019
|image=Icon368.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Global Survey of EUV Coronal Power Spectra
|number = 367
|first_author = Karl Battams
|second_author =
|publish_date = 30 December 2019
|description = Time-series parameter maps of imaged power spectra from an AIA pipeline
|image=Icon367.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Cosmic Rays over the Rainbow Bridge
|number = 366
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = Alec MacKinnon
|publish_date = 16 December 2019
|description = Cosmic rays approach the Sun
|image=Icon366.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spectropolarimetric Insight into Plasma-Sheet Dynamics of a Solar Flare
|number = 365
|first_author = Ryan French
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 December 2019
|description = CoMP polarization patterns in SOL2017-09-10 are amazing
|image=Icon365.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Lorentz Force Evolution Reveals the Energy Build-up Processes during Recurrent Eruptive Solar Flares‎
|number = 364
|first_author = Ranadeep Sarkar,
|second_author = Nandita Srivastava and Astrid Veronig
|publish_date = 18 November 2019
|description = The net Lorentz force clearly exhibits a build-up and release pattern
|image=Icon364.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare waiting times depend on their magnitudes
|number = 363
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 11 November 2019
|description = Surprising new evidence for the flare build-up and release process
|image=Icon363.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Can magnetic reconnection cause solar rainstorms?‎
|number = 362
|first_author = Petra Kohutova
|second_author =
|publish_date = 4 November 2019
|description = Impulsive coronal heating resulting from reconnection can trigger coronal rain
|image=Icon362.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Non-radial jets on the edges of active regions
|number = 361
|first_author = Peter Wyper
|second_author =
|publish_date = 14 October 2019
|description = The very common jet structures we see can naturally combine twist and breakout
|image=Icon361.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Searching SOLfully within the Nuggets
|number = 360
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 7 October 2019
|description = The IAU target identifier works well for finding items about a particular event
|image=Icon360.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Submillimeter Radiation as the Thermal Component of the Neupert Effect
|number = 359
|first_author = Guillermo Giménez de Castro
|second_author =
|publish_date = 31 September 2019
|description = Flare radiation at the highest frequencies can be bremsstrahlung
|image=Icon359.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The "Last Best" Flares
|number = 358
|first_author = Hugh Hudson,
|second_author = Ed Cliver, and Brian Dennis
|publish_date = 24 September 2019
|description = Major flares tend to happen at the very ends of sunspot cycles
|image=Icon358.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Dynamic Processes of the Moreton Wave on 2014 March 29‎
|number = 357
|first_author = Denis Cabezas
|second_author = and the FMT team
|publish_date = 16 September 2019
|description = A beautiful Moreton wave excited by the best-observed flare ever
|image=Icon357.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = EVE-RHESSI DEM Models and the Low-energy Cutoff for Nonthermal Electrons
|number = 356
|first_author = Jim McTiernan
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 September 2019
|description = Characterizing flare temperature distributions helps to define the non-thermal energy release
|image=Icon356.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Stealth Coronal Mass Ejections from Active Regions
|number = 355
|first_author = Jennifer O'Kane
|second_author =
|publish_date = 26 August 2019
|description = Perhaps just feeble versions of the same magnetic disease...
|image=Icon355.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Do Kepler Superflare Stars Really Include Slowly Rotating Sun-like Stars?‎
|number = 354
|first_author = Yuta NOTSU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 July 2019
|description = Kepler superflares hint at solar superflares
|image=Icon354.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Localized Microwave and EUV Bright Structures in an Eruptive Prominence
|number = 353
|first_author = Jing HUANG
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 June 2019
|description = Detailed correlations between EUV and microwaves in prominence fine structures
|image=Icon353.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Broken-up hard X-ray spectra found for a loop-top source during a solar limb flare
|number = 352
|first_author = Hao NING,
|second_author = Yao CHEN and Jeongwoo LEE
|publish_date = 16 June 2019
|description = SOL2017-09-10 coronal hard X-ray sources
|image=Icon352.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Cosmic-Ray Shadow and Coronal Magnetism
|number = 351
|first_author = Frederik Tenholt
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 May 2019
|description = The coronal magnetic field measured in Antarctica
|image=Icon351.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Kristian Birkeland
|number = 350
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Lyndsay FLETCHER
|publish_date = 6 May 2019
|description = Space weather a century ago: Kristian Birkeland
|image=Icon350.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Warm UV loops heated by small-scale cancellation events
|number = 349
|first_author = Seray ŞAHIN
|second_author = and Vasyl YURCHYSHYN
|publish_date = 22 April 2019
|description = Precisely locating the footpoints of warm coronal loops helps identify their source(s) of excitation
|image=Icon349.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Multiple Regions of Shock-accelerated Particles during a Solar Coronal Mass Ejection
|number = 348
|first_author = Diana MOROSAN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 1 April 2019
|description = LOFAR identifies herringbone sources within the flank of the SOL2017-09-10 shock - no joke
|image=Icon348.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Persistent Quasi-Periodic Pulsations Detected During the Large X8.2 Solar Flare
|number = 347
|first_author = Laura HAYES
|second_author = and Peter GALLAGHER
|publish_date = 25 March 2019
|description = The most beautiful flare has the most beautiful pulsations
|image=Icon347.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Is the coronal magnetic field braiding?
|number = 346
|first_author = Markus ASCHWANDEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 11 March 2019
|description = This iconic cartoon does not relate well to the observations
|image=Icon346.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An energetic pre-flare: electron distributions in magnetic reconnection outflows
|number = 345
|first_author = Marina BATTAGLIA,
|second_author = Eduard KONTAR and Galina MOTORINA
|publish_date = 18 February 2019
|description = Assessing energy partition in a pre-impulsive flare development
|image=Icon345.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Linear Polarization in H-alpha Flares
|number = 344
|first_author = Tomoko KAWATE
|second_author = and Yoichiro HANAOKA
|publish_date = 4 February 2019
|description = H-alpha polarization is rarely observable but, in once case, very suggestive
|image=Icon344.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Short-Period Waves
|number = 343
|first_author = Sijie YU
|second_author = and Bin CHEN
|publish_date = 21 January 2019
|description = New decimetric imaging spectroscopy suggests Alfvénic energy transport in flares
|image=Icon343.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Interesting RHESSI/SAS Archive
|number = 342
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Martin FIVIAN
|publish_date = 8 January 2019
|description = The full mission database shows RHESSI to have been very stable geometrically
|image=Icon342.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Homologous White Light Solar Flares‎
|number = 341
|first_author = Paolo ROMANO
|second_author = and Abouazza ELMHAMDI
|publish_date = 31 December 2018
|description = Homologous white-light flares, in rapid succession, and coronal null points
|image=Icon341.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The flight of FOXSI-3
|number = 340
|first_author = Lindsay GLESENER
|second_author = and Noriyuki NARUKAGE
|publish_date = 10 December 2018
|description = Single-photon counting and direct focusing across hard and soft energies
|image=Icon340.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Stellar Flares and Starspots
|number = 339
|first_author = Lauren DOYLE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 3 December 2018
|description = Stellar flares don't spatially match their starspots
|image=Icon339.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Neutron Production in Solar Flares
|number = 338
|first_author = Ron MURPHY
|second_author = and Gerry SHARE
|publish_date = 26 November 2018
|description = Neutron astronomy helps us understand solar flares
|image=Icon338.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Cycle 25 Strikes Again
|number = 337
|first_author = Kamil BICZ
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 November 2018
|description = A second, larger Cycle 25 sunspot
|image=Icon337.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remembering Marcos Machado via his research
|number = 336
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 13 November 2018
|description = Recalling a friend and colleague, and admiring his final paper
|image=Icon336.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = CORONAS/SPIRIT Mg XII and Nanoflares‎
|number = 335
|first_author = Anton REVA
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 October 2018
|description = Monochromatic Mg XII spectroheliography sets severe limits on nanoflare heating models
|image=Icon335.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = White-light Emission and Non-thermal Electrons‎
|number = 334
|first_author = Kyoung-Sun LEE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 8 October 2018
|description = An intimate relationship between accelerated electrons and visible flare continuum
|image=Icon334.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal Hard X-ray Sources Revisited
|number = 333
|first_author = Brian DENNIS
|second_author =
|publish_date = 24 September 2018
|description = Reporting some over-interpretation of the evidence for "coronal thick targets"
|image=Icon333.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Photospheric response to a flare
|number = 332
|first_author = Mike WHEATLAND
|second_author =
|publish_date = 17 September 2018
|description = Sudden changes in the magnetic field in the low atmosphere associated with particle acceleration
|image=Icon332.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = New Views of Global Solar Magnetic Field Evolution Over Four Solar Cycles
|number = 331
|first_author = David WEBB
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 August 2018
|description = A digital archive of Pat McIntosh's 44 years of solar synoptic observations
|image=Icon331.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Understanding the co-spatial return current in solar flares
|number = 330
|first_author = Meriem ALAOUI
|second_author = and Gordon HOLMAN
|publish_date = 6 August 2018
|description = Completing the circuit in a thick-target model
|image=Icon330.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = 3D Magnetic Reconnection at a Coronal Null Point
|number = 329
|first_author = Shane MALONEY,
|second_author = Aidan O'Flannagain and Peter Gallagher
|publish_date = 30 July 2018
|description = Large-scale reconnection involved in Type I radio noise storm
|image=Icon329.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The true dawn of multimessenger astronomy
|number = 328
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 23 July 2018
|description = Ever since the Carrington flare
|image=Icon328.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Microwave Imaging Spectroscopy of Flares is Here‎
|number = 327
|first_author = Dale E. Gary,
|second_author = EOVSA and RHESSI Teams
|publish_date = 16 July 2018
|description = Microwave imaging spectroscopy takes a giant leap forward with SOL2017-09-10
|image=Icon327.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal nanoflares powered by footpoint reconnection
|number = 326
|first_author = Pradeep Chitta,
|second_author = Hardi Peter, and Sami Solanki
|publish_date = 9 July 2018
|description = Coronal nanoflares in active region cores can be powered by the magnetic reconnection in the lower solar atmosphere
|image=Icon326.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A remarkable, but confused, coronal hard X-ray source
|number = 325
|first_author = Alexandra Lysenko,
|second_author = Larisa Kashapova and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 25 June 2018
|description = A remarkable flare in 1999 adds to our short list of extended coronal hard X-ray/microwave sources
|image=Icon325.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Understanding HMI pseudocontinuum in white-light flares‎
|number = 324
|first_author = Michal &Scaron;vanda
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 28 May 2018
|description = The HMI pseudocontinuum (Ic) is ill-calibrated in regions with strong fields, i.e. for white-light flares
|image=Icon324.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = To beam or not to beam - that is (still) the question
|number = 323
|first_author = Paulo Simões
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 14 May 2018
|description = Descriptions of the lower solar atmosphere of flares ca. Cycle 21 sound surprisingly current
|image=Icon323.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observation of Cosmic Ray Spallation Events from SoHO‎
|number = 322
|first_author = Serge Koutchmy
|second_author = and Ehsan Tavabi
|publish_date = 7 May 2018
|description = LASCO's images capture high-energy nuclear interactions from cosmic-ray hits
|image=Icon322.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Sunspot from Cycle 25 for sure
|number = 321
|first_author = Tomek Mrozek
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 10 April 2018
|description = YES! Cycle 25 is here!
|image=Icon321.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Blue-wing enhancement of the Mg II h and k lines in a flare
|number = 320
|first_author = Akiko TEI
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 April 2018
|description = Flare loops involve a cool upflow preceding the hot evaporation flow
|image=Icon320.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = NuSTAR detects X-ray flares in the quiet Sun
|number = 319
|first_author = Matej Kuhar
|second_author = and Säm Krucker
|publish_date = 26 March 2018
|description = Quiet-Sun flares may not be powerful, but they look a lot like ordinary flares
|image=Icon319.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Homologous CME/flares from AR 12371
|number = 318
|first_author = Panditi Vemareddy
|second_author = and Pascal Demoulín
|publish_date = 19 March 2018
|description = An excellent set of homologous flare/CMEs analyzed and explained
|image=Icon318.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Non-Maxwellian Diagnostics from SDO/EVE Spectra of an X-class Flare
|number = 317
|first_author = Elena Dzifčáková
|second_author = and Jaroslav Dudík
|publish_date = 16 February 2018
|description = Ratios of high-excitation ions can readily detect κ-distributions in flare plasmas
|image=Icon317.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Joint MinXSS and RHESSI Flare X-ray Spectra between 1 and 15 keV
|number = 316
|first_author = Chris Moore, Brian Dennis and the MinXSS Science Team
|publish_date = 5 February 2018
|description = MinXSS adds systematic views of flare soft X-ray spectra to RHESSI imagery
|image=Icon316.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Parameterized Flare Models with Chromospheric Compressions
|number = 315
|first_author = Adam Kowalski & Joel Allred
|publish_date = 17 January 2018
|description = A new approach to modeling the lower flare atmosphere
|image=FlareModelsKowalskiAllred.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Curious Sunspot Group in 2018
|number = 314
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 14 January 2018
|description = The first new sunspot group of 2018 emerged at the wrong latitude
|image = Icon314.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Tecumseh's Eclipse and Astrophysics
|number = 313
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 25 December 2017
|description = The solar corona was first recognized as such, and named, in an eclipse of 1806
|image = Icon313.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hunting for Hidden Tiny Flares
|number = 312
|first_author = Shin-nosuke ISHIKAWA
|publish_date = 27 November 2017
|description = FOXSI-2 says that episodic energy releases are still viable as a part of the coronal heating problem.
|image = Icon312.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unusual Type III Burst Dynamics Produced by Diverging Magnetic Fields
|number = 311
|first_author = Patrick McCauley
|publish_date = 20 November 2017
|description = Unusual type III bursts follow coronal separatrix structures.
|image = Icon311.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Valderrama in the 21st Century
|number = 310
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 31 October 2017
|description = A newly-described white-light flare from the 19th century!..
|image = Icon310.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electron Scattering in the Flaring Corona
|number = 309
|first_author = Sophie Musset
|publish_date = 24 October 2017
|description = Diffusive transport may contribute to the trapping of electrons in coronal X-ray sources
|image = Icon309.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Power of Turbulence
|number = 308
|first_author = Nic Bian
|publish_date = 25 September 2017
|description = Turbulent energy content may underlie flare energy transfer, magnetic reconnection, and particle acceleration
|image = Icon308.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Kelvin Force and Loop-Top Concentration
|number = 307
|first_author = Kiyoto SHIBASAKI
|publish_date = 18 September 2017
|description = New physics can explain the perplexing overpressure at the flare looptop regions
|image = Icon307.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Last Best Flare of Cycle 24?
|number = 306
|first_author = Säm Krucker
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 11 September 2017
|description = Right on schedule, Cycle 24 has produced a great flare (with a GLE)
|image = Icon306.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electric Current Neutralization and Solar Eruption in Active Regions
|number = 305
|first_author = Yang LIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 28 August 2017
|description = Active current systems in the solar corona don't have return currents
|image = Icon305.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = RHESSI and the Megamovie
|number = 304
|first_author = Hugh Hudson, Laura Peticolas,
|second_author = and Juan Carlos Martínez Oliveros
|publish_date = 31 July 2017
|description = A wholly new way to view a solar eclipse, and to do solar astrometry
|image = Icon304.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bastille Day 2017
|number = 303
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = and Säm Krucker
|publish_date = 24 July 2017
|description = Interesting flares really do happen on Bastille Day...
|image = Icon303.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Solar X-ray Limb III
|number = 302
|first_author = Marina Battaglia
|second_author = and Gordon Hurford
|publish_date = 12 June 2017
|description = RHESSI succeeds with a wholly new way to measure the solar diameter
|image = Icon302.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Double Coronal X-ray and Microwave Sources Associated With A Magnetic Breakout Solar Eruption
|number = 301
|first_author = Yao CHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 29 May 2017
|description = A different explanation of the double coronal hard X-ray sources
|image = Icon301.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Lasso Model for Solar Gamma-ray Events
|number = 300
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 May 2017
|description = A toy model hoping to explain the SEP/LAT relationship
|image = Icon300.png}}

[[RHESSI Science Nuggets 200 to 299|Next Nuggets]]

SolarNuggets

2026-04-11T16:35:27Z

Hhudson:

Welcome to the [[SolarNuggets]] collection, which extends the series of [[RHESSI]] Nuggets. The following is a time-ordered list of the latest Nuggets added to the HelioWiki. An [[:Category:Nugget|alphabetical list of the SolarNuggets]] is also available as well as [[:Category:RHESSI Nugget List|yearly lists]]. One can search on author, topic, IAU flare identifier, etc.). We welcome volunteer authors - please see our page of [[Help:For_Authors| help for authors]] or just send an email to the Curator at (hugh.hudson@glasgow.ac.uk).

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Can EUV Power-Spectral Indices Reveal Imminent Solar Flares?
|number = 521
|first_author = Sihui ZHONG,
|second_author = Dmitrii KOLOTKOV and Valery M. NAKARIAKOV
||publish_date = 6 April 2026
|description = A new flare precursor observable - power spectra
|image=Icon521.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = How energetic can solar flares become?
|number = 520
|first_author = Natalie KRIVOVA
||publish_date = 31 March 2026
|description = The history of active-region areas suggests the possibility of solar superflares
|image=Icon520.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops
|number = 519
|first_author = Teodora MIHĂILESCU,
|second_author = Peter YOUNG et AL.
||publish_date = 16 March 2026
|description = Higher FIP bias than expected in some flare loops, a diagnostically interesting result
|image=Icon519.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = When Magnetic Field Lines Stretch, Snap, and Expand: A New Look at Solar Flares with L-maps
|number = 518
|first_author = Maria KAZACHENKO,
|second_author = Yuhong FAN and Andrey AFANASYEV
||publish_date = 9 March 2026
|description = A clever new tool tracks magnetic connectivity (and energy) during flare/CME occurrence
|image=Icon518.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observational Evidence Linking Loop Length and Thermal/Nonthermal Peak Timing in Solar Flares
|number = 517
|first_author = Solomon PERRIYIL
||publish_date = 23 February 2026
|description = Clear evidence for the universality of the physics behind the Neupert Effect
|image=Icon517.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A fine-scale bright kernel captured by Hi-C 3 in the post-maximum phase of an M-class solar flare
|number = 516
|first_author = Sanjiv TIWARI
||publish_date = 9 February 2026
|description = The Hi-C rocket catches an extremely compact brightening in late-phase flare ribbon development
|image=Icon516.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On the Relationship Between Nanoflare Energy and Delay in the Closed Solar Corona
|number = 515
|first_author = Shanwlee SOW MONDAL et al.
||publish_date = 19 January 2026
|description = Nanoflaring implies energy storage and sudden release, suggesting correlation between event energy and its timing
|image=Icon515.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fine structures in solar flare ribbons
|number = 514
|first_author = Jonas THOEN FABER
||publish_date = 12 January 2026
|description = Elongated "riblets" commonly rise out of flare ribbons, and have characteristic Doppler shifts
|image=Icon514.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The M- and X-class White-light Flares in Super Active Region NOAA 13664/13697
|number = 513
|first_author = Zhichen JING
|second_author = and Ying LI
|publish_date = 5 January 2026
|description = "Super" active regions have relatively more frequent X-class flares, which correlate well with visible continuum (white-light flare) emission
|image=Icon513.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Iron Fluorescence in X-class Solar Flares
|number = 512
|first_author = Abhilash SARWADE
|publish_date = 8 December 2025
|description = A new spectroscopic capability for Iron K-alpha fluorescence
|image=Icon512.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star Analysis of a Solar Eruption Source Region Using H-alpha Spectroscopic Observations from CHASE
|number = 510
|first_author = Xiaofeng LIU
|second_author = and Yijun HOU
|publish_date = 24 November 2025
|description = Sun-as-a-star observations help to translate solar/stellar processes
|image=Icon5010.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On the Origin of Solar Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Flares‎‎‎‎
|number = 509
|first_author = Alessandro BRUNO
|publish_date = 3 November 2025
|description = Do we really need a CME to produce a long-duration solar gamma-ray event?
|image=Icon509.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = FAI and GOES eclipses‎‎
|number = 508
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 20 October 2025
|description = Flare anticipation via FAI may have problems during GOES eclipses, which are really interesting in their own right
|image=Icon508.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The EUV Late Phase‎
|number = 507
|first_author = Sascha ORNIG
|publish_date = 13 October 2025
|description = Basic comparative statistics of the ELP, a distinct flare phenomenon
|image=Icon507.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Time evolution of flare-accelerated electrons using the warm-target model‎
|number = 506
|first_author = Debesh BHATTACHARJEE
|publish_date = 6 October 2025
|description = Considering a "warm" thick target allows flare-accelerated electrons to be treated self-consistently
|image=Icon506.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOLSTICE observes flare Doppler shifts in Si III
|number = 505
|first_author = Luke MAJURY
|publish_date = 30 September 2025
|description = A rarely used database suggests prograde-flow Doppler shifts in flaring plasmas
|image=Icon505.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare Phases and the Earth's Ionospheric Response
|number = 504
|first_author = Susanna BEKKER
|publish_date = 16 September 2025
|description = A flare's "EUV late phase" is surprisingly geoeffective
|image=Icon504.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Neupertianity
|number = 503
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 August 2025
|description = It's hard to avoid the Neupert Effect
|image=Icon503.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Synchrotron Radiation and the Foundations for a Cosmic Bridge
|number = 502
|first_author = Immanuel JEBARAJ
|publish_date = 11 August 2025
|description = Gyrosynchrotron radiation in shocks: a cosmic connection
|image=Icon502.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Aulanier Effect: drifting footpoints of CME flux ropes
|number = 501
|first_author = Jaroslav DUDÍK,
|second_author = Juraj LÖRINČÍK and Brigitte SCHMIEDER
|publish_date = 21 July 2025
|description = The breakthrough to 3D flare physics: the Aulanier Effect
|image=Icon501.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Five Hundred Nuggets
|number = 500
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 14 July 2025
|description = A milestone
|image=Icon169.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasiperiodic Pulsations in the Balmer Continuum in an X-class Solar White-light Flare
|number = 499
|first_author = De-Chao SONG et al.
|publish_date = 30 June 2025
|description = QPP in the Balmer continuum: the powerful heartbeat of a flare
|image=Icon499.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = High-Resolution Observations of a C3 class White-Light Flare
|number = 498
|first_author = Zhe XU and
|second_author = Xiaoli YAN
|publish_date = 16 June 2025
|description = A compact white-light flare with vortical motions (and hard X-rays)
|image=Icon498.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Sun's open-closed flux boundary and the origin of the slow solar wind
|number = 497
|first_author = Chloe WILKINS and
|second_author = David PONTIN
|publish_date = 26 May 2025
|description = Identifying the solar sources of slow solar wind
|image=Icon497.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Delay of Near-Relativistic Electrons
|number = 496
|first_author = Grant MITCHELL
|publish_date = 19 May 2025
|description = Parker Solar Probe solves an old mystery about type III bursts
|image=Icon496.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Multi-Site Telescope for Multi-Height for Synoptic Observations
|number = 495
|first_author = Fallon KONOW
|publish_date = 11 May 2025
|description = A new synoptic network for observations at multiple wavelengths
|image=Icon495.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On turbulent magnetic reconnection: fast and slow mean steady-states
|number = 494
|first_author = Sage STANISH
|second_author = and David MacTAGGART
|publish_date = 28 April 2025
|description = In a turbulent medium, magnetic reconnection has two limiting domains
|image=Icon494.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasi-Periodic Pulsations in Ionospheric TEC and Flare EUV
|number = 493
|first_author = Aisling O'HARE
|publish_date = 21 April 2025
|description = The Earth's ionosphere reflects QPPs, with a small delay
|image=Icon493.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Metis observations of Alfvenic outflows driven by interchange reconnection in a pseudostreamer
|number = 492
|first_author = Paolo ROMANO and the Metis team
|publish_date = 7 April 2025
|description = Exactly as predicted by numerical simulations... a rare coup
|image=Icon492.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Rollercoaster: looping-the-loop in the solar corona
|number = 491
|first_author = Mohamed NEDAL et al.
|publish_date = 31 March 2025
|description = Large-scale helical motion in the flare/CME SOL2024-05-14
|image=Icon491.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Proton Beam Energy Deposition as a Mechanism of Deep Photospheric Heating
|number = 490
|first_author = Samuel GRANOVSKY
|second_author = and Alexander KOSOVICHEV
|publish_date = 17 March 2025
|description = Evidence for proton beams in white-light flares
|image=Icon490.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = New insights into the proton precipitation sites in solar flares
|number = 489
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 17 February 2025
|description = There is no detectable difference in proton and electron foopoint locations after all
|image=Icon489.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Gamma-Ray Evidence for a Distinct Population of MeV Flare-Accelerated Electrons
|number = 488
|first_author = Gerry SHARE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 10 February 2025
|description = Relativistic electrons in solar flares newly recognized as a distinct process
|image=Icon488.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = From Chromospheric Evaporation to Coronal Rain: An Investigation of the Mass and Energy Cycle of a Flare‎
|number = 487
|first_author = Seray &Scedil;AHIN
|second_author = and Patrick ANTOLIN
|publish_date = 3 February 2025
|description = A first quantitative comparison of flare evaporation and coronal rain
|image=Icon487.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energetic neutral atoms detected in the large solar energetic particle event of February 2022‎
|number = 486
|first_author = Christina COHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 January 2025
|description = Only the second direct observation of high-energy neutral atoms from the Sun
|image=Icon486.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Magnetic topology of quiet-Sun Ellerman bombs and associated ultraviolet brightenings‎
|number = 485
|first_author = Aditi BHATNAGAR
|second_author =
|publish_date = 6 January 2025
|description = Tiny "Ellerman Bombs" occur all across the solar surface, with differences
|image=Icon485.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unveiling CME Dynamics: Rare Rotations of CMEs in the Heliosphere
|number = 484
|first_author = Sandeep KUMAR and
|second_author = Nandita SRIVASTAVA
|publish_date = 30 December 2024
|description = CMEs usually do not show additional rotation as they move though the heliosphere
|image=Icon484.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatial and Spectral Evolution of Microwave and X-Ray Sources During the Limb Flare SOL2023-02-05
|number = 483
|first_author = Yulia N. SHAMSUTDINOVA
|publish_date = 23 December 2024
|description = Rare microwave imaging spectroscopy of a hot-onset precursor event
|image=Icon483.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = High-resolution observational analysis of flare ribbon fine structures
|number = 482
|first_author = Jonas THOEN FABER
|publish_date = 16 December 2024
|description = Spatially periodic fine structures in flare ribbons reveal current-sheet tearing
|image=Icon482.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Advection and super-diffusive expansion as the model of flare accelerated electron transport in type III solar radio bursts
|number = 481
|first_author = Eduard KONTAR
|publish_date = 9 December 2024
|description = Sturrock's dilemma resolved
|image=Icon481.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Faraday's Law in Solar Flares: A Cautionary Message
|number = 480
|first_author = Michael FARADAY
|publish_date = 2 December 2024
|description = We must not forget the global implications of Faraday's Law
|image=Icon480.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remarkable NUV Spectrum of an M-star Megaflare
|number = 479
|first_author = Adam KOWALSKI
|publish_date = 25 November 2024
|description = Remarkable NUV spectra from an HST stellar flare
|image=Icon479.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Revised Point-Spread Functions of AIA and their effect on DEM analyses
|number = 478
|first_author =Stefan HOFMEISTER,
|second_author = Daniel Wolf SAVIN, and Michael HAHN
|publish_date = 18 November 2024
|description = Substantial revisions of the AIA point-response functions
|image=Icon478.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = How much of the energy in flare-accelerated electrons reaches the chromosphere?
|number = 477
|first_author = Meriem ALAOUI
|second_author = and Gordon HOLMAN
|publish_date = 11 November 2024
|description = Keeping flare-accelerated electrons out of the chromosphere
|image=Icon477.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatially resolved plasma composition evolution in a solar flare
|number = 476
|first_author = Andy S. H. TO
|publish_date = 4 November 2024
|description = Reconnection outflow feeds abundance variations
|image=Icon476.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = HOPE during high activity
|number = 475
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Alphonse STERLING
|publish_date = 28 October 2024
|description = Hot onsets appear even in the most active solar conditions
|image=Icon475.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Simulated heliospheric electron spectra show sensitivity to plasma properties of a source region in the flaring corona
|number = 474
|first_author = Ross PALLISTER
|second_author = and Natasha JEFFREY
|publish_date = 21 October 2024
|description = Getting closer to an understanding of how solar energetic particles "escape"
|image=Icon474.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An extremely complex active region with very strong non-neutralized electric currents
|number = 473
|first_author = Ioannis KONTOGIANNIS
|publish_date = 14 October 2024
|description = Large non-neutralized electric currents flow through the active-region corona
|image=Icon473.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An X9 flare and its huge crochet (SFE)
|number = 472
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 7 October 2024
|description = The geomagnetic effect (SFE/crochet) that will calibrate the Carrington flare
|image=Icon472.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = All microflares that accelerate electrons to high energies are rooted in sunspots
|number = 471
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|publish_date = 30 September 2024
|description = Microflares with hard X-ray spectra are a well-defined class, and invariably have one footpoint embedded in a sunspot
|image=Icon471.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The warm-target model and kappa distributions
|number = 470
|first_author = Yingjie LUO
|publish_date = 16 September 2024
|description = A self-consistent treatment of non-thermal electron spectra points to kappa distributions
|image=Icon470.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Is there HOPE for Hyder flares...
|number = 468
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 15 March 2024
|description = Filament eruptions/Hyder flares/disparitions brusques may all show HOPE
|image=Icon468.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star Analysis of the M8.7 Flare on 2022 October 2 Using H-alpha and EUV Spectra Taken by SMART/SDDI and SDO/EVE
|number = 467
|first_author = Takato OTSU
|publish_date = 19 February 2024
|description = Whole-Sun spectroscopic observations can readily detect ejecta
|image=Icon467.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unexpected Asymmetry in GeV Emission
|number = 466
|first_author = Bruno ARSIOLI and Elena ORLANDO
|publish_date = 15 January 2024
|description = The high-energy solar gamma radiation shows inexplicable but fascinating properties
|image=Icon466.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = When it rippled in one place and exploded in another
|number = 465
|first_author = Ivan ZIMOVETS
|publish_date = 25 December 2023
|description = Pulsations precede a flare, but seem unrelated
|image=Icon465.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar flares: evaporation and simulation‎
|number = 464
|first_author = Malcolm DRUETT
|publish_date = 18 December 2023
|description = Fitting beam electrons into multi-dimensional models
|image=Icon464.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Pre-impulsive and Impulsive Phases of the March 28, 2022 Sub-Terahertz Flare
|number = 463
|first_author = Galina G. MOTORINA
|publish_date = 11 December 2023
|description = A flare with an increasing sub-THz spectrum and sub-THZ precursor information
|image=Icon463.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal Bright Points
|number = 462
|first_author = Daniel NÓBREGA-SIVERIO
|publish_date = 27 November 2023
|description = Bright EUV rowel-like structures can result from null-point reconnection
|image=Icon462.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Aurora-like Radio Emission from a Sunspot
|number = 461
|first_author = Sijie YU
|publish_date = 20 November 2023
|description = Maser action above a sunspot
|image=Icon461.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Search for a Flare Anticipation Index (FAI)
|number = 460
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Jim McTiernan
|publish_date = 13 November 2023
|description = Quantifying flare precursors on a few-minute time scale
|image=Icon460.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bouncing motions of fast electrons using Nobeyama Radioheliograph
|number = 459
|first_author = Keitarou MATSUMOTO
|publish_date = 6 November 2023
|description = Solar evidence for conservation of second adiabatic invariant in particle motion
|image=Icon459.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Impact of nanoflare heating in the lower solar atmosphere
|number = 458
|first_author = Helle BAKKE
|publish_date = 30 October 2023
|description = The behavior of nanoflare fast electrons in Bifrost models
|image=Icon458.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Precise timing of flare footpoint sources from mid-infrared observations‎
|number = 457
|first_author = Paulo SIMÕES et al.
|publish_date = 23 October 2023
|description = Mid-IR observations at high spatial and high temporal resolution: Conjugacy
|image=Icon457.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Greatest GOES Flares‎
|number = 456
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Ed CLIVER
|publish_date = 25 September 2023
|description = The greatest GOES events, re-analyzed, fall short of expectations
|image=Icon456.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Introducing SunSketcher
|number = 455
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Gordon EMSLIE
|publish_date = 11 September 2023
|description = Galloping towards roundup in the 2024 total solar eclipse
|image=Icon455.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = TeV Gamma rays from the Quiescent Sun
|number = 454
|first_author = Mehr Un NISA
|second_author = and John BEACOM
|publish_date = 21 August 2023
|description = Solar photons at unprecedented high energies
|image=Icon454.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Hard X-Ray Sources in Flare Model with Vertical Current Sheet
|number = 453
|first_author = Alexander SHABALIN, Eugenia OVCHINNIKOVA,
|second_author = and Yuri CHARIKOV
|publish_date = 7 August 2023
|description = Modeling betatron acceleration in current-sheet development.
|image=Icon453.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatial Distribution of Magnetic Reconnection Rate in an M6.5 Solar Flare
|number = 452
|first_author = Ju JING
|publish_date = 12 June 2023
|description = Linking hard X-rays to high-resolution images that show reconnection rates.
|image=Icon452.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Statistical study of Type III bursts and associated HXR emissions
|number = 451
|first_author = Nicole VILMER and Tomin JAMES
|publish_date = 29 May 2023
|description = Linking electron populations escaping from the Sun with those that RHESSI detects.
|image=Icon451.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar flare hard X-rays from the anchor points of an eruptive filament
|number = 450
|first_author = Muriel STIEFEL
|publish_date = 15 May 2023
|description = A rare "four-ribbon" flare has been detected in hard X-rays.
|image=Icon450.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Did a Solar Flare Accelerate all the Ambient Electrons in the Coronal Acceleration Region?...
|number = 449
|first_author = Gordon EMSLIE, Eduard KONTAR,
|second_author = Galina MOTORINA, and Brian DENNIS
|publish_date = 1 May 2023
|description = Considering SOL2017-09-10, probably not.
|image=Icon449.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Diagnostics of Spatially-Extended Turbulent Acceleration and Transport
|number = 448
|first_author = Morgan STORES
|publish_date = 24 April 2023
|description = Drilling down into the detailed structure of solar-flare energy release by including turbulence with particle acceleration.
|image=Icon448.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = RHESSI's Re-entry
|number = 447
|first_author = Pascal SAINT-HILAIRE and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 17 April 2023
|description = The final demise of RHESSI is this week
|image=Icon447.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Glasgow geomagnetic observation of a solar flare
|number = 446
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON, John MALONE-LEIGH,
|second_author = Graham WOAN, and Chris OSBORNE
|publish_date = 13 March 2023
|description = Irish and Scottish geomagnetic observatories see a crochet much like that of the Carrington event
|image=Icon_446.png}}

{{{Nugget Badge
|title = Particle Acceleration in Two Coronal Jets
|number = 445
|first_author = Yixian ZHANG
|publish_date = 27 February 2023
|description = Coronal jets with hard X-ray sources at disjoint locations
|image=Icon445.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Curious First Sunquake of Solar Cycle 25‎
|number = 444
|first_author = Alexander KOSOVICHEV
|publish_date = 13 February 2023
|description = A double whammy: two distinct sunquakes from SOL2022-05-10.
|image=Icon444.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hard X-ray Pulsations via Gaussian Decomposition
|number = 443
|first_author = Hannah COLLIER and Laura HAYES
|publish_date = 30 January 2023
|description = Flare hard X-ray time variations decomposed objectively
|image=Icon443.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A possible coronal magnetic flare precursor
|number = 442
|first_author = Enrico LANDI
|publish_date = 16 January 2023
|description = Novel measurements of the coronal magnetic field may help with flare prediction
|image=Icon442.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A slow HOPE with microwave context
|number = 441
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 12 December 2022
|description = A new microwave facility at Chashan Observatory, and a prototypical HOPE
|image=Icon441.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Rapid variations of Si IV spectra in a flare observed by IRIS at a sub-second cadence
|number = 440
|first_author = Juraj LÖRINČÍK
|publish_date = 14 November 2022
|description = Transition-region lines in a flare have a Doppler component revealing quasi-periodic pulsations
|image=Icon440.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Significant Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance Associated with a Massive Gamma-ray Burst
|number = 439
|first_author = Laura HAYES and Peter GALLAGHER
|publish_date = 31 October 2022
|description = A first SID observed in broad daylight, from a source far far away
|image=Icon439.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Effects of Coronal Structures on the Dynamics of the Global Coronal Wave of SOL2017-09-10‎
|number = 438
|first_author = Huidong HU, Ying D. LIU, and Bei ZHU
|publish_date = 17 October 2022
|description = The amazing global coronal wave of SOL2017-09-10 wrapped around the whole Sun, and displayed transmission and reflection at both polar coronal holes
|image=Icon438.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = KW-Sun: The Konus-Wind Solar Flare Database in Hard X-Ray and Soft Gamma-Ray Ranges
|number = 437
|first_author = Alexandra LYSENKO
|publish_date = 26 September 2022
|description = An unrivaled hard X-ray and gamma-ray database is entering its third activity maximum
|image=Icon437.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = First Detection of Kink Oscillations with Solar Orbiter
|number = 436
|first_author = Sihui ZHONG et al.
|publish_date = 19 September 2022
|description = SolO sees coronal oscillations as well as AIA can, and even better
|image=Icon436.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energetic Neutral Hydrogen from Large Solar Flares
|number = 435
|first_author = Glenn MASON
|publish_date = 6 September 2022
|description = A rediscovered data treasury reveals the occurrence of many flare/CME events producing solar high-energy neutral atoms
|image=Icon435.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fifty-year Anniversary of the First Detection of Gamma rays from a Solar Flare
|number = 434
|first_author = Jim Ryan,
|second_author = Brian Dennis, and Phil Dunphy
|publish_date = 8 August 2022
|description = The rich astrophysics of gamma-ray astronomy began with solar observations fifty years ago
|image=Icon434.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fast Prograde Flows in Solar Active Regions
|number = 433
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 July 2022
|description = Unexpected, unpredicted, and not modeled yet - weird flows in hot active-region loops
|image=Icon433.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Undetected Minority-polarity Flux, Moss, and Coronal Heating
|number = 432
|first_author = Yi-Ming WANG
|publish_date = 11 July 2022
|description = There's plenty of room in "unipolar" active regions for both polarities, and there is good evidence for them
|image=Icon432.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Thermal/Nonthermal with MinXSS and RHESSI
|number = 431
|first_author = Shunsaku NAGASAWA
|publish_date = 13 June 2022
|description = Time-domain studies of improved X-ray spectra reveal a "super-hot' component
|image=Icon431.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star spectroscopic observations of the line-of-sight velocity of a solar eruption on October 28, 2021
|number = 430
|first_author = Yu XU
|second_author = and Hui TIAN
|publish_date = 30 May 2022
|description = The observation of the full 3d velocity of a CME, for an anniversary event
|image=Icon430.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Carl Størmer
|number = 429
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Lyndsay FLETCHER
|publish_date = 15 April 2022
|description = Størmer and the theory of trapping in loops
|image=Icon429.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Hard X-rays with Insight
|number = 428
|first_author = Wei WANG
|second_author = and Ping ZHANG
|publish_date = 21 March 2022
|description = A spectacular limb flare introduces Insight/HXMT, a new observational resource
|image=Icon428.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Probing chromospheric current sheets using SST and ALMA co-observations
|number = 427
|first_author = João da SILVA SANTOS
|publish_date = 21 February 2022
|description = Emerging magnetic flux appears in ALMA images reflecting coronal current sheets
|image=Icon427.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A demonstration of STIX hard X-ray imaging spectroscopy capabilities for an X-class flare (SOL2021-10-28)
|number = 426
|first_author = Andrea BATTAGLIA, Hannah COLLIER,
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 7 February 2022
|description = STIX imaging of an X-class flare marks its success
|image=Icon426.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A solar flare driven by thermal conduction observed in mid-infrared
|number = 425
|first_author = Guillermo GIMÉNEZ de CASTRO
|publish_date = 24 January 2022
|description = Strong 10-micron emission from a GOES C2 flare suggests conductive heating
|image=Icon425.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Disk Occultation of a Lopsided Sun‎
|number = 424
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON,
|second_author = Stephen WHITE and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 10 January 2022
|description = Observing a spotless Sun can enable observations of the faint corona.
|image=Icon424.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Resolving two distinct thermal X-ray components in a compound solar flare
|number = 423
|first_author = Zhenjun ZHOU
|second_author = and Rui LIU
|publish_date = 28 December 2021
|description = Superhot coronal sources may be independent loop systems
|image=Icon423.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bridging solar flares to coronal mass ejections
|number = 422
|first_author = Markus ASCHWANDEN
|publish_date = 14 December 2021
|description = The Neupert effect allows us to trace coronal mass ejections seamlessly
|image=Icon422.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Jakimiec Diagnostic Diagram
|number = 421
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 29 November 2021
|description = The joint variation of GOES temperature and emission measure discloses new features via an old tool
|image=Icon421.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = First look at ALMA/HInode/IRIS microflares
|number = 420
|first_author = Toshifumi SHIMIZU
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 8 November 2021
|description = High-resolution ALMA and multiwavelength observations of microflaring
|image=Icon420.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Thomson scattering near sunspots
|number = 419
|first_author = Pascal Saint-Hilaire
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 25 October 2021
|description = Completing the modeling of low-coronal Thomson polarimetry
|image=Icon419.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Non-PFSS Global Coronal Model
|number = 418
|first_author = Oliver RICE
|second_author = and Anthony YEATES
|publish_date = 11 October 2021
|description = Modeling as convenient as PFSS but much more realistic
|image=Icon418.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Manifold Nonthermality
|number = 417
|first_author = Marina BATTAGLIA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 27 September 2021
|description = Even weak flares involve multiple sites of non thermal activity
|image=Icon417.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = X-Rays from a Type I Radio Burst
|number = 416
|first_author = R. RAMESH
|publish_date = 20 September 2021
|description = A first identification of type I radio emission with hot plasma
|image=Icon416.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Do Hot Onsets Predict Flare Magnitudes?
|number = 415
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 30 August 2021
|description = Maybe we can tell how big a flare is going to be from its initial development...
|image=Icon415.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Confined or Eruptive?
|number = 414
|first_author = Ting LI et al.
|publish_date = 16 August 2021
|description = Increased magnetic flux reduces CME eruptivity
|image=Icon414.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Impulsive and Gradual Eruptive Gamma Flares and Associated CMEs
|number = 413
|first_author = Alexey STRUMINSKY,
|second_author = Irina GRIGORIEVA and Andrei SADOVSKI
|publish_date = 19 July 2021
|description = Extreme behavior of flare/CME events explained by environment
|image=Icon373.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Morphology of Flare Time Profiles
|number = 412
|first_author = Larisa KASHAPOVA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 12 July 2021
|description = Systematic comparison of solar and stellar flaring time profiles
|image=Icon412.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare Pulsation and the Heliosphere
|number = 411
|first_author = Brendan CLARKE
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 5 July 2021
|description = Flare pulsations link closely to the distant heliosphere
|image=Icon411.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = STIX, the Hard X-Ray Telescope on board Solar Orbiter
|number = 410
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 28 June 2021
|description = STIX is operational and producing great data
|image=Icon410.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Nonequilibrium Ionization of Flare Plasma Observed by Hinode/EIS
|number = 409
|first_author = Shinsuke IMADA
|second_author =
|publish_date = 14 June 2021
|description = Evidence for non-equilibrium ionization in the current sheet of SOL2017-09-10
|image=Icon409.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Effects of Flares on Solar p-modes
|number = 408
|first_author = Maria-Cristina RABELLO SOARES
|second_author = and Frederic BAUDIN
|publish_date = 26 April 2021
|description = No detectable p-mode amplitude changes due to solar flares
|image=Icon408.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Subsecond Spikes in Solar Flare X-ray Flux as Seen by Fermi GBM
|number = 407
|first_author =Trevor KNUTH
|second_author = and Lindsay GLESENER
|publish_date = 19 April 2021
|description = A new analysis technique pushes hard X-ray time scales to 0.1 sec or faster
|image=Icon407.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Negative He 10830 Flare Ribbons and Non-thermal Electrons
|number = 406
|first_author = Graham KERR
|second_author =
|publish_date = 12 April 2021
|description = A 1D radiation hydrodynamics model can explain the dark leading edges of He I flare ribbons
|image=Icon406.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Tracing the sources of gradual solar energetic particle events
|number = 405
|first_author = David H. BROOKS
|second_author = and Stephanie L. YARDLEY
|publish_date = 29 March 2021
|description = Chemical abundances in SEPs suggest an origin in flare-related moss regions
|image=Icon405.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Superflare SOL2017-09-06: from submm to mid-IR
|number = 404
|first_author = Guillermo (Guigue) GIMÉNEZ DE CASTRO
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 March 2021
|description = Glimpsing the "missing decades" of the flare emission spectrum
|image=Icon404.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Neupert Effect Revisited
|number = 403
|first_author = Jiong QIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 8 March 2021
|description = Two time scales for heating individual flare strands
|image=Icon403.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = FLUKA as a tool for interpreting flare gamma-rays
|number = 402
|first_author = Alec MACKINNON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 1 March 2021
|description = The nuclear physics of solar flares captured in a detailed model
|image=Icon402.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Collective Study of 11 NuSTAR Microflares
|number = 401
|first_author = Jessie DUNCAN and
|second_author = Lindsay GLESENER
|publish_date = 22 February 2021
|description = Swarms of NuSTAR micro flares
|image=Icon401.png}}

{{{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Solar FRB
|number = 400
|first_author = Dale GARY and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 15 February 2021
|description = A new frontier in the solar time domain
|image=Icon400.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Richard Schwartz
|number = 399
|first_author = Brian DENNIS and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 January 2021
|description = Remembering a friend and colleague
|image=Icon399.jpg}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observing Solar Flare X-ray Polarization with Prospective CubeSat Missions
|number = 398
|first_author = Natasha JEFFREY
|publish_date = 4 January 2021
|description = The polarization of the solar X-ray spectrum generally remains to be observed
|image=Icon398.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar effects in the local interstellar medium
|number = 397
|first_author = Don GURNETT and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 14 December 2020
|description = Relativistic particle events observed _in situ_ in the interstellar medium
|image=Icon397.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Investigation of Small-Scale Energy Releases in Hard X-rays with FOXSI
|number = 396
|first_author = Subramania ATHIRAY and
|second_author = Juliana VIEVERING
|publish_date = 7 December 2020
|description = Hard X-rays and high temperatures from the feeblest microflares
|image=Icon396.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = What drives impulsive coronal heating?
|number = 395
|first_author = Pradeep CHITTA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 30 November 2020
|description = Impulsive footpoint emissions suggest magnetic reconnection in the chromosphere
|image=Icon395.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Probing the solar coronal heating function with slow magnetoacoustic waves
|number = 394
|first_author = Dmitrii KOLOTKOV
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 16 November 2020
|description = Coronal heating models meet damped slow magnetoacoustic waves
|image=Icon394.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Self-Consistent Flare Model
|number = 393
|first_author = Wenzhi RUAN
|second_author = and Rony KEPPENS
|publish_date = 2 November 2020
|description = Energy transport by fast particles made self-consistent with MHD flare modeling
|image=Icon393.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hot Flare Onsets
|number = 392
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 26 October 2020
|description = The initial soft X-ray temperatures of solar flares tend to be in the 10-15 MK range
|image=Icon392.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electric Current Neutralization and Eruption
|number = 391
|first_author = Ellis AVALLONE
|second_author = and Xudong SUN
|publish_date = 19 October 2020
|description = Coronal currents without neutralizing return currents appear to
|image=Icon391.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Prediction of Solar Cycle 25
|number = 390
|first_author = Leif SVALGAARD
|second_author =
|publish_date = 5 October 2020
|description = Now we know how big the next solar maximum will be
|image=Icon390.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare/CME Cartoon Archive
|number = 389
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 September 2020
|description = A new edition of the Flare/CME archive, nearly a half kilotoon now
|image=Icon389.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Submerged Flare Acoustic Sources
|number = 388
|first_author = Juan Camilo BUITRAGO CASAS
|second_author = and Angel MARTÍNEZ
|publish_date = 13 September 2020
|description = Flare acoustic radiation emanates from a source _inside_ the Sun
|image=Icon388.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Circular Ribbon Flare at Microwaves
|number = 387
|first_author = Jeongwoo LEE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 31 August 2020
|description = Breakout reconnection reveals itself via microwave polarization measurements.
|image=Icon387.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Relation of Non-neutralized electric currents and the activity in active regions
|number = 386
|first_author = P. VEMAREDDY
|second_author =
|publish_date = 24 August 2020
|description = Non-neutralized coronal current systems contribute to CME eruptions
|image=Icon386.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = White-light emission and photospheric magnetic field changes in flares
|number = 385
|first_author = J. Sebastián CASTELLANOS DURÁN
|second_author = and Lucia KLEINT
|publish_date = 17 August 2020
|description = There are strong correlations between white-light flare emissions and line-of-sight magnetic field changes
|image=Icon385.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sunspot Differential Rotation in an X-class Flare
|number = 384
|first_author = Richard GRIMES,
|second_author = Balázs PINTÉR and Huw MORGAN
|publish_date = 10 August 2020
|description = Observations suggesting how the coronal tail can wag the photospheric dog
|image=Icon384.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energy Partitioning in a Nonthermally Dominated Two-loop Solar Flare
|number = 383
|first_author = Galina MOTORINA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 3 August 2020
|description = Modeling the propagation of energy via GX Simulator in an early-impulsive flare
|image=Icon383.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOL2013-11-10 Eruptive Circular-ribbon Flare with Extended Remote Brightenings
|number = 382
|first_author = Chang LIU
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 31 July 2020
|description = A circular-ribbon event can launch an eruption by breaking through its separatrix dome
|image=Icon382.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Extreme-Ultraviolet Late Phase of Solar Flares
|number = 381
|first_author = Rui LIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 June 2020
|description = Both arcade and circular-ribbon flares may sometimes spawn EUV late phase emission
|image=Icon381.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energy transport by accelerated particles in the quiet solar atmosphere
|number = 380
|first_author = Lars FROGNER,
|second_author = Boris GUDIKSEN and Helle BAKKE
|publish_date = 15 June 2020
|description = A first study of non-thermal particles integrated into an MHD simulation of the solar atmosphere
|image=Icon380.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasi-periodic pulsations as indicators of oscillatory processes in solar flares
|number = 379
|first_author = Elena KUPRIYANOVA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 11 May 2020
|description = Many, many QPPs
|image=Icon379.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Rejuvenating Solar Flare Termination Shocks as Particle Accelerators
|number = 378
|first_author = Bin CHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 4 May 2020
|description = At last, clear evidence for a long-predicted phenomenon
|image=Icon378.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Broad symmetrical Doppler-shifted Fe XXI line profiles
|number = 377
|first_author = Vanessa POLITO
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 April 2020
|description = It is difficult to explain "evaporation" line profiles by superposition of unresolved flows
|image=Icon377.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Phenomena in the unusually long pre-impulsive phase of SOL2011-06-07
|number = 376
|first_author = Marian KARLICKÝ,
|second_author = Jana KA&Scaron;PAROVÁ, and Robert SYCH
|publish_date = 13 April 2020
|description = A massive and slowly-rising filament eruption reveals important new signatures of the physics
|image=Icon376.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Evidence for a Coronal Shock Wave Origin for Relativistic Protons Producing Solar Gamma-Rays and Observed by Neutron Monitors at Earth‎
|number = 375
|first_author = Athanasios KOULOUMVAKOS
|second_author = and Gerry SHARE
|publish_date = 6 April 2020
|description = Successful modeling of prolonged solar gamma-ray emissions and terrestrial ground-level cosmic-ray events
|image=Icon375.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Using overlappogram data to find hot flare plasma
|number = 374
|first_author = Louise HARRA
|
|publish_date = 23 March 2020
|description = Imaging Fe XXIV at high resolution with the EIS slot data
|image=Icon374.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOL2017-09-04 (M5.5) 2017 as a Source of Relativistic Electrons and Protons
|number = 373
|first_author = Alexei STRUMINSKII
| (see text)
|publish_date = 16 March 2020
|description = Flare-accelerated particles, rather than SEPs, energize sustained gamma-ray emission
|image=Icon373.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Heating of the solar photosphere during a white-light flare‎
|number = 372
|first_author = Jan JURČÁK
| (see text)
|publish_date = 2 March 2020
|description = The best-ever spectrum of the flare photosphere
|image=Icon372.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Hot Cusp-Shaped Confined Solar Flare
|number = 371
|first_author = Aaron HERNANDEZ-PEREZ
|publish_date = 24 February 2020
|description = A flare may have a prominent hot cusp with the help of any eruption
|image=Icon371.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Temporal and Spatial Extension of Gamma-ray Emission from the Sun
|number = 370
|first_author = Nat GOPALSWAMY
|publish_date = 17 February 2020
|description = Sustained solar γ-rays and solar cosmic rays
|image=Icon370.ng.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A PSP Perihelion
|number = 369
|first_author = Jessie DUNCAN
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 20 January 2020
|description = The Parker Solar Probe enters its fourth perihelion already. Now
|image=Icon369.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remembering John Brown
|number = 368
|first_author = Alec MacKINNON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 13 January 2020
|description = John passed away unexpectedly on 16 November 2019
|image=Icon368.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Global Survey of EUV Coronal Power Spectra
|number = 367
|first_author = Karl Battams
|second_author =
|publish_date = 30 December 2019
|description = Time-series parameter maps of imaged power spectra from an AIA pipeline
|image=Icon367.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Cosmic Rays over the Rainbow Bridge
|number = 366
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = Alec MacKinnon
|publish_date = 16 December 2019
|description = Cosmic rays approach the Sun
|image=Icon366.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spectropolarimetric Insight into Plasma-Sheet Dynamics of a Solar Flare
|number = 365
|first_author = Ryan French
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 December 2019
|description = CoMP polarization patterns in SOL2017-09-10 are amazing
|image=Icon365.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Lorentz Force Evolution Reveals the Energy Build-up Processes during Recurrent Eruptive Solar Flares‎
|number = 364
|first_author = Ranadeep Sarkar,
|second_author = Nandita Srivastava and Astrid Veronig
|publish_date = 18 November 2019
|description = The net Lorentz force clearly exhibits a build-up and release pattern
|image=Icon364.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare waiting times depend on their magnitudes
|number = 363
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 11 November 2019
|description = Surprising new evidence for the flare build-up and release process
|image=Icon363.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Can magnetic reconnection cause solar rainstorms?‎
|number = 362
|first_author = Petra Kohutova
|second_author =
|publish_date = 4 November 2019
|description = Impulsive coronal heating resulting from reconnection can trigger coronal rain
|image=Icon362.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Non-radial jets on the edges of active regions
|number = 361
|first_author = Peter Wyper
|second_author =
|publish_date = 14 October 2019
|description = The very common jet structures we see can naturally combine twist and breakout
|image=Icon361.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Searching SOLfully within the Nuggets
|number = 360
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 7 October 2019
|description = The IAU target identifier works well for finding items about a particular event
|image=Icon360.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Submillimeter Radiation as the Thermal Component of the Neupert Effect
|number = 359
|first_author = Guillermo Giménez de Castro
|second_author =
|publish_date = 31 September 2019
|description = Flare radiation at the highest frequencies can be bremsstrahlung
|image=Icon359.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The "Last Best" Flares
|number = 358
|first_author = Hugh Hudson,
|second_author = Ed Cliver, and Brian Dennis
|publish_date = 24 September 2019
|description = Major flares tend to happen at the very ends of sunspot cycles
|image=Icon358.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Dynamic Processes of the Moreton Wave on 2014 March 29‎
|number = 357
|first_author = Denis Cabezas
|second_author = and the FMT team
|publish_date = 16 September 2019
|description = A beautiful Moreton wave excited by the best-observed flare ever
|image=Icon357.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = EVE-RHESSI DEM Models and the Low-energy Cutoff for Nonthermal Electrons
|number = 356
|first_author = Jim McTiernan
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 September 2019
|description = Characterizing flare temperature distributions helps to define the non-thermal energy release
|image=Icon356.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Stealth Coronal Mass Ejections from Active Regions
|number = 355
|first_author = Jennifer O'Kane
|second_author =
|publish_date = 26 August 2019
|description = Perhaps just feeble versions of the same magnetic disease...
|image=Icon355.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Do Kepler Superflare Stars Really Include Slowly Rotating Sun-like Stars?‎
|number = 354
|first_author = Yuta NOTSU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 July 2019
|description = Kepler superflares hint at solar superflares
|image=Icon354.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Localized Microwave and EUV Bright Structures in an Eruptive Prominence
|number = 353
|first_author = Jing HUANG
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 June 2019
|description = Detailed correlations between EUV and microwaves in prominence fine structures
|image=Icon353.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Broken-up hard X-ray spectra found for a loop-top source during a solar limb flare
|number = 352
|first_author = Hao NING,
|second_author = Yao CHEN and Jeongwoo LEE
|publish_date = 16 June 2019
|description = SOL2017-09-10 coronal hard X-ray sources
|image=Icon352.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Cosmic-Ray Shadow and Coronal Magnetism
|number = 351
|first_author = Frederik Tenholt
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 May 2019
|description = The coronal magnetic field measured in Antarctica
|image=Icon351.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Kristian Birkeland
|number = 350
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Lyndsay FLETCHER
|publish_date = 6 May 2019
|description = Space weather a century ago: Kristian Birkeland
|image=Icon350.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Warm UV loops heated by small-scale cancellation events
|number = 349
|first_author = Seray ŞAHIN
|second_author = and Vasyl YURCHYSHYN
|publish_date = 22 April 2019
|description = Precisely locating the footpoints of warm coronal loops helps identify their source(s) of excitation
|image=Icon349.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Multiple Regions of Shock-accelerated Particles during a Solar Coronal Mass Ejection
|number = 348
|first_author = Diana MOROSAN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 1 April 2019
|description = LOFAR identifies herringbone sources within the flank of the SOL2017-09-10 shock - no joke
|image=Icon348.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Persistent Quasi-Periodic Pulsations Detected During the Large X8.2 Solar Flare
|number = 347
|first_author = Laura HAYES
|second_author = and Peter GALLAGHER
|publish_date = 25 March 2019
|description = The most beautiful flare has the most beautiful pulsations
|image=Icon347.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Is the coronal magnetic field braiding?
|number = 346
|first_author = Markus ASCHWANDEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 11 March 2019
|description = This iconic cartoon does not relate well to the observations
|image=Icon346.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An energetic pre-flare: electron distributions in magnetic reconnection outflows
|number = 345
|first_author = Marina BATTAGLIA,
|second_author = Eduard KONTAR and Galina MOTORINA
|publish_date = 18 February 2019
|description = Assessing energy partition in a pre-impulsive flare development
|image=Icon345.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Linear Polarization in H-alpha Flares
|number = 344
|first_author = Tomoko KAWATE
|second_author = and Yoichiro HANAOKA
|publish_date = 4 February 2019
|description = H-alpha polarization is rarely observable but, in once case, very suggestive
|image=Icon344.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Short-Period Waves
|number = 343
|first_author = Sijie YU
|second_author = and Bin CHEN
|publish_date = 21 January 2019
|description = New decimetric imaging spectroscopy suggests Alfvénic energy transport in flares
|image=Icon343.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Interesting RHESSI/SAS Archive
|number = 342
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Martin FIVIAN
|publish_date = 8 January 2019
|description = The full mission database shows RHESSI to have been very stable geometrically
|image=Icon342.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Homologous White Light Solar Flares‎
|number = 341
|first_author = Paolo ROMANO
|second_author = and Abouazza ELMHAMDI
|publish_date = 31 December 2018
|description = Homologous white-light flares, in rapid succession, and coronal null points
|image=Icon341.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The flight of FOXSI-3
|number = 340
|first_author = Lindsay GLESENER
|second_author = and Noriyuki NARUKAGE
|publish_date = 10 December 2018
|description = Single-photon counting and direct focusing across hard and soft energies
|image=Icon340.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Stellar Flares and Starspots
|number = 339
|first_author = Lauren DOYLE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 3 December 2018
|description = Stellar flares don't spatially match their starspots
|image=Icon339.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Neutron Production in Solar Flares
|number = 338
|first_author = Ron MURPHY
|second_author = and Gerry SHARE
|publish_date = 26 November 2018
|description = Neutron astronomy helps us understand solar flares
|image=Icon338.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Cycle 25 Strikes Again
|number = 337
|first_author = Kamil BICZ
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 November 2018
|description = A second, larger Cycle 25 sunspot
|image=Icon337.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remembering Marcos Machado via his research
|number = 336
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 13 November 2018
|description = Recalling a friend and colleague, and admiring his final paper
|image=Icon336.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = CORONAS/SPIRIT Mg XII and Nanoflares‎
|number = 335
|first_author = Anton REVA
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 October 2018
|description = Monochromatic Mg XII spectroheliography sets severe limits on nanoflare heating models
|image=Icon335.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = White-light Emission and Non-thermal Electrons‎
|number = 334
|first_author = Kyoung-Sun LEE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 8 October 2018
|description = An intimate relationship between accelerated electrons and visible flare continuum
|image=Icon334.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal Hard X-ray Sources Revisited
|number = 333
|first_author = Brian DENNIS
|second_author =
|publish_date = 24 September 2018
|description = Reporting some over-interpretation of the evidence for "coronal thick targets"
|image=Icon333.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Photospheric response to a flare
|number = 332
|first_author = Mike WHEATLAND
|second_author =
|publish_date = 17 September 2018
|description = Sudden changes in the magnetic field in the low atmosphere associated with particle acceleration
|image=Icon332.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = New Views of Global Solar Magnetic Field Evolution Over Four Solar Cycles
|number = 331
|first_author = David WEBB
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 August 2018
|description = A digital archive of Pat McIntosh's 44 years of solar synoptic observations
|image=Icon331.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Understanding the co-spatial return current in solar flares
|number = 330
|first_author = Meriem ALAOUI
|second_author = and Gordon HOLMAN
|publish_date = 6 August 2018
|description = Completing the circuit in a thick-target model
|image=Icon330.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = 3D Magnetic Reconnection at a Coronal Null Point
|number = 329
|first_author = Shane MALONEY,
|second_author = Aidan O'Flannagain and Peter Gallagher
|publish_date = 30 July 2018
|description = Large-scale reconnection involved in Type I radio noise storm
|image=Icon329.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The true dawn of multimessenger astronomy
|number = 328
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 23 July 2018
|description = Ever since the Carrington flare
|image=Icon328.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Microwave Imaging Spectroscopy of Flares is Here‎
|number = 327
|first_author = Dale E. Gary,
|second_author = EOVSA and RHESSI Teams
|publish_date = 16 July 2018
|description = Microwave imaging spectroscopy takes a giant leap forward with SOL2017-09-10
|image=Icon327.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal nanoflares powered by footpoint reconnection
|number = 326
|first_author = Pradeep Chitta,
|second_author = Hardi Peter, and Sami Solanki
|publish_date = 9 July 2018
|description = Coronal nanoflares in active region cores can be powered by the magnetic reconnection in the lower solar atmosphere
|image=Icon326.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A remarkable, but confused, coronal hard X-ray source
|number = 325
|first_author = Alexandra Lysenko,
|second_author = Larisa Kashapova and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 25 June 2018
|description = A remarkable flare in 1999 adds to our short list of extended coronal hard X-ray/microwave sources
|image=Icon325.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Understanding HMI pseudocontinuum in white-light flares‎
|number = 324
|first_author = Michal &Scaron;vanda
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 28 May 2018
|description = The HMI pseudocontinuum (Ic) is ill-calibrated in regions with strong fields, i.e. for white-light flares
|image=Icon324.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = To beam or not to beam - that is (still) the question
|number = 323
|first_author = Paulo Simões
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 14 May 2018
|description = Descriptions of the lower solar atmosphere of flares ca. Cycle 21 sound surprisingly current
|image=Icon323.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observation of Cosmic Ray Spallation Events from SoHO‎
|number = 322
|first_author = Serge Koutchmy
|second_author = and Ehsan Tavabi
|publish_date = 7 May 2018
|description = LASCO's images capture high-energy nuclear interactions from cosmic-ray hits
|image=Icon322.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Sunspot from Cycle 25 for sure
|number = 321
|first_author = Tomek Mrozek
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 10 April 2018
|description = YES! Cycle 25 is here!
|image=Icon321.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Blue-wing enhancement of the Mg II h and k lines in a flare
|number = 320
|first_author = Akiko TEI
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 April 2018
|description = Flare loops involve a cool upflow preceding the hot evaporation flow
|image=Icon320.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = NuSTAR detects X-ray flares in the quiet Sun
|number = 319
|first_author = Matej Kuhar
|second_author = and Säm Krucker
|publish_date = 26 March 2018
|description = Quiet-Sun flares may not be powerful, but they look a lot like ordinary flares
|image=Icon319.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Homologous CME/flares from AR 12371
|number = 318
|first_author = Panditi Vemareddy
|second_author = and Pascal Demoulín
|publish_date = 19 March 2018
|description = An excellent set of homologous flare/CMEs analyzed and explained
|image=Icon318.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Non-Maxwellian Diagnostics from SDO/EVE Spectra of an X-class Flare
|number = 317
|first_author = Elena Dzifčáková
|second_author = and Jaroslav Dudík
|publish_date = 16 February 2018
|description = Ratios of high-excitation ions can readily detect κ-distributions in flare plasmas
|image=Icon317.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Joint MinXSS and RHESSI Flare X-ray Spectra between 1 and 15 keV
|number = 316
|first_author = Chris Moore, Brian Dennis and the MinXSS Science Team
|publish_date = 5 February 2018
|description = MinXSS adds systematic views of flare soft X-ray spectra to RHESSI imagery
|image=Icon316.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Parameterized Flare Models with Chromospheric Compressions
|number = 315
|first_author = Adam Kowalski & Joel Allred
|publish_date = 17 January 2018
|description = A new approach to modeling the lower flare atmosphere
|image=FlareModelsKowalskiAllred.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Curious Sunspot Group in 2018
|number = 314
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 14 January 2018
|description = The first new sunspot group of 2018 emerged at the wrong latitude
|image = Icon314.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Tecumseh's Eclipse and Astrophysics
|number = 313
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 25 December 2017
|description = The solar corona was first recognized as such, and named, in an eclipse of 1806
|image = Icon313.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hunting for Hidden Tiny Flares
|number = 312
|first_author = Shin-nosuke ISHIKAWA
|publish_date = 27 November 2017
|description = FOXSI-2 says that episodic energy releases are still viable as a part of the coronal heating problem.
|image = Icon312.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unusual Type III Burst Dynamics Produced by Diverging Magnetic Fields
|number = 311
|first_author = Patrick McCauley
|publish_date = 20 November 2017
|description = Unusual type III bursts follow coronal separatrix structures.
|image = Icon311.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Valderrama in the 21st Century
|number = 310
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 31 October 2017
|description = A newly-described white-light flare from the 19th century!..
|image = Icon310.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electron Scattering in the Flaring Corona
|number = 309
|first_author = Sophie Musset
|publish_date = 24 October 2017
|description = Diffusive transport may contribute to the trapping of electrons in coronal X-ray sources
|image = Icon309.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Power of Turbulence
|number = 308
|first_author = Nic Bian
|publish_date = 25 September 2017
|description = Turbulent energy content may underlie flare energy transfer, magnetic reconnection, and particle acceleration
|image = Icon308.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Kelvin Force and Loop-Top Concentration
|number = 307
|first_author = Kiyoto SHIBASAKI
|publish_date = 18 September 2017
|description = New physics can explain the perplexing overpressure at the flare looptop regions
|image = Icon307.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Last Best Flare of Cycle 24?
|number = 306
|first_author = Säm Krucker
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 11 September 2017
|description = Right on schedule, Cycle 24 has produced a great flare (with a GLE)
|image = Icon306.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electric Current Neutralization and Solar Eruption in Active Regions
|number = 305
|first_author = Yang LIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 28 August 2017
|description = Active current systems in the solar corona don't have return currents
|image = Icon305.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = RHESSI and the Megamovie
|number = 304
|first_author = Hugh Hudson, Laura Peticolas,
|second_author = and Juan Carlos Martínez Oliveros
|publish_date = 31 July 2017
|description = A wholly new way to view a solar eclipse, and to do solar astrometry
|image = Icon304.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bastille Day 2017
|number = 303
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = and Säm Krucker
|publish_date = 24 July 2017
|description = Interesting flares really do happen on Bastille Day...
|image = Icon303.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Solar X-ray Limb III
|number = 302
|first_author = Marina Battaglia
|second_author = and Gordon Hurford
|publish_date = 12 June 2017
|description = RHESSI succeeds with a wholly new way to measure the solar diameter
|image = Icon302.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Double Coronal X-ray and Microwave Sources Associated With A Magnetic Breakout Solar Eruption
|number = 301
|first_author = Yao CHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 29 May 2017
|description = A different explanation of the double coronal hard X-ray sources
|image = Icon301.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Lasso Model for Solar Gamma-ray Events
|number = 300
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 May 2017
|description = A toy model hoping to explain the SEP/LAT relationship
|image = Icon300.png}}

[[RHESSI Science Nuggets 200 to 299|Next Nuggets]]

SolarNuggets

2026-04-11T16:34:57Z

Hhudson:

Welcome to the [[SolarNuggets]] collection, which extends the series of [[RHESSI]] Nuggets. The following is a time-ordered list of the latest Nuggets added to the HelioWiki. An [[:Category:Nugget|alphabetical list of the SolarNuggets]] is also available as well as [[:Category:RHESSI Nugget List|yearly lists]]. One can search on author, topic, IAU flare identifier, etc.). We welcome volunteer authors - please see our page of [[Help:For_Authors| help for authors]] or just send an email to the Curator at (hugh.hudson@glasgow.ac.uk).

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Can EUV Power-Spectral Indices Reveal Imminent Solar Flares?
|number = 521
|first_author = Sihui ZHONG
|second_author = Dmitrii KOLOTKOV and Valery M. NAKARIAKOV
||publish_date = 6 April 2026
|description = A new flare precursor observable - power spectra
|image=Icon521.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = How energetic can solar flares become?
|number = 520
|first_author = Natalie KRIVOVA
||publish_date = 31 March 2026
|description = The history of active-region areas suggests the possibility of solar superflares
|image=Icon520.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops
|number = 519
|first_author = Teodora MIHĂILESCU,
|second_author = Peter YOUNG et AL.
||publish_date = 16 March 2026
|description = Higher FIP bias than expected in some flare loops, a diagnostically interesting result
|image=Icon519.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = When Magnetic Field Lines Stretch, Snap, and Expand: A New Look at Solar Flares with L-maps
|number = 518
|first_author = Maria KAZACHENKO,
|second_author = Yuhong FAN and Andrey AFANASYEV
||publish_date = 9 March 2026
|description = A clever new tool tracks magnetic connectivity (and energy) during flare/CME occurrence
|image=Icon518.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observational Evidence Linking Loop Length and Thermal/Nonthermal Peak Timing in Solar Flares
|number = 517
|first_author = Solomon PERRIYIL
||publish_date = 23 February 2026
|description = Clear evidence for the universality of the physics behind the Neupert Effect
|image=Icon517.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A fine-scale bright kernel captured by Hi-C 3 in the post-maximum phase of an M-class solar flare
|number = 516
|first_author = Sanjiv TIWARI
||publish_date = 9 February 2026
|description = The Hi-C rocket catches an extremely compact brightening in late-phase flare ribbon development
|image=Icon516.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On the Relationship Between Nanoflare Energy and Delay in the Closed Solar Corona
|number = 515
|first_author = Shanwlee SOW MONDAL et al.
||publish_date = 19 January 2026
|description = Nanoflaring implies energy storage and sudden release, suggesting correlation between event energy and its timing
|image=Icon515.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fine structures in solar flare ribbons
|number = 514
|first_author = Jonas THOEN FABER
||publish_date = 12 January 2026
|description = Elongated "riblets" commonly rise out of flare ribbons, and have characteristic Doppler shifts
|image=Icon514.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The M- and X-class White-light Flares in Super Active Region NOAA 13664/13697
|number = 513
|first_author = Zhichen JING
|second_author = and Ying LI
|publish_date = 5 January 2026
|description = "Super" active regions have relatively more frequent X-class flares, which correlate well with visible continuum (white-light flare) emission
|image=Icon513.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Iron Fluorescence in X-class Solar Flares
|number = 512
|first_author = Abhilash SARWADE
|publish_date = 8 December 2025
|description = A new spectroscopic capability for Iron K-alpha fluorescence
|image=Icon512.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star Analysis of a Solar Eruption Source Region Using H-alpha Spectroscopic Observations from CHASE
|number = 510
|first_author = Xiaofeng LIU
|second_author = and Yijun HOU
|publish_date = 24 November 2025
|description = Sun-as-a-star observations help to translate solar/stellar processes
|image=Icon5010.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On the Origin of Solar Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Flares‎‎‎‎
|number = 509
|first_author = Alessandro BRUNO
|publish_date = 3 November 2025
|description = Do we really need a CME to produce a long-duration solar gamma-ray event?
|image=Icon509.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = FAI and GOES eclipses‎‎
|number = 508
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 20 October 2025
|description = Flare anticipation via FAI may have problems during GOES eclipses, which are really interesting in their own right
|image=Icon508.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The EUV Late Phase‎
|number = 507
|first_author = Sascha ORNIG
|publish_date = 13 October 2025
|description = Basic comparative statistics of the ELP, a distinct flare phenomenon
|image=Icon507.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Time evolution of flare-accelerated electrons using the warm-target model‎
|number = 506
|first_author = Debesh BHATTACHARJEE
|publish_date = 6 October 2025
|description = Considering a "warm" thick target allows flare-accelerated electrons to be treated self-consistently
|image=Icon506.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOLSTICE observes flare Doppler shifts in Si III
|number = 505
|first_author = Luke MAJURY
|publish_date = 30 September 2025
|description = A rarely used database suggests prograde-flow Doppler shifts in flaring plasmas
|image=Icon505.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare Phases and the Earth's Ionospheric Response
|number = 504
|first_author = Susanna BEKKER
|publish_date = 16 September 2025
|description = A flare's "EUV late phase" is surprisingly geoeffective
|image=Icon504.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Neupertianity
|number = 503
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 August 2025
|description = It's hard to avoid the Neupert Effect
|image=Icon503.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Synchrotron Radiation and the Foundations for a Cosmic Bridge
|number = 502
|first_author = Immanuel JEBARAJ
|publish_date = 11 August 2025
|description = Gyrosynchrotron radiation in shocks: a cosmic connection
|image=Icon502.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Aulanier Effect: drifting footpoints of CME flux ropes
|number = 501
|first_author = Jaroslav DUDÍK,
|second_author = Juraj LÖRINČÍK and Brigitte SCHMIEDER
|publish_date = 21 July 2025
|description = The breakthrough to 3D flare physics: the Aulanier Effect
|image=Icon501.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Five Hundred Nuggets
|number = 500
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 14 July 2025
|description = A milestone
|image=Icon169.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasiperiodic Pulsations in the Balmer Continuum in an X-class Solar White-light Flare
|number = 499
|first_author = De-Chao SONG et al.
|publish_date = 30 June 2025
|description = QPP in the Balmer continuum: the powerful heartbeat of a flare
|image=Icon499.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = High-Resolution Observations of a C3 class White-Light Flare
|number = 498
|first_author = Zhe XU and
|second_author = Xiaoli YAN
|publish_date = 16 June 2025
|description = A compact white-light flare with vortical motions (and hard X-rays)
|image=Icon498.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Sun's open-closed flux boundary and the origin of the slow solar wind
|number = 497
|first_author = Chloe WILKINS and
|second_author = David PONTIN
|publish_date = 26 May 2025
|description = Identifying the solar sources of slow solar wind
|image=Icon497.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Delay of Near-Relativistic Electrons
|number = 496
|first_author = Grant MITCHELL
|publish_date = 19 May 2025
|description = Parker Solar Probe solves an old mystery about type III bursts
|image=Icon496.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Multi-Site Telescope for Multi-Height for Synoptic Observations
|number = 495
|first_author = Fallon KONOW
|publish_date = 11 May 2025
|description = A new synoptic network for observations at multiple wavelengths
|image=Icon495.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On turbulent magnetic reconnection: fast and slow mean steady-states
|number = 494
|first_author = Sage STANISH
|second_author = and David MacTAGGART
|publish_date = 28 April 2025
|description = In a turbulent medium, magnetic reconnection has two limiting domains
|image=Icon494.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasi-Periodic Pulsations in Ionospheric TEC and Flare EUV
|number = 493
|first_author = Aisling O'HARE
|publish_date = 21 April 2025
|description = The Earth's ionosphere reflects QPPs, with a small delay
|image=Icon493.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Metis observations of Alfvenic outflows driven by interchange reconnection in a pseudostreamer
|number = 492
|first_author = Paolo ROMANO and the Metis team
|publish_date = 7 April 2025
|description = Exactly as predicted by numerical simulations... a rare coup
|image=Icon492.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Rollercoaster: looping-the-loop in the solar corona
|number = 491
|first_author = Mohamed NEDAL et al.
|publish_date = 31 March 2025
|description = Large-scale helical motion in the flare/CME SOL2024-05-14
|image=Icon491.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Proton Beam Energy Deposition as a Mechanism of Deep Photospheric Heating
|number = 490
|first_author = Samuel GRANOVSKY
|second_author = and Alexander KOSOVICHEV
|publish_date = 17 March 2025
|description = Evidence for proton beams in white-light flares
|image=Icon490.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = New insights into the proton precipitation sites in solar flares
|number = 489
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 17 February 2025
|description = There is no detectable difference in proton and electron foopoint locations after all
|image=Icon489.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Gamma-Ray Evidence for a Distinct Population of MeV Flare-Accelerated Electrons
|number = 488
|first_author = Gerry SHARE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 10 February 2025
|description = Relativistic electrons in solar flares newly recognized as a distinct process
|image=Icon488.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = From Chromospheric Evaporation to Coronal Rain: An Investigation of the Mass and Energy Cycle of a Flare‎
|number = 487
|first_author = Seray &Scedil;AHIN
|second_author = and Patrick ANTOLIN
|publish_date = 3 February 2025
|description = A first quantitative comparison of flare evaporation and coronal rain
|image=Icon487.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energetic neutral atoms detected in the large solar energetic particle event of February 2022‎
|number = 486
|first_author = Christina COHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 January 2025
|description = Only the second direct observation of high-energy neutral atoms from the Sun
|image=Icon486.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Magnetic topology of quiet-Sun Ellerman bombs and associated ultraviolet brightenings‎
|number = 485
|first_author = Aditi BHATNAGAR
|second_author =
|publish_date = 6 January 2025
|description = Tiny "Ellerman Bombs" occur all across the solar surface, with differences
|image=Icon485.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unveiling CME Dynamics: Rare Rotations of CMEs in the Heliosphere
|number = 484
|first_author = Sandeep KUMAR and
|second_author = Nandita SRIVASTAVA
|publish_date = 30 December 2024
|description = CMEs usually do not show additional rotation as they move though the heliosphere
|image=Icon484.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatial and Spectral Evolution of Microwave and X-Ray Sources During the Limb Flare SOL2023-02-05
|number = 483
|first_author = Yulia N. SHAMSUTDINOVA
|publish_date = 23 December 2024
|description = Rare microwave imaging spectroscopy of a hot-onset precursor event
|image=Icon483.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = High-resolution observational analysis of flare ribbon fine structures
|number = 482
|first_author = Jonas THOEN FABER
|publish_date = 16 December 2024
|description = Spatially periodic fine structures in flare ribbons reveal current-sheet tearing
|image=Icon482.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Advection and super-diffusive expansion as the model of flare accelerated electron transport in type III solar radio bursts
|number = 481
|first_author = Eduard KONTAR
|publish_date = 9 December 2024
|description = Sturrock's dilemma resolved
|image=Icon481.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Faraday's Law in Solar Flares: A Cautionary Message
|number = 480
|first_author = Michael FARADAY
|publish_date = 2 December 2024
|description = We must not forget the global implications of Faraday's Law
|image=Icon480.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remarkable NUV Spectrum of an M-star Megaflare
|number = 479
|first_author = Adam KOWALSKI
|publish_date = 25 November 2024
|description = Remarkable NUV spectra from an HST stellar flare
|image=Icon479.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Revised Point-Spread Functions of AIA and their effect on DEM analyses
|number = 478
|first_author =Stefan HOFMEISTER,
|second_author = Daniel Wolf SAVIN, and Michael HAHN
|publish_date = 18 November 2024
|description = Substantial revisions of the AIA point-response functions
|image=Icon478.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = How much of the energy in flare-accelerated electrons reaches the chromosphere?
|number = 477
|first_author = Meriem ALAOUI
|second_author = and Gordon HOLMAN
|publish_date = 11 November 2024
|description = Keeping flare-accelerated electrons out of the chromosphere
|image=Icon477.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatially resolved plasma composition evolution in a solar flare
|number = 476
|first_author = Andy S. H. TO
|publish_date = 4 November 2024
|description = Reconnection outflow feeds abundance variations
|image=Icon476.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = HOPE during high activity
|number = 475
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Alphonse STERLING
|publish_date = 28 October 2024
|description = Hot onsets appear even in the most active solar conditions
|image=Icon475.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Simulated heliospheric electron spectra show sensitivity to plasma properties of a source region in the flaring corona
|number = 474
|first_author = Ross PALLISTER
|second_author = and Natasha JEFFREY
|publish_date = 21 October 2024
|description = Getting closer to an understanding of how solar energetic particles "escape"
|image=Icon474.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An extremely complex active region with very strong non-neutralized electric currents
|number = 473
|first_author = Ioannis KONTOGIANNIS
|publish_date = 14 October 2024
|description = Large non-neutralized electric currents flow through the active-region corona
|image=Icon473.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An X9 flare and its huge crochet (SFE)
|number = 472
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 7 October 2024
|description = The geomagnetic effect (SFE/crochet) that will calibrate the Carrington flare
|image=Icon472.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = All microflares that accelerate electrons to high energies are rooted in sunspots
|number = 471
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|publish_date = 30 September 2024
|description = Microflares with hard X-ray spectra are a well-defined class, and invariably have one footpoint embedded in a sunspot
|image=Icon471.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The warm-target model and kappa distributions
|number = 470
|first_author = Yingjie LUO
|publish_date = 16 September 2024
|description = A self-consistent treatment of non-thermal electron spectra points to kappa distributions
|image=Icon470.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Is there HOPE for Hyder flares...
|number = 468
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 15 March 2024
|description = Filament eruptions/Hyder flares/disparitions brusques may all show HOPE
|image=Icon468.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star Analysis of the M8.7 Flare on 2022 October 2 Using H-alpha and EUV Spectra Taken by SMART/SDDI and SDO/EVE
|number = 467
|first_author = Takato OTSU
|publish_date = 19 February 2024
|description = Whole-Sun spectroscopic observations can readily detect ejecta
|image=Icon467.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unexpected Asymmetry in GeV Emission
|number = 466
|first_author = Bruno ARSIOLI and Elena ORLANDO
|publish_date = 15 January 2024
|description = The high-energy solar gamma radiation shows inexplicable but fascinating properties
|image=Icon466.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = When it rippled in one place and exploded in another
|number = 465
|first_author = Ivan ZIMOVETS
|publish_date = 25 December 2023
|description = Pulsations precede a flare, but seem unrelated
|image=Icon465.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar flares: evaporation and simulation‎
|number = 464
|first_author = Malcolm DRUETT
|publish_date = 18 December 2023
|description = Fitting beam electrons into multi-dimensional models
|image=Icon464.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Pre-impulsive and Impulsive Phases of the March 28, 2022 Sub-Terahertz Flare
|number = 463
|first_author = Galina G. MOTORINA
|publish_date = 11 December 2023
|description = A flare with an increasing sub-THz spectrum and sub-THZ precursor information
|image=Icon463.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal Bright Points
|number = 462
|first_author = Daniel NÓBREGA-SIVERIO
|publish_date = 27 November 2023
|description = Bright EUV rowel-like structures can result from null-point reconnection
|image=Icon462.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Aurora-like Radio Emission from a Sunspot
|number = 461
|first_author = Sijie YU
|publish_date = 20 November 2023
|description = Maser action above a sunspot
|image=Icon461.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Search for a Flare Anticipation Index (FAI)
|number = 460
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Jim McTiernan
|publish_date = 13 November 2023
|description = Quantifying flare precursors on a few-minute time scale
|image=Icon460.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bouncing motions of fast electrons using Nobeyama Radioheliograph
|number = 459
|first_author = Keitarou MATSUMOTO
|publish_date = 6 November 2023
|description = Solar evidence for conservation of second adiabatic invariant in particle motion
|image=Icon459.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Impact of nanoflare heating in the lower solar atmosphere
|number = 458
|first_author = Helle BAKKE
|publish_date = 30 October 2023
|description = The behavior of nanoflare fast electrons in Bifrost models
|image=Icon458.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Precise timing of flare footpoint sources from mid-infrared observations‎
|number = 457
|first_author = Paulo SIMÕES et al.
|publish_date = 23 October 2023
|description = Mid-IR observations at high spatial and high temporal resolution: Conjugacy
|image=Icon457.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Greatest GOES Flares‎
|number = 456
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Ed CLIVER
|publish_date = 25 September 2023
|description = The greatest GOES events, re-analyzed, fall short of expectations
|image=Icon456.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Introducing SunSketcher
|number = 455
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Gordon EMSLIE
|publish_date = 11 September 2023
|description = Galloping towards roundup in the 2024 total solar eclipse
|image=Icon455.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = TeV Gamma rays from the Quiescent Sun
|number = 454
|first_author = Mehr Un NISA
|second_author = and John BEACOM
|publish_date = 21 August 2023
|description = Solar photons at unprecedented high energies
|image=Icon454.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Hard X-Ray Sources in Flare Model with Vertical Current Sheet
|number = 453
|first_author = Alexander SHABALIN, Eugenia OVCHINNIKOVA,
|second_author = and Yuri CHARIKOV
|publish_date = 7 August 2023
|description = Modeling betatron acceleration in current-sheet development.
|image=Icon453.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatial Distribution of Magnetic Reconnection Rate in an M6.5 Solar Flare
|number = 452
|first_author = Ju JING
|publish_date = 12 June 2023
|description = Linking hard X-rays to high-resolution images that show reconnection rates.
|image=Icon452.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Statistical study of Type III bursts and associated HXR emissions
|number = 451
|first_author = Nicole VILMER and Tomin JAMES
|publish_date = 29 May 2023
|description = Linking electron populations escaping from the Sun with those that RHESSI detects.
|image=Icon451.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar flare hard X-rays from the anchor points of an eruptive filament
|number = 450
|first_author = Muriel STIEFEL
|publish_date = 15 May 2023
|description = A rare "four-ribbon" flare has been detected in hard X-rays.
|image=Icon450.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Did a Solar Flare Accelerate all the Ambient Electrons in the Coronal Acceleration Region?...
|number = 449
|first_author = Gordon EMSLIE, Eduard KONTAR,
|second_author = Galina MOTORINA, and Brian DENNIS
|publish_date = 1 May 2023
|description = Considering SOL2017-09-10, probably not.
|image=Icon449.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Diagnostics of Spatially-Extended Turbulent Acceleration and Transport
|number = 448
|first_author = Morgan STORES
|publish_date = 24 April 2023
|description = Drilling down into the detailed structure of solar-flare energy release by including turbulence with particle acceleration.
|image=Icon448.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = RHESSI's Re-entry
|number = 447
|first_author = Pascal SAINT-HILAIRE and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 17 April 2023
|description = The final demise of RHESSI is this week
|image=Icon447.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Glasgow geomagnetic observation of a solar flare
|number = 446
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON, John MALONE-LEIGH,
|second_author = Graham WOAN, and Chris OSBORNE
|publish_date = 13 March 2023
|description = Irish and Scottish geomagnetic observatories see a crochet much like that of the Carrington event
|image=Icon_446.png}}

{{{Nugget Badge
|title = Particle Acceleration in Two Coronal Jets
|number = 445
|first_author = Yixian ZHANG
|publish_date = 27 February 2023
|description = Coronal jets with hard X-ray sources at disjoint locations
|image=Icon445.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Curious First Sunquake of Solar Cycle 25‎
|number = 444
|first_author = Alexander KOSOVICHEV
|publish_date = 13 February 2023
|description = A double whammy: two distinct sunquakes from SOL2022-05-10.
|image=Icon444.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hard X-ray Pulsations via Gaussian Decomposition
|number = 443
|first_author = Hannah COLLIER and Laura HAYES
|publish_date = 30 January 2023
|description = Flare hard X-ray time variations decomposed objectively
|image=Icon443.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A possible coronal magnetic flare precursor
|number = 442
|first_author = Enrico LANDI
|publish_date = 16 January 2023
|description = Novel measurements of the coronal magnetic field may help with flare prediction
|image=Icon442.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A slow HOPE with microwave context
|number = 441
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 12 December 2022
|description = A new microwave facility at Chashan Observatory, and a prototypical HOPE
|image=Icon441.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Rapid variations of Si IV spectra in a flare observed by IRIS at a sub-second cadence
|number = 440
|first_author = Juraj LÖRINČÍK
|publish_date = 14 November 2022
|description = Transition-region lines in a flare have a Doppler component revealing quasi-periodic pulsations
|image=Icon440.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Significant Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance Associated with a Massive Gamma-ray Burst
|number = 439
|first_author = Laura HAYES and Peter GALLAGHER
|publish_date = 31 October 2022
|description = A first SID observed in broad daylight, from a source far far away
|image=Icon439.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Effects of Coronal Structures on the Dynamics of the Global Coronal Wave of SOL2017-09-10‎
|number = 438
|first_author = Huidong HU, Ying D. LIU, and Bei ZHU
|publish_date = 17 October 2022
|description = The amazing global coronal wave of SOL2017-09-10 wrapped around the whole Sun, and displayed transmission and reflection at both polar coronal holes
|image=Icon438.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = KW-Sun: The Konus-Wind Solar Flare Database in Hard X-Ray and Soft Gamma-Ray Ranges
|number = 437
|first_author = Alexandra LYSENKO
|publish_date = 26 September 2022
|description = An unrivaled hard X-ray and gamma-ray database is entering its third activity maximum
|image=Icon437.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = First Detection of Kink Oscillations with Solar Orbiter
|number = 436
|first_author = Sihui ZHONG et al.
|publish_date = 19 September 2022
|description = SolO sees coronal oscillations as well as AIA can, and even better
|image=Icon436.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energetic Neutral Hydrogen from Large Solar Flares
|number = 435
|first_author = Glenn MASON
|publish_date = 6 September 2022
|description = A rediscovered data treasury reveals the occurrence of many flare/CME events producing solar high-energy neutral atoms
|image=Icon435.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fifty-year Anniversary of the First Detection of Gamma rays from a Solar Flare
|number = 434
|first_author = Jim Ryan,
|second_author = Brian Dennis, and Phil Dunphy
|publish_date = 8 August 2022
|description = The rich astrophysics of gamma-ray astronomy began with solar observations fifty years ago
|image=Icon434.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fast Prograde Flows in Solar Active Regions
|number = 433
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 July 2022
|description = Unexpected, unpredicted, and not modeled yet - weird flows in hot active-region loops
|image=Icon433.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Undetected Minority-polarity Flux, Moss, and Coronal Heating
|number = 432
|first_author = Yi-Ming WANG
|publish_date = 11 July 2022
|description = There's plenty of room in "unipolar" active regions for both polarities, and there is good evidence for them
|image=Icon432.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Thermal/Nonthermal with MinXSS and RHESSI
|number = 431
|first_author = Shunsaku NAGASAWA
|publish_date = 13 June 2022
|description = Time-domain studies of improved X-ray spectra reveal a "super-hot' component
|image=Icon431.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star spectroscopic observations of the line-of-sight velocity of a solar eruption on October 28, 2021
|number = 430
|first_author = Yu XU
|second_author = and Hui TIAN
|publish_date = 30 May 2022
|description = The observation of the full 3d velocity of a CME, for an anniversary event
|image=Icon430.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Carl Størmer
|number = 429
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Lyndsay FLETCHER
|publish_date = 15 April 2022
|description = Størmer and the theory of trapping in loops
|image=Icon429.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Hard X-rays with Insight
|number = 428
|first_author = Wei WANG
|second_author = and Ping ZHANG
|publish_date = 21 March 2022
|description = A spectacular limb flare introduces Insight/HXMT, a new observational resource
|image=Icon428.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Probing chromospheric current sheets using SST and ALMA co-observations
|number = 427
|first_author = João da SILVA SANTOS
|publish_date = 21 February 2022
|description = Emerging magnetic flux appears in ALMA images reflecting coronal current sheets
|image=Icon427.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A demonstration of STIX hard X-ray imaging spectroscopy capabilities for an X-class flare (SOL2021-10-28)
|number = 426
|first_author = Andrea BATTAGLIA, Hannah COLLIER,
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 7 February 2022
|description = STIX imaging of an X-class flare marks its success
|image=Icon426.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A solar flare driven by thermal conduction observed in mid-infrared
|number = 425
|first_author = Guillermo GIMÉNEZ de CASTRO
|publish_date = 24 January 2022
|description = Strong 10-micron emission from a GOES C2 flare suggests conductive heating
|image=Icon425.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Disk Occultation of a Lopsided Sun‎
|number = 424
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON,
|second_author = Stephen WHITE and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 10 January 2022
|description = Observing a spotless Sun can enable observations of the faint corona.
|image=Icon424.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Resolving two distinct thermal X-ray components in a compound solar flare
|number = 423
|first_author = Zhenjun ZHOU
|second_author = and Rui LIU
|publish_date = 28 December 2021
|description = Superhot coronal sources may be independent loop systems
|image=Icon423.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bridging solar flares to coronal mass ejections
|number = 422
|first_author = Markus ASCHWANDEN
|publish_date = 14 December 2021
|description = The Neupert effect allows us to trace coronal mass ejections seamlessly
|image=Icon422.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Jakimiec Diagnostic Diagram
|number = 421
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 29 November 2021
|description = The joint variation of GOES temperature and emission measure discloses new features via an old tool
|image=Icon421.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = First look at ALMA/HInode/IRIS microflares
|number = 420
|first_author = Toshifumi SHIMIZU
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 8 November 2021
|description = High-resolution ALMA and multiwavelength observations of microflaring
|image=Icon420.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Thomson scattering near sunspots
|number = 419
|first_author = Pascal Saint-Hilaire
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 25 October 2021
|description = Completing the modeling of low-coronal Thomson polarimetry
|image=Icon419.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Non-PFSS Global Coronal Model
|number = 418
|first_author = Oliver RICE
|second_author = and Anthony YEATES
|publish_date = 11 October 2021
|description = Modeling as convenient as PFSS but much more realistic
|image=Icon418.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Manifold Nonthermality
|number = 417
|first_author = Marina BATTAGLIA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 27 September 2021
|description = Even weak flares involve multiple sites of non thermal activity
|image=Icon417.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = X-Rays from a Type I Radio Burst
|number = 416
|first_author = R. RAMESH
|publish_date = 20 September 2021
|description = A first identification of type I radio emission with hot plasma
|image=Icon416.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Do Hot Onsets Predict Flare Magnitudes?
|number = 415
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 30 August 2021
|description = Maybe we can tell how big a flare is going to be from its initial development...
|image=Icon415.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Confined or Eruptive?
|number = 414
|first_author = Ting LI et al.
|publish_date = 16 August 2021
|description = Increased magnetic flux reduces CME eruptivity
|image=Icon414.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Impulsive and Gradual Eruptive Gamma Flares and Associated CMEs
|number = 413
|first_author = Alexey STRUMINSKY,
|second_author = Irina GRIGORIEVA and Andrei SADOVSKI
|publish_date = 19 July 2021
|description = Extreme behavior of flare/CME events explained by environment
|image=Icon373.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Morphology of Flare Time Profiles
|number = 412
|first_author = Larisa KASHAPOVA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 12 July 2021
|description = Systematic comparison of solar and stellar flaring time profiles
|image=Icon412.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare Pulsation and the Heliosphere
|number = 411
|first_author = Brendan CLARKE
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 5 July 2021
|description = Flare pulsations link closely to the distant heliosphere
|image=Icon411.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = STIX, the Hard X-Ray Telescope on board Solar Orbiter
|number = 410
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 28 June 2021
|description = STIX is operational and producing great data
|image=Icon410.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Nonequilibrium Ionization of Flare Plasma Observed by Hinode/EIS
|number = 409
|first_author = Shinsuke IMADA
|second_author =
|publish_date = 14 June 2021
|description = Evidence for non-equilibrium ionization in the current sheet of SOL2017-09-10
|image=Icon409.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Effects of Flares on Solar p-modes
|number = 408
|first_author = Maria-Cristina RABELLO SOARES
|second_author = and Frederic BAUDIN
|publish_date = 26 April 2021
|description = No detectable p-mode amplitude changes due to solar flares
|image=Icon408.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Subsecond Spikes in Solar Flare X-ray Flux as Seen by Fermi GBM
|number = 407
|first_author =Trevor KNUTH
|second_author = and Lindsay GLESENER
|publish_date = 19 April 2021
|description = A new analysis technique pushes hard X-ray time scales to 0.1 sec or faster
|image=Icon407.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Negative He 10830 Flare Ribbons and Non-thermal Electrons
|number = 406
|first_author = Graham KERR
|second_author =
|publish_date = 12 April 2021
|description = A 1D radiation hydrodynamics model can explain the dark leading edges of He I flare ribbons
|image=Icon406.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Tracing the sources of gradual solar energetic particle events
|number = 405
|first_author = David H. BROOKS
|second_author = and Stephanie L. YARDLEY
|publish_date = 29 March 2021
|description = Chemical abundances in SEPs suggest an origin in flare-related moss regions
|image=Icon405.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Superflare SOL2017-09-06: from submm to mid-IR
|number = 404
|first_author = Guillermo (Guigue) GIMÉNEZ DE CASTRO
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 March 2021
|description = Glimpsing the "missing decades" of the flare emission spectrum
|image=Icon404.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Neupert Effect Revisited
|number = 403
|first_author = Jiong QIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 8 March 2021
|description = Two time scales for heating individual flare strands
|image=Icon403.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = FLUKA as a tool for interpreting flare gamma-rays
|number = 402
|first_author = Alec MACKINNON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 1 March 2021
|description = The nuclear physics of solar flares captured in a detailed model
|image=Icon402.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Collective Study of 11 NuSTAR Microflares
|number = 401
|first_author = Jessie DUNCAN and
|second_author = Lindsay GLESENER
|publish_date = 22 February 2021
|description = Swarms of NuSTAR micro flares
|image=Icon401.png}}

{{{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Solar FRB
|number = 400
|first_author = Dale GARY and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 15 February 2021
|description = A new frontier in the solar time domain
|image=Icon400.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Richard Schwartz
|number = 399
|first_author = Brian DENNIS and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 January 2021
|description = Remembering a friend and colleague
|image=Icon399.jpg}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observing Solar Flare X-ray Polarization with Prospective CubeSat Missions
|number = 398
|first_author = Natasha JEFFREY
|publish_date = 4 January 2021
|description = The polarization of the solar X-ray spectrum generally remains to be observed
|image=Icon398.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar effects in the local interstellar medium
|number = 397
|first_author = Don GURNETT and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 14 December 2020
|description = Relativistic particle events observed _in situ_ in the interstellar medium
|image=Icon397.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Investigation of Small-Scale Energy Releases in Hard X-rays with FOXSI
|number = 396
|first_author = Subramania ATHIRAY and
|second_author = Juliana VIEVERING
|publish_date = 7 December 2020
|description = Hard X-rays and high temperatures from the feeblest microflares
|image=Icon396.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = What drives impulsive coronal heating?
|number = 395
|first_author = Pradeep CHITTA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 30 November 2020
|description = Impulsive footpoint emissions suggest magnetic reconnection in the chromosphere
|image=Icon395.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Probing the solar coronal heating function with slow magnetoacoustic waves
|number = 394
|first_author = Dmitrii KOLOTKOV
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 16 November 2020
|description = Coronal heating models meet damped slow magnetoacoustic waves
|image=Icon394.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Self-Consistent Flare Model
|number = 393
|first_author = Wenzhi RUAN
|second_author = and Rony KEPPENS
|publish_date = 2 November 2020
|description = Energy transport by fast particles made self-consistent with MHD flare modeling
|image=Icon393.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hot Flare Onsets
|number = 392
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 26 October 2020
|description = The initial soft X-ray temperatures of solar flares tend to be in the 10-15 MK range
|image=Icon392.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electric Current Neutralization and Eruption
|number = 391
|first_author = Ellis AVALLONE
|second_author = and Xudong SUN
|publish_date = 19 October 2020
|description = Coronal currents without neutralizing return currents appear to
|image=Icon391.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Prediction of Solar Cycle 25
|number = 390
|first_author = Leif SVALGAARD
|second_author =
|publish_date = 5 October 2020
|description = Now we know how big the next solar maximum will be
|image=Icon390.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare/CME Cartoon Archive
|number = 389
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 September 2020
|description = A new edition of the Flare/CME archive, nearly a half kilotoon now
|image=Icon389.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Submerged Flare Acoustic Sources
|number = 388
|first_author = Juan Camilo BUITRAGO CASAS
|second_author = and Angel MARTÍNEZ
|publish_date = 13 September 2020
|description = Flare acoustic radiation emanates from a source _inside_ the Sun
|image=Icon388.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Circular Ribbon Flare at Microwaves
|number = 387
|first_author = Jeongwoo LEE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 31 August 2020
|description = Breakout reconnection reveals itself via microwave polarization measurements.
|image=Icon387.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Relation of Non-neutralized electric currents and the activity in active regions
|number = 386
|first_author = P. VEMAREDDY
|second_author =
|publish_date = 24 August 2020
|description = Non-neutralized coronal current systems contribute to CME eruptions
|image=Icon386.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = White-light emission and photospheric magnetic field changes in flares
|number = 385
|first_author = J. Sebastián CASTELLANOS DURÁN
|second_author = and Lucia KLEINT
|publish_date = 17 August 2020
|description = There are strong correlations between white-light flare emissions and line-of-sight magnetic field changes
|image=Icon385.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sunspot Differential Rotation in an X-class Flare
|number = 384
|first_author = Richard GRIMES,
|second_author = Balázs PINTÉR and Huw MORGAN
|publish_date = 10 August 2020
|description = Observations suggesting how the coronal tail can wag the photospheric dog
|image=Icon384.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energy Partitioning in a Nonthermally Dominated Two-loop Solar Flare
|number = 383
|first_author = Galina MOTORINA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 3 August 2020
|description = Modeling the propagation of energy via GX Simulator in an early-impulsive flare
|image=Icon383.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOL2013-11-10 Eruptive Circular-ribbon Flare with Extended Remote Brightenings
|number = 382
|first_author = Chang LIU
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 31 July 2020
|description = A circular-ribbon event can launch an eruption by breaking through its separatrix dome
|image=Icon382.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Extreme-Ultraviolet Late Phase of Solar Flares
|number = 381
|first_author = Rui LIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 June 2020
|description = Both arcade and circular-ribbon flares may sometimes spawn EUV late phase emission
|image=Icon381.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energy transport by accelerated particles in the quiet solar atmosphere
|number = 380
|first_author = Lars FROGNER,
|second_author = Boris GUDIKSEN and Helle BAKKE
|publish_date = 15 June 2020
|description = A first study of non-thermal particles integrated into an MHD simulation of the solar atmosphere
|image=Icon380.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasi-periodic pulsations as indicators of oscillatory processes in solar flares
|number = 379
|first_author = Elena KUPRIYANOVA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 11 May 2020
|description = Many, many QPPs
|image=Icon379.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Rejuvenating Solar Flare Termination Shocks as Particle Accelerators
|number = 378
|first_author = Bin CHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 4 May 2020
|description = At last, clear evidence for a long-predicted phenomenon
|image=Icon378.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Broad symmetrical Doppler-shifted Fe XXI line profiles
|number = 377
|first_author = Vanessa POLITO
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 April 2020
|description = It is difficult to explain "evaporation" line profiles by superposition of unresolved flows
|image=Icon377.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Phenomena in the unusually long pre-impulsive phase of SOL2011-06-07
|number = 376
|first_author = Marian KARLICKÝ,
|second_author = Jana KA&Scaron;PAROVÁ, and Robert SYCH
|publish_date = 13 April 2020
|description = A massive and slowly-rising filament eruption reveals important new signatures of the physics
|image=Icon376.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Evidence for a Coronal Shock Wave Origin for Relativistic Protons Producing Solar Gamma-Rays and Observed by Neutron Monitors at Earth‎
|number = 375
|first_author = Athanasios KOULOUMVAKOS
|second_author = and Gerry SHARE
|publish_date = 6 April 2020
|description = Successful modeling of prolonged solar gamma-ray emissions and terrestrial ground-level cosmic-ray events
|image=Icon375.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Using overlappogram data to find hot flare plasma
|number = 374
|first_author = Louise HARRA
|
|publish_date = 23 March 2020
|description = Imaging Fe XXIV at high resolution with the EIS slot data
|image=Icon374.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOL2017-09-04 (M5.5) 2017 as a Source of Relativistic Electrons and Protons
|number = 373
|first_author = Alexei STRUMINSKII
| (see text)
|publish_date = 16 March 2020
|description = Flare-accelerated particles, rather than SEPs, energize sustained gamma-ray emission
|image=Icon373.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Heating of the solar photosphere during a white-light flare‎
|number = 372
|first_author = Jan JURČÁK
| (see text)
|publish_date = 2 March 2020
|description = The best-ever spectrum of the flare photosphere
|image=Icon372.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Hot Cusp-Shaped Confined Solar Flare
|number = 371
|first_author = Aaron HERNANDEZ-PEREZ
|publish_date = 24 February 2020
|description = A flare may have a prominent hot cusp with the help of any eruption
|image=Icon371.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Temporal and Spatial Extension of Gamma-ray Emission from the Sun
|number = 370
|first_author = Nat GOPALSWAMY
|publish_date = 17 February 2020
|description = Sustained solar γ-rays and solar cosmic rays
|image=Icon370.ng.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A PSP Perihelion
|number = 369
|first_author = Jessie DUNCAN
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 20 January 2020
|description = The Parker Solar Probe enters its fourth perihelion already. Now
|image=Icon369.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remembering John Brown
|number = 368
|first_author = Alec MacKINNON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 13 January 2020
|description = John passed away unexpectedly on 16 November 2019
|image=Icon368.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Global Survey of EUV Coronal Power Spectra
|number = 367
|first_author = Karl Battams
|second_author =
|publish_date = 30 December 2019
|description = Time-series parameter maps of imaged power spectra from an AIA pipeline
|image=Icon367.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Cosmic Rays over the Rainbow Bridge
|number = 366
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = Alec MacKinnon
|publish_date = 16 December 2019
|description = Cosmic rays approach the Sun
|image=Icon366.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spectropolarimetric Insight into Plasma-Sheet Dynamics of a Solar Flare
|number = 365
|first_author = Ryan French
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 December 2019
|description = CoMP polarization patterns in SOL2017-09-10 are amazing
|image=Icon365.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Lorentz Force Evolution Reveals the Energy Build-up Processes during Recurrent Eruptive Solar Flares‎
|number = 364
|first_author = Ranadeep Sarkar,
|second_author = Nandita Srivastava and Astrid Veronig
|publish_date = 18 November 2019
|description = The net Lorentz force clearly exhibits a build-up and release pattern
|image=Icon364.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare waiting times depend on their magnitudes
|number = 363
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 11 November 2019
|description = Surprising new evidence for the flare build-up and release process
|image=Icon363.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Can magnetic reconnection cause solar rainstorms?‎
|number = 362
|first_author = Petra Kohutova
|second_author =
|publish_date = 4 November 2019
|description = Impulsive coronal heating resulting from reconnection can trigger coronal rain
|image=Icon362.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Non-radial jets on the edges of active regions
|number = 361
|first_author = Peter Wyper
|second_author =
|publish_date = 14 October 2019
|description = The very common jet structures we see can naturally combine twist and breakout
|image=Icon361.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Searching SOLfully within the Nuggets
|number = 360
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 7 October 2019
|description = The IAU target identifier works well for finding items about a particular event
|image=Icon360.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Submillimeter Radiation as the Thermal Component of the Neupert Effect
|number = 359
|first_author = Guillermo Giménez de Castro
|second_author =
|publish_date = 31 September 2019
|description = Flare radiation at the highest frequencies can be bremsstrahlung
|image=Icon359.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The "Last Best" Flares
|number = 358
|first_author = Hugh Hudson,
|second_author = Ed Cliver, and Brian Dennis
|publish_date = 24 September 2019
|description = Major flares tend to happen at the very ends of sunspot cycles
|image=Icon358.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Dynamic Processes of the Moreton Wave on 2014 March 29‎
|number = 357
|first_author = Denis Cabezas
|second_author = and the FMT team
|publish_date = 16 September 2019
|description = A beautiful Moreton wave excited by the best-observed flare ever
|image=Icon357.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = EVE-RHESSI DEM Models and the Low-energy Cutoff for Nonthermal Electrons
|number = 356
|first_author = Jim McTiernan
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 September 2019
|description = Characterizing flare temperature distributions helps to define the non-thermal energy release
|image=Icon356.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Stealth Coronal Mass Ejections from Active Regions
|number = 355
|first_author = Jennifer O'Kane
|second_author =
|publish_date = 26 August 2019
|description = Perhaps just feeble versions of the same magnetic disease...
|image=Icon355.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Do Kepler Superflare Stars Really Include Slowly Rotating Sun-like Stars?‎
|number = 354
|first_author = Yuta NOTSU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 July 2019
|description = Kepler superflares hint at solar superflares
|image=Icon354.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Localized Microwave and EUV Bright Structures in an Eruptive Prominence
|number = 353
|first_author = Jing HUANG
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 June 2019
|description = Detailed correlations between EUV and microwaves in prominence fine structures
|image=Icon353.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Broken-up hard X-ray spectra found for a loop-top source during a solar limb flare
|number = 352
|first_author = Hao NING,
|second_author = Yao CHEN and Jeongwoo LEE
|publish_date = 16 June 2019
|description = SOL2017-09-10 coronal hard X-ray sources
|image=Icon352.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Cosmic-Ray Shadow and Coronal Magnetism
|number = 351
|first_author = Frederik Tenholt
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 May 2019
|description = The coronal magnetic field measured in Antarctica
|image=Icon351.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Kristian Birkeland
|number = 350
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Lyndsay FLETCHER
|publish_date = 6 May 2019
|description = Space weather a century ago: Kristian Birkeland
|image=Icon350.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Warm UV loops heated by small-scale cancellation events
|number = 349
|first_author = Seray ŞAHIN
|second_author = and Vasyl YURCHYSHYN
|publish_date = 22 April 2019
|description = Precisely locating the footpoints of warm coronal loops helps identify their source(s) of excitation
|image=Icon349.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Multiple Regions of Shock-accelerated Particles during a Solar Coronal Mass Ejection
|number = 348
|first_author = Diana MOROSAN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 1 April 2019
|description = LOFAR identifies herringbone sources within the flank of the SOL2017-09-10 shock - no joke
|image=Icon348.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Persistent Quasi-Periodic Pulsations Detected During the Large X8.2 Solar Flare
|number = 347
|first_author = Laura HAYES
|second_author = and Peter GALLAGHER
|publish_date = 25 March 2019
|description = The most beautiful flare has the most beautiful pulsations
|image=Icon347.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Is the coronal magnetic field braiding?
|number = 346
|first_author = Markus ASCHWANDEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 11 March 2019
|description = This iconic cartoon does not relate well to the observations
|image=Icon346.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An energetic pre-flare: electron distributions in magnetic reconnection outflows
|number = 345
|first_author = Marina BATTAGLIA,
|second_author = Eduard KONTAR and Galina MOTORINA
|publish_date = 18 February 2019
|description = Assessing energy partition in a pre-impulsive flare development
|image=Icon345.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Linear Polarization in H-alpha Flares
|number = 344
|first_author = Tomoko KAWATE
|second_author = and Yoichiro HANAOKA
|publish_date = 4 February 2019
|description = H-alpha polarization is rarely observable but, in once case, very suggestive
|image=Icon344.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Short-Period Waves
|number = 343
|first_author = Sijie YU
|second_author = and Bin CHEN
|publish_date = 21 January 2019
|description = New decimetric imaging spectroscopy suggests Alfvénic energy transport in flares
|image=Icon343.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Interesting RHESSI/SAS Archive
|number = 342
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Martin FIVIAN
|publish_date = 8 January 2019
|description = The full mission database shows RHESSI to have been very stable geometrically
|image=Icon342.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Homologous White Light Solar Flares‎
|number = 341
|first_author = Paolo ROMANO
|second_author = and Abouazza ELMHAMDI
|publish_date = 31 December 2018
|description = Homologous white-light flares, in rapid succession, and coronal null points
|image=Icon341.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The flight of FOXSI-3
|number = 340
|first_author = Lindsay GLESENER
|second_author = and Noriyuki NARUKAGE
|publish_date = 10 December 2018
|description = Single-photon counting and direct focusing across hard and soft energies
|image=Icon340.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Stellar Flares and Starspots
|number = 339
|first_author = Lauren DOYLE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 3 December 2018
|description = Stellar flares don't spatially match their starspots
|image=Icon339.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Neutron Production in Solar Flares
|number = 338
|first_author = Ron MURPHY
|second_author = and Gerry SHARE
|publish_date = 26 November 2018
|description = Neutron astronomy helps us understand solar flares
|image=Icon338.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Cycle 25 Strikes Again
|number = 337
|first_author = Kamil BICZ
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 November 2018
|description = A second, larger Cycle 25 sunspot
|image=Icon337.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remembering Marcos Machado via his research
|number = 336
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 13 November 2018
|description = Recalling a friend and colleague, and admiring his final paper
|image=Icon336.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = CORONAS/SPIRIT Mg XII and Nanoflares‎
|number = 335
|first_author = Anton REVA
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 October 2018
|description = Monochromatic Mg XII spectroheliography sets severe limits on nanoflare heating models
|image=Icon335.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = White-light Emission and Non-thermal Electrons‎
|number = 334
|first_author = Kyoung-Sun LEE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 8 October 2018
|description = An intimate relationship between accelerated electrons and visible flare continuum
|image=Icon334.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal Hard X-ray Sources Revisited
|number = 333
|first_author = Brian DENNIS
|second_author =
|publish_date = 24 September 2018
|description = Reporting some over-interpretation of the evidence for "coronal thick targets"
|image=Icon333.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Photospheric response to a flare
|number = 332
|first_author = Mike WHEATLAND
|second_author =
|publish_date = 17 September 2018
|description = Sudden changes in the magnetic field in the low atmosphere associated with particle acceleration
|image=Icon332.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = New Views of Global Solar Magnetic Field Evolution Over Four Solar Cycles
|number = 331
|first_author = David WEBB
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 August 2018
|description = A digital archive of Pat McIntosh's 44 years of solar synoptic observations
|image=Icon331.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Understanding the co-spatial return current in solar flares
|number = 330
|first_author = Meriem ALAOUI
|second_author = and Gordon HOLMAN
|publish_date = 6 August 2018
|description = Completing the circuit in a thick-target model
|image=Icon330.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = 3D Magnetic Reconnection at a Coronal Null Point
|number = 329
|first_author = Shane MALONEY,
|second_author = Aidan O'Flannagain and Peter Gallagher
|publish_date = 30 July 2018
|description = Large-scale reconnection involved in Type I radio noise storm
|image=Icon329.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The true dawn of multimessenger astronomy
|number = 328
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 23 July 2018
|description = Ever since the Carrington flare
|image=Icon328.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Microwave Imaging Spectroscopy of Flares is Here‎
|number = 327
|first_author = Dale E. Gary,
|second_author = EOVSA and RHESSI Teams
|publish_date = 16 July 2018
|description = Microwave imaging spectroscopy takes a giant leap forward with SOL2017-09-10
|image=Icon327.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal nanoflares powered by footpoint reconnection
|number = 326
|first_author = Pradeep Chitta,
|second_author = Hardi Peter, and Sami Solanki
|publish_date = 9 July 2018
|description = Coronal nanoflares in active region cores can be powered by the magnetic reconnection in the lower solar atmosphere
|image=Icon326.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A remarkable, but confused, coronal hard X-ray source
|number = 325
|first_author = Alexandra Lysenko,
|second_author = Larisa Kashapova and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 25 June 2018
|description = A remarkable flare in 1999 adds to our short list of extended coronal hard X-ray/microwave sources
|image=Icon325.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Understanding HMI pseudocontinuum in white-light flares‎
|number = 324
|first_author = Michal &Scaron;vanda
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 28 May 2018
|description = The HMI pseudocontinuum (Ic) is ill-calibrated in regions with strong fields, i.e. for white-light flares
|image=Icon324.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = To beam or not to beam - that is (still) the question
|number = 323
|first_author = Paulo Simões
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 14 May 2018
|description = Descriptions of the lower solar atmosphere of flares ca. Cycle 21 sound surprisingly current
|image=Icon323.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observation of Cosmic Ray Spallation Events from SoHO‎
|number = 322
|first_author = Serge Koutchmy
|second_author = and Ehsan Tavabi
|publish_date = 7 May 2018
|description = LASCO's images capture high-energy nuclear interactions from cosmic-ray hits
|image=Icon322.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Sunspot from Cycle 25 for sure
|number = 321
|first_author = Tomek Mrozek
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 10 April 2018
|description = YES! Cycle 25 is here!
|image=Icon321.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Blue-wing enhancement of the Mg II h and k lines in a flare
|number = 320
|first_author = Akiko TEI
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 April 2018
|description = Flare loops involve a cool upflow preceding the hot evaporation flow
|image=Icon320.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = NuSTAR detects X-ray flares in the quiet Sun
|number = 319
|first_author = Matej Kuhar
|second_author = and Säm Krucker
|publish_date = 26 March 2018
|description = Quiet-Sun flares may not be powerful, but they look a lot like ordinary flares
|image=Icon319.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Homologous CME/flares from AR 12371
|number = 318
|first_author = Panditi Vemareddy
|second_author = and Pascal Demoulín
|publish_date = 19 March 2018
|description = An excellent set of homologous flare/CMEs analyzed and explained
|image=Icon318.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Non-Maxwellian Diagnostics from SDO/EVE Spectra of an X-class Flare
|number = 317
|first_author = Elena Dzifčáková
|second_author = and Jaroslav Dudík
|publish_date = 16 February 2018
|description = Ratios of high-excitation ions can readily detect κ-distributions in flare plasmas
|image=Icon317.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Joint MinXSS and RHESSI Flare X-ray Spectra between 1 and 15 keV
|number = 316
|first_author = Chris Moore, Brian Dennis and the MinXSS Science Team
|publish_date = 5 February 2018
|description = MinXSS adds systematic views of flare soft X-ray spectra to RHESSI imagery
|image=Icon316.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Parameterized Flare Models with Chromospheric Compressions
|number = 315
|first_author = Adam Kowalski & Joel Allred
|publish_date = 17 January 2018
|description = A new approach to modeling the lower flare atmosphere
|image=FlareModelsKowalskiAllred.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Curious Sunspot Group in 2018
|number = 314
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 14 January 2018
|description = The first new sunspot group of 2018 emerged at the wrong latitude
|image = Icon314.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Tecumseh's Eclipse and Astrophysics
|number = 313
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 25 December 2017
|description = The solar corona was first recognized as such, and named, in an eclipse of 1806
|image = Icon313.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hunting for Hidden Tiny Flares
|number = 312
|first_author = Shin-nosuke ISHIKAWA
|publish_date = 27 November 2017
|description = FOXSI-2 says that episodic energy releases are still viable as a part of the coronal heating problem.
|image = Icon312.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unusual Type III Burst Dynamics Produced by Diverging Magnetic Fields
|number = 311
|first_author = Patrick McCauley
|publish_date = 20 November 2017
|description = Unusual type III bursts follow coronal separatrix structures.
|image = Icon311.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Valderrama in the 21st Century
|number = 310
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 31 October 2017
|description = A newly-described white-light flare from the 19th century!..
|image = Icon310.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electron Scattering in the Flaring Corona
|number = 309
|first_author = Sophie Musset
|publish_date = 24 October 2017
|description = Diffusive transport may contribute to the trapping of electrons in coronal X-ray sources
|image = Icon309.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Power of Turbulence
|number = 308
|first_author = Nic Bian
|publish_date = 25 September 2017
|description = Turbulent energy content may underlie flare energy transfer, magnetic reconnection, and particle acceleration
|image = Icon308.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Kelvin Force and Loop-Top Concentration
|number = 307
|first_author = Kiyoto SHIBASAKI
|publish_date = 18 September 2017
|description = New physics can explain the perplexing overpressure at the flare looptop regions
|image = Icon307.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Last Best Flare of Cycle 24?
|number = 306
|first_author = Säm Krucker
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 11 September 2017
|description = Right on schedule, Cycle 24 has produced a great flare (with a GLE)
|image = Icon306.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electric Current Neutralization and Solar Eruption in Active Regions
|number = 305
|first_author = Yang LIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 28 August 2017
|description = Active current systems in the solar corona don't have return currents
|image = Icon305.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = RHESSI and the Megamovie
|number = 304
|first_author = Hugh Hudson, Laura Peticolas,
|second_author = and Juan Carlos Martínez Oliveros
|publish_date = 31 July 2017
|description = A wholly new way to view a solar eclipse, and to do solar astrometry
|image = Icon304.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bastille Day 2017
|number = 303
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = and Säm Krucker
|publish_date = 24 July 2017
|description = Interesting flares really do happen on Bastille Day...
|image = Icon303.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Solar X-ray Limb III
|number = 302
|first_author = Marina Battaglia
|second_author = and Gordon Hurford
|publish_date = 12 June 2017
|description = RHESSI succeeds with a wholly new way to measure the solar diameter
|image = Icon302.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Double Coronal X-ray and Microwave Sources Associated With A Magnetic Breakout Solar Eruption
|number = 301
|first_author = Yao CHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 29 May 2017
|description = A different explanation of the double coronal hard X-ray sources
|image = Icon301.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Lasso Model for Solar Gamma-ray Events
|number = 300
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 May 2017
|description = A toy model hoping to explain the SEP/LAT relationship
|image = Icon300.png}}

[[RHESSI Science Nuggets 200 to 299|Next Nuggets]]

File:Icon521.png

2026-04-11T16:31:57Z

Hhudson:

Can EUV Power-Spectral Indices Reveal Imminent Solar Flares?

2026-04-11T16:27:38Z

Hhudson: No. 521 initial entry

{{Infobox Nugget |name = Nugget
|title = Can EUV Power-Spectral Indices Reveal Imminent Solar Flares?
|number = 521
|first_author = Sihui ZHONG
|second_author = Dmitrii KOLOTKOV and Valery M. NAKARIAKOV
|publish_date = April 6, 2026?
|next_nugget = TBD
|previous_nugget = {{#ask: [[Category:Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::520]]}}
}}

== Introduction ==

As the closest star to Earth, the Sun provides the light and heat
necessary for life, but it also poses hazards through solar flares
and coronal mass ejections
Despite decades of
research, existing solar flare forecasting methods, whether physical
or empirical, still have limited predictive reliability
(Ref. [1]).

Producing a solar flare requires both stored magnetic
energy in non-potential plasma structures, such as an unstable flux
rope.
An [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_stability instability] induced
by a trigger mechanism then can produce a flare.
To tell whether an active
region is about to erupt, we need to track the evolving coronal
dynamics within it rather than rely only on the presence of flare-favourable
conditions.
Tiny bubbles in a kettle precede the eruption of boiling water, for example.

The dynamics of the solar atmosphere can be probed via
the time variability of radiation. Across the chromosphere to the
inner heliosphere, intensity fluctuations often follow power-law
spectra in frequency, S ~ f-α.
The power laws can be single-slope or segmented into a broken power law,
with low-frequency αlf and high-frequency
αhf values.
The observed values of α carry information about local coronal
dynamics that may be relevant to the flare process (Ref. [2]).
Building on these findings, our recent paper (Ref. [3])
investigates the spatial and temporal evolution of the power-law
indices of EUV intensity power spectra in the solar corona, to
determine whether changes in these indices can serve as flare
precursors.

== Results ==

We construct "α maps" from a sequence of full-disk images and
study their relation to plasma structures and their dynamics. As
shown in Figure 1(a-b), the αhf map closely resembles
the AIA intensity image, with high values appearing in the high-contrast
plasma structures, clearly outlining the active region (AR) belts.

[[File:521f1.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 1: 
Power-law index map (b) for a full-disk image (a) sequence from
08:00 UT to 16:00 UT on 2023 March 29th and time evolution of
intensity and α values in three selected regions. The grey
shading indicates the time interval of an M1.3 flare.
]]

The temporal evolution of αlf varies in different
regions.
It remains nearly steady in non-flaring
regions (Figure 1(c-d)), while strong variability is seen in the
flaring area (e).
To explore whether this behaviour is a common
preflare trend, we further analyse 13 flare events and one additional
quiescent AR for comparison.
We find that the two power-law
indices have typical values, αlf > 1 and
αhf ~ 0, but a reversal of the two indices
appears in regions with short-lived brightenings before the flare onset.
In addition, some regions show a continuous increase of αlf
before the flare. Based on these signatures, we quantified the
temporal and spatial evolution of indices using three proxies: (1)
the minimum of αlf - αhf
defining a reversal when less than -1; (2) Δαlf,
the temporal change of αlf and(3) the growth
rate of αlf, Δαlf/Δt.

Figure 2 shows AIA images and proxy maps for two representative
cases. In the quiescent AR (top), reversals are almost not seen
(except a sporadic jet near one loop footpoint), and both of the
proxy maps appear spatially random. In flaring ARs (before flares),
however, areas where the proxies exceed a pre-defined threshold
form coherent patterns near the flare site.
The Δαlf map resembles the EUV image with
distinct loop-like and open-field
structures, while the growth-rate map is less obvious due to temporal
averaging.

[[File:521f2.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 2: 
Three power-law index proxies as potential flare precursors in ARs
of interest: a nonflaring AR (top row) and a representative C-class
flaring AR (bottom row).
]]

We further examined the temporal distribution of two other proxies,
min(αlf-αhf) and
Δαlf.
Because the first of these
is generally related to short-lived brightenings in
reconnection-indicative morphologies, it can be an indicator of
small-scale magnetic reconnection.
If unrelated to flares, such
events should occur stochastically (Figure 3a, top).
Instead, in
several cases, they cluster before flare onset, forming distinct
peaks at about 30-90 minutes before flares (Figure 3a, bottom) or
the occurrence intensifies at a certain time before flares (Figure
3a, middle).
In Figure 3(b), instances when Δαlf
exceeds a threshold form a peak near the flare onset, often within
the last few minutes. These behaviours were derived from the analysis
of 14 flare events. If confirmed in a larger flare sample, these
variations may serve as quantitative precursors of flare activity.

[[File:521f3.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 3: 
Occurence time (to flare onset) when
min(αlf-αhf) < -1
and when
|&\Delta;αlf > 0.6 of its maximum
occur in the selected events of analysis.
]]

== Conclusion ==

This work investigates the spatial and temporal evolution of power-law
indices in coronal EUV intensity power spectra in flare-hosting
ARs. The spatial distribution of the power-law index in the
low-frequency domain closely mirrors EUV intensity images,
indicating that it can reveal the dynamics of coronal plasma structures.
Temporally, the low-frequency power law
remains stable in quiescent regions, but shows clear variability
before flares.
Across 14 flare events, notable deviations of
αlf beyond a defined threshold consistently occurred
at the flare site within a few minutes before the flare.
In some cases, the change in the value of the slope difference
was detected within 30-90 minutes before the flare.

This proof-of-concept study suggests that the temporal changes in
power-law indices may provide short-term precursors of solar flares,
although confirmation with a larger dataset is required.

== References ==

[1] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ApJS..243...36L "A Comparison of Flare Forecasting Methods"]

[2] [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...798....1I "Coronal Fourier Power Spectra: Implications for Coronal Seismology and Coronal Heating"]

[3] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026ApJ..1000..114Z "Power-law Indices of EUV Intensity Power Spectrum in Flaring Coronal Active Regions"]

File:521f3.png

2026-04-11T16:22:14Z

Hhudson:

File:521f2.png

2026-04-11T16:21:58Z

Hhudson:

File:521f1.png

2026-04-11T16:21:41Z

Hhudson:

File:Icon519.png

2026-03-30T10:17:05Z

Hhudson:

File:Icon520.png

2026-03-30T10:09:27Z

Hhudson:

SolarNuggets

2026-03-30T10:07:17Z

Hhudson: Added No. 520

Welcome to the [[SolarNuggets]] collection, which extends the series of [[RHESSI]] Nuggets. The following is a time-ordered list of the latest Nuggets added to the HelioWiki. An [[:Category:Nugget|alphabetical list of the SolarNuggets]] is also available as well as [[:Category:RHESSI Nugget List|yearly lists]]. One can search on author, topic, IAU flare identifier, etc.). We welcome volunteer authors - please see our page of [[Help:For_Authors| help for authors]] or just send an email to the Curator at (hugh.hudson@glasgow.ac.uk).

{{Nugget Badge
|title = How energetic can solar flares become?
|number = 520
|first_author = Natalie KRIVOVA
||publish_date = 31 March 2026
|description = The history of active-region areas suggests the possibility of solar superflares
|image=Icon520.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops
|number = 519
|first_author = Teodora MIHĂILESCU,
|second_author = Peter YOUNG et AL.
||publish_date = 16 March 2026
|description = Higher FIP bias than expected in some flare loops, a diagnostically interesting result
|image=Icon519.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = When Magnetic Field Lines Stretch, Snap, and Expand: A New Look at Solar Flares with L-maps
|number = 518
|first_author = Maria KAZACHENKO,
|second_author = Yuhong FAN and Andrey AFANASYEV
||publish_date = 9 March 2026
|description = A clever new tool tracks magnetic connectivity (and energy) during flare/CME occurrence
|image=Icon518.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observational Evidence Linking Loop Length and Thermal/Nonthermal Peak Timing in Solar Flares
|number = 517
|first_author = Solomon PERRIYIL
||publish_date = 23 February 2026
|description = Clear evidence for the universality of the physics behind the Neupert Effect
|image=Icon517.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A fine-scale bright kernel captured by Hi-C 3 in the post-maximum phase of an M-class solar flare
|number = 516
|first_author = Sanjiv TIWARI
||publish_date = 9 February 2026
|description = The Hi-C rocket catches an extremely compact brightening in late-phase flare ribbon development
|image=Icon516.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On the Relationship Between Nanoflare Energy and Delay in the Closed Solar Corona
|number = 515
|first_author = Shanwlee SOW MONDAL et al.
||publish_date = 19 January 2026
|description = Nanoflaring implies energy storage and sudden release, suggesting correlation between event energy and its timing
|image=Icon515.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fine structures in solar flare ribbons
|number = 514
|first_author = Jonas THOEN FABER
||publish_date = 12 January 2026
|description = Elongated "riblets" commonly rise out of flare ribbons, and have characteristic Doppler shifts
|image=Icon514.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The M- and X-class White-light Flares in Super Active Region NOAA 13664/13697
|number = 513
|first_author = Zhichen JING
|second_author = and Ying LI
|publish_date = 5 January 2026
|description = "Super" active regions have relatively more frequent X-class flares, which correlate well with visible continuum (white-light flare) emission
|image=Icon513.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Iron Fluorescence in X-class Solar Flares
|number = 512
|first_author = Abhilash SARWADE
|publish_date = 8 December 2025
|description = A new spectroscopic capability for Iron K-alpha fluorescence
|image=Icon512.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star Analysis of a Solar Eruption Source Region Using H-alpha Spectroscopic Observations from CHASE
|number = 510
|first_author = Xiaofeng LIU
|second_author = and Yijun HOU
|publish_date = 24 November 2025
|description = Sun-as-a-star observations help to translate solar/stellar processes
|image=Icon5010.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On the Origin of Solar Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Flares‎‎‎‎
|number = 509
|first_author = Alessandro BRUNO
|publish_date = 3 November 2025
|description = Do we really need a CME to produce a long-duration solar gamma-ray event?
|image=Icon509.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = FAI and GOES eclipses‎‎
|number = 508
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 20 October 2025
|description = Flare anticipation via FAI may have problems during GOES eclipses, which are really interesting in their own right
|image=Icon508.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The EUV Late Phase‎
|number = 507
|first_author = Sascha ORNIG
|publish_date = 13 October 2025
|description = Basic comparative statistics of the ELP, a distinct flare phenomenon
|image=Icon507.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Time evolution of flare-accelerated electrons using the warm-target model‎
|number = 506
|first_author = Debesh BHATTACHARJEE
|publish_date = 6 October 2025
|description = Considering a "warm" thick target allows flare-accelerated electrons to be treated self-consistently
|image=Icon506.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOLSTICE observes flare Doppler shifts in Si III
|number = 505
|first_author = Luke MAJURY
|publish_date = 30 September 2025
|description = A rarely used database suggests prograde-flow Doppler shifts in flaring plasmas
|image=Icon505.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare Phases and the Earth's Ionospheric Response
|number = 504
|first_author = Susanna BEKKER
|publish_date = 16 September 2025
|description = A flare's "EUV late phase" is surprisingly geoeffective
|image=Icon504.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Neupertianity
|number = 503
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 August 2025
|description = It's hard to avoid the Neupert Effect
|image=Icon503.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Synchrotron Radiation and the Foundations for a Cosmic Bridge
|number = 502
|first_author = Immanuel JEBARAJ
|publish_date = 11 August 2025
|description = Gyrosynchrotron radiation in shocks: a cosmic connection
|image=Icon502.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Aulanier Effect: drifting footpoints of CME flux ropes
|number = 501
|first_author = Jaroslav DUDÍK,
|second_author = Juraj LÖRINČÍK and Brigitte SCHMIEDER
|publish_date = 21 July 2025
|description = The breakthrough to 3D flare physics: the Aulanier Effect
|image=Icon501.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Five Hundred Nuggets
|number = 500
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 14 July 2025
|description = A milestone
|image=Icon169.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasiperiodic Pulsations in the Balmer Continuum in an X-class Solar White-light Flare
|number = 499
|first_author = De-Chao SONG et al.
|publish_date = 30 June 2025
|description = QPP in the Balmer continuum: the powerful heartbeat of a flare
|image=Icon499.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = High-Resolution Observations of a C3 class White-Light Flare
|number = 498
|first_author = Zhe XU and
|second_author = Xiaoli YAN
|publish_date = 16 June 2025
|description = A compact white-light flare with vortical motions (and hard X-rays)
|image=Icon498.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Sun's open-closed flux boundary and the origin of the slow solar wind
|number = 497
|first_author = Chloe WILKINS and
|second_author = David PONTIN
|publish_date = 26 May 2025
|description = Identifying the solar sources of slow solar wind
|image=Icon497.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Delay of Near-Relativistic Electrons
|number = 496
|first_author = Grant MITCHELL
|publish_date = 19 May 2025
|description = Parker Solar Probe solves an old mystery about type III bursts
|image=Icon496.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Multi-Site Telescope for Multi-Height for Synoptic Observations
|number = 495
|first_author = Fallon KONOW
|publish_date = 11 May 2025
|description = A new synoptic network for observations at multiple wavelengths
|image=Icon495.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On turbulent magnetic reconnection: fast and slow mean steady-states
|number = 494
|first_author = Sage STANISH
|second_author = and David MacTAGGART
|publish_date = 28 April 2025
|description = In a turbulent medium, magnetic reconnection has two limiting domains
|image=Icon494.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasi-Periodic Pulsations in Ionospheric TEC and Flare EUV
|number = 493
|first_author = Aisling O'HARE
|publish_date = 21 April 2025
|description = The Earth's ionosphere reflects QPPs, with a small delay
|image=Icon493.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Metis observations of Alfvenic outflows driven by interchange reconnection in a pseudostreamer
|number = 492
|first_author = Paolo ROMANO and the Metis team
|publish_date = 7 April 2025
|description = Exactly as predicted by numerical simulations... a rare coup
|image=Icon492.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Rollercoaster: looping-the-loop in the solar corona
|number = 491
|first_author = Mohamed NEDAL et al.
|publish_date = 31 March 2025
|description = Large-scale helical motion in the flare/CME SOL2024-05-14
|image=Icon491.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Proton Beam Energy Deposition as a Mechanism of Deep Photospheric Heating
|number = 490
|first_author = Samuel GRANOVSKY
|second_author = and Alexander KOSOVICHEV
|publish_date = 17 March 2025
|description = Evidence for proton beams in white-light flares
|image=Icon490.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = New insights into the proton precipitation sites in solar flares
|number = 489
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 17 February 2025
|description = There is no detectable difference in proton and electron foopoint locations after all
|image=Icon489.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Gamma-Ray Evidence for a Distinct Population of MeV Flare-Accelerated Electrons
|number = 488
|first_author = Gerry SHARE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 10 February 2025
|description = Relativistic electrons in solar flares newly recognized as a distinct process
|image=Icon488.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = From Chromospheric Evaporation to Coronal Rain: An Investigation of the Mass and Energy Cycle of a Flare‎
|number = 487
|first_author = Seray &Scedil;AHIN
|second_author = and Patrick ANTOLIN
|publish_date = 3 February 2025
|description = A first quantitative comparison of flare evaporation and coronal rain
|image=Icon487.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energetic neutral atoms detected in the large solar energetic particle event of February 2022‎
|number = 486
|first_author = Christina COHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 January 2025
|description = Only the second direct observation of high-energy neutral atoms from the Sun
|image=Icon486.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Magnetic topology of quiet-Sun Ellerman bombs and associated ultraviolet brightenings‎
|number = 485
|first_author = Aditi BHATNAGAR
|second_author =
|publish_date = 6 January 2025
|description = Tiny "Ellerman Bombs" occur all across the solar surface, with differences
|image=Icon485.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unveiling CME Dynamics: Rare Rotations of CMEs in the Heliosphere
|number = 484
|first_author = Sandeep KUMAR and
|second_author = Nandita SRIVASTAVA
|publish_date = 30 December 2024
|description = CMEs usually do not show additional rotation as they move though the heliosphere
|image=Icon484.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatial and Spectral Evolution of Microwave and X-Ray Sources During the Limb Flare SOL2023-02-05
|number = 483
|first_author = Yulia N. SHAMSUTDINOVA
|publish_date = 23 December 2024
|description = Rare microwave imaging spectroscopy of a hot-onset precursor event
|image=Icon483.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = High-resolution observational analysis of flare ribbon fine structures
|number = 482
|first_author = Jonas THOEN FABER
|publish_date = 16 December 2024
|description = Spatially periodic fine structures in flare ribbons reveal current-sheet tearing
|image=Icon482.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Advection and super-diffusive expansion as the model of flare accelerated electron transport in type III solar radio bursts
|number = 481
|first_author = Eduard KONTAR
|publish_date = 9 December 2024
|description = Sturrock's dilemma resolved
|image=Icon481.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Faraday's Law in Solar Flares: A Cautionary Message
|number = 480
|first_author = Michael FARADAY
|publish_date = 2 December 2024
|description = We must not forget the global implications of Faraday's Law
|image=Icon480.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remarkable NUV Spectrum of an M-star Megaflare
|number = 479
|first_author = Adam KOWALSKI
|publish_date = 25 November 2024
|description = Remarkable NUV spectra from an HST stellar flare
|image=Icon479.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Revised Point-Spread Functions of AIA and their effect on DEM analyses
|number = 478
|first_author =Stefan HOFMEISTER,
|second_author = Daniel Wolf SAVIN, and Michael HAHN
|publish_date = 18 November 2024
|description = Substantial revisions of the AIA point-response functions
|image=Icon478.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = How much of the energy in flare-accelerated electrons reaches the chromosphere?
|number = 477
|first_author = Meriem ALAOUI
|second_author = and Gordon HOLMAN
|publish_date = 11 November 2024
|description = Keeping flare-accelerated electrons out of the chromosphere
|image=Icon477.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatially resolved plasma composition evolution in a solar flare
|number = 476
|first_author = Andy S. H. TO
|publish_date = 4 November 2024
|description = Reconnection outflow feeds abundance variations
|image=Icon476.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = HOPE during high activity
|number = 475
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Alphonse STERLING
|publish_date = 28 October 2024
|description = Hot onsets appear even in the most active solar conditions
|image=Icon475.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Simulated heliospheric electron spectra show sensitivity to plasma properties of a source region in the flaring corona
|number = 474
|first_author = Ross PALLISTER
|second_author = and Natasha JEFFREY
|publish_date = 21 October 2024
|description = Getting closer to an understanding of how solar energetic particles "escape"
|image=Icon474.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An extremely complex active region with very strong non-neutralized electric currents
|number = 473
|first_author = Ioannis KONTOGIANNIS
|publish_date = 14 October 2024
|description = Large non-neutralized electric currents flow through the active-region corona
|image=Icon473.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An X9 flare and its huge crochet (SFE)
|number = 472
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 7 October 2024
|description = The geomagnetic effect (SFE/crochet) that will calibrate the Carrington flare
|image=Icon472.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = All microflares that accelerate electrons to high energies are rooted in sunspots
|number = 471
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|publish_date = 30 September 2024
|description = Microflares with hard X-ray spectra are a well-defined class, and invariably have one footpoint embedded in a sunspot
|image=Icon471.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The warm-target model and kappa distributions
|number = 470
|first_author = Yingjie LUO
|publish_date = 16 September 2024
|description = A self-consistent treatment of non-thermal electron spectra points to kappa distributions
|image=Icon470.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Is there HOPE for Hyder flares...
|number = 468
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 15 March 2024
|description = Filament eruptions/Hyder flares/disparitions brusques may all show HOPE
|image=Icon468.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star Analysis of the M8.7 Flare on 2022 October 2 Using H-alpha and EUV Spectra Taken by SMART/SDDI and SDO/EVE
|number = 467
|first_author = Takato OTSU
|publish_date = 19 February 2024
|description = Whole-Sun spectroscopic observations can readily detect ejecta
|image=Icon467.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unexpected Asymmetry in GeV Emission
|number = 466
|first_author = Bruno ARSIOLI and Elena ORLANDO
|publish_date = 15 January 2024
|description = The high-energy solar gamma radiation shows inexplicable but fascinating properties
|image=Icon466.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = When it rippled in one place and exploded in another
|number = 465
|first_author = Ivan ZIMOVETS
|publish_date = 25 December 2023
|description = Pulsations precede a flare, but seem unrelated
|image=Icon465.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar flares: evaporation and simulation‎
|number = 464
|first_author = Malcolm DRUETT
|publish_date = 18 December 2023
|description = Fitting beam electrons into multi-dimensional models
|image=Icon464.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Pre-impulsive and Impulsive Phases of the March 28, 2022 Sub-Terahertz Flare
|number = 463
|first_author = Galina G. MOTORINA
|publish_date = 11 December 2023
|description = A flare with an increasing sub-THz spectrum and sub-THZ precursor information
|image=Icon463.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal Bright Points
|number = 462
|first_author = Daniel NÓBREGA-SIVERIO
|publish_date = 27 November 2023
|description = Bright EUV rowel-like structures can result from null-point reconnection
|image=Icon462.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Aurora-like Radio Emission from a Sunspot
|number = 461
|first_author = Sijie YU
|publish_date = 20 November 2023
|description = Maser action above a sunspot
|image=Icon461.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Search for a Flare Anticipation Index (FAI)
|number = 460
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Jim McTiernan
|publish_date = 13 November 2023
|description = Quantifying flare precursors on a few-minute time scale
|image=Icon460.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bouncing motions of fast electrons using Nobeyama Radioheliograph
|number = 459
|first_author = Keitarou MATSUMOTO
|publish_date = 6 November 2023
|description = Solar evidence for conservation of second adiabatic invariant in particle motion
|image=Icon459.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Impact of nanoflare heating in the lower solar atmosphere
|number = 458
|first_author = Helle BAKKE
|publish_date = 30 October 2023
|description = The behavior of nanoflare fast electrons in Bifrost models
|image=Icon458.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Precise timing of flare footpoint sources from mid-infrared observations‎
|number = 457
|first_author = Paulo SIMÕES et al.
|publish_date = 23 October 2023
|description = Mid-IR observations at high spatial and high temporal resolution: Conjugacy
|image=Icon457.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Greatest GOES Flares‎
|number = 456
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Ed CLIVER
|publish_date = 25 September 2023
|description = The greatest GOES events, re-analyzed, fall short of expectations
|image=Icon456.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Introducing SunSketcher
|number = 455
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Gordon EMSLIE
|publish_date = 11 September 2023
|description = Galloping towards roundup in the 2024 total solar eclipse
|image=Icon455.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = TeV Gamma rays from the Quiescent Sun
|number = 454
|first_author = Mehr Un NISA
|second_author = and John BEACOM
|publish_date = 21 August 2023
|description = Solar photons at unprecedented high energies
|image=Icon454.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Hard X-Ray Sources in Flare Model with Vertical Current Sheet
|number = 453
|first_author = Alexander SHABALIN, Eugenia OVCHINNIKOVA,
|second_author = and Yuri CHARIKOV
|publish_date = 7 August 2023
|description = Modeling betatron acceleration in current-sheet development.
|image=Icon453.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatial Distribution of Magnetic Reconnection Rate in an M6.5 Solar Flare
|number = 452
|first_author = Ju JING
|publish_date = 12 June 2023
|description = Linking hard X-rays to high-resolution images that show reconnection rates.
|image=Icon452.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Statistical study of Type III bursts and associated HXR emissions
|number = 451
|first_author = Nicole VILMER and Tomin JAMES
|publish_date = 29 May 2023
|description = Linking electron populations escaping from the Sun with those that RHESSI detects.
|image=Icon451.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar flare hard X-rays from the anchor points of an eruptive filament
|number = 450
|first_author = Muriel STIEFEL
|publish_date = 15 May 2023
|description = A rare "four-ribbon" flare has been detected in hard X-rays.
|image=Icon450.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Did a Solar Flare Accelerate all the Ambient Electrons in the Coronal Acceleration Region?...
|number = 449
|first_author = Gordon EMSLIE, Eduard KONTAR,
|second_author = Galina MOTORINA, and Brian DENNIS
|publish_date = 1 May 2023
|description = Considering SOL2017-09-10, probably not.
|image=Icon449.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Diagnostics of Spatially-Extended Turbulent Acceleration and Transport
|number = 448
|first_author = Morgan STORES
|publish_date = 24 April 2023
|description = Drilling down into the detailed structure of solar-flare energy release by including turbulence with particle acceleration.
|image=Icon448.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = RHESSI's Re-entry
|number = 447
|first_author = Pascal SAINT-HILAIRE and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 17 April 2023
|description = The final demise of RHESSI is this week
|image=Icon447.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Glasgow geomagnetic observation of a solar flare
|number = 446
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON, John MALONE-LEIGH,
|second_author = Graham WOAN, and Chris OSBORNE
|publish_date = 13 March 2023
|description = Irish and Scottish geomagnetic observatories see a crochet much like that of the Carrington event
|image=Icon_446.png}}

{{{Nugget Badge
|title = Particle Acceleration in Two Coronal Jets
|number = 445
|first_author = Yixian ZHANG
|publish_date = 27 February 2023
|description = Coronal jets with hard X-ray sources at disjoint locations
|image=Icon445.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Curious First Sunquake of Solar Cycle 25‎
|number = 444
|first_author = Alexander KOSOVICHEV
|publish_date = 13 February 2023
|description = A double whammy: two distinct sunquakes from SOL2022-05-10.
|image=Icon444.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hard X-ray Pulsations via Gaussian Decomposition
|number = 443
|first_author = Hannah COLLIER and Laura HAYES
|publish_date = 30 January 2023
|description = Flare hard X-ray time variations decomposed objectively
|image=Icon443.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A possible coronal magnetic flare precursor
|number = 442
|first_author = Enrico LANDI
|publish_date = 16 January 2023
|description = Novel measurements of the coronal magnetic field may help with flare prediction
|image=Icon442.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A slow HOPE with microwave context
|number = 441
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 12 December 2022
|description = A new microwave facility at Chashan Observatory, and a prototypical HOPE
|image=Icon441.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Rapid variations of Si IV spectra in a flare observed by IRIS at a sub-second cadence
|number = 440
|first_author = Juraj LÖRINČÍK
|publish_date = 14 November 2022
|description = Transition-region lines in a flare have a Doppler component revealing quasi-periodic pulsations
|image=Icon440.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Significant Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance Associated with a Massive Gamma-ray Burst
|number = 439
|first_author = Laura HAYES and Peter GALLAGHER
|publish_date = 31 October 2022
|description = A first SID observed in broad daylight, from a source far far away
|image=Icon439.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Effects of Coronal Structures on the Dynamics of the Global Coronal Wave of SOL2017-09-10‎
|number = 438
|first_author = Huidong HU, Ying D. LIU, and Bei ZHU
|publish_date = 17 October 2022
|description = The amazing global coronal wave of SOL2017-09-10 wrapped around the whole Sun, and displayed transmission and reflection at both polar coronal holes
|image=Icon438.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = KW-Sun: The Konus-Wind Solar Flare Database in Hard X-Ray and Soft Gamma-Ray Ranges
|number = 437
|first_author = Alexandra LYSENKO
|publish_date = 26 September 2022
|description = An unrivaled hard X-ray and gamma-ray database is entering its third activity maximum
|image=Icon437.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = First Detection of Kink Oscillations with Solar Orbiter
|number = 436
|first_author = Sihui ZHONG et al.
|publish_date = 19 September 2022
|description = SolO sees coronal oscillations as well as AIA can, and even better
|image=Icon436.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energetic Neutral Hydrogen from Large Solar Flares
|number = 435
|first_author = Glenn MASON
|publish_date = 6 September 2022
|description = A rediscovered data treasury reveals the occurrence of many flare/CME events producing solar high-energy neutral atoms
|image=Icon435.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fifty-year Anniversary of the First Detection of Gamma rays from a Solar Flare
|number = 434
|first_author = Jim Ryan,
|second_author = Brian Dennis, and Phil Dunphy
|publish_date = 8 August 2022
|description = The rich astrophysics of gamma-ray astronomy began with solar observations fifty years ago
|image=Icon434.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fast Prograde Flows in Solar Active Regions
|number = 433
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 July 2022
|description = Unexpected, unpredicted, and not modeled yet - weird flows in hot active-region loops
|image=Icon433.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Undetected Minority-polarity Flux, Moss, and Coronal Heating
|number = 432
|first_author = Yi-Ming WANG
|publish_date = 11 July 2022
|description = There's plenty of room in "unipolar" active regions for both polarities, and there is good evidence for them
|image=Icon432.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Thermal/Nonthermal with MinXSS and RHESSI
|number = 431
|first_author = Shunsaku NAGASAWA
|publish_date = 13 June 2022
|description = Time-domain studies of improved X-ray spectra reveal a "super-hot' component
|image=Icon431.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star spectroscopic observations of the line-of-sight velocity of a solar eruption on October 28, 2021
|number = 430
|first_author = Yu XU
|second_author = and Hui TIAN
|publish_date = 30 May 2022
|description = The observation of the full 3d velocity of a CME, for an anniversary event
|image=Icon430.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Carl Størmer
|number = 429
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Lyndsay FLETCHER
|publish_date = 15 April 2022
|description = Størmer and the theory of trapping in loops
|image=Icon429.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Hard X-rays with Insight
|number = 428
|first_author = Wei WANG
|second_author = and Ping ZHANG
|publish_date = 21 March 2022
|description = A spectacular limb flare introduces Insight/HXMT, a new observational resource
|image=Icon428.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Probing chromospheric current sheets using SST and ALMA co-observations
|number = 427
|first_author = João da SILVA SANTOS
|publish_date = 21 February 2022
|description = Emerging magnetic flux appears in ALMA images reflecting coronal current sheets
|image=Icon427.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A demonstration of STIX hard X-ray imaging spectroscopy capabilities for an X-class flare (SOL2021-10-28)
|number = 426
|first_author = Andrea BATTAGLIA, Hannah COLLIER,
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 7 February 2022
|description = STIX imaging of an X-class flare marks its success
|image=Icon426.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A solar flare driven by thermal conduction observed in mid-infrared
|number = 425
|first_author = Guillermo GIMÉNEZ de CASTRO
|publish_date = 24 January 2022
|description = Strong 10-micron emission from a GOES C2 flare suggests conductive heating
|image=Icon425.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Disk Occultation of a Lopsided Sun‎
|number = 424
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON,
|second_author = Stephen WHITE and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 10 January 2022
|description = Observing a spotless Sun can enable observations of the faint corona.
|image=Icon424.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Resolving two distinct thermal X-ray components in a compound solar flare
|number = 423
|first_author = Zhenjun ZHOU
|second_author = and Rui LIU
|publish_date = 28 December 2021
|description = Superhot coronal sources may be independent loop systems
|image=Icon423.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bridging solar flares to coronal mass ejections
|number = 422
|first_author = Markus ASCHWANDEN
|publish_date = 14 December 2021
|description = The Neupert effect allows us to trace coronal mass ejections seamlessly
|image=Icon422.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Jakimiec Diagnostic Diagram
|number = 421
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 29 November 2021
|description = The joint variation of GOES temperature and emission measure discloses new features via an old tool
|image=Icon421.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = First look at ALMA/HInode/IRIS microflares
|number = 420
|first_author = Toshifumi SHIMIZU
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 8 November 2021
|description = High-resolution ALMA and multiwavelength observations of microflaring
|image=Icon420.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Thomson scattering near sunspots
|number = 419
|first_author = Pascal Saint-Hilaire
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 25 October 2021
|description = Completing the modeling of low-coronal Thomson polarimetry
|image=Icon419.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Non-PFSS Global Coronal Model
|number = 418
|first_author = Oliver RICE
|second_author = and Anthony YEATES
|publish_date = 11 October 2021
|description = Modeling as convenient as PFSS but much more realistic
|image=Icon418.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Manifold Nonthermality
|number = 417
|first_author = Marina BATTAGLIA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 27 September 2021
|description = Even weak flares involve multiple sites of non thermal activity
|image=Icon417.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = X-Rays from a Type I Radio Burst
|number = 416
|first_author = R. RAMESH
|publish_date = 20 September 2021
|description = A first identification of type I radio emission with hot plasma
|image=Icon416.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Do Hot Onsets Predict Flare Magnitudes?
|number = 415
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 30 August 2021
|description = Maybe we can tell how big a flare is going to be from its initial development...
|image=Icon415.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Confined or Eruptive?
|number = 414
|first_author = Ting LI et al.
|publish_date = 16 August 2021
|description = Increased magnetic flux reduces CME eruptivity
|image=Icon414.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Impulsive and Gradual Eruptive Gamma Flares and Associated CMEs
|number = 413
|first_author = Alexey STRUMINSKY,
|second_author = Irina GRIGORIEVA and Andrei SADOVSKI
|publish_date = 19 July 2021
|description = Extreme behavior of flare/CME events explained by environment
|image=Icon373.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Morphology of Flare Time Profiles
|number = 412
|first_author = Larisa KASHAPOVA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 12 July 2021
|description = Systematic comparison of solar and stellar flaring time profiles
|image=Icon412.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare Pulsation and the Heliosphere
|number = 411
|first_author = Brendan CLARKE
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 5 July 2021
|description = Flare pulsations link closely to the distant heliosphere
|image=Icon411.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = STIX, the Hard X-Ray Telescope on board Solar Orbiter
|number = 410
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 28 June 2021
|description = STIX is operational and producing great data
|image=Icon410.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Nonequilibrium Ionization of Flare Plasma Observed by Hinode/EIS
|number = 409
|first_author = Shinsuke IMADA
|second_author =
|publish_date = 14 June 2021
|description = Evidence for non-equilibrium ionization in the current sheet of SOL2017-09-10
|image=Icon409.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Effects of Flares on Solar p-modes
|number = 408
|first_author = Maria-Cristina RABELLO SOARES
|second_author = and Frederic BAUDIN
|publish_date = 26 April 2021
|description = No detectable p-mode amplitude changes due to solar flares
|image=Icon408.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Subsecond Spikes in Solar Flare X-ray Flux as Seen by Fermi GBM
|number = 407
|first_author =Trevor KNUTH
|second_author = and Lindsay GLESENER
|publish_date = 19 April 2021
|description = A new analysis technique pushes hard X-ray time scales to 0.1 sec or faster
|image=Icon407.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Negative He 10830 Flare Ribbons and Non-thermal Electrons
|number = 406
|first_author = Graham KERR
|second_author =
|publish_date = 12 April 2021
|description = A 1D radiation hydrodynamics model can explain the dark leading edges of He I flare ribbons
|image=Icon406.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Tracing the sources of gradual solar energetic particle events
|number = 405
|first_author = David H. BROOKS
|second_author = and Stephanie L. YARDLEY
|publish_date = 29 March 2021
|description = Chemical abundances in SEPs suggest an origin in flare-related moss regions
|image=Icon405.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Superflare SOL2017-09-06: from submm to mid-IR
|number = 404
|first_author = Guillermo (Guigue) GIMÉNEZ DE CASTRO
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 March 2021
|description = Glimpsing the "missing decades" of the flare emission spectrum
|image=Icon404.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Neupert Effect Revisited
|number = 403
|first_author = Jiong QIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 8 March 2021
|description = Two time scales for heating individual flare strands
|image=Icon403.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = FLUKA as a tool for interpreting flare gamma-rays
|number = 402
|first_author = Alec MACKINNON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 1 March 2021
|description = The nuclear physics of solar flares captured in a detailed model
|image=Icon402.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Collective Study of 11 NuSTAR Microflares
|number = 401
|first_author = Jessie DUNCAN and
|second_author = Lindsay GLESENER
|publish_date = 22 February 2021
|description = Swarms of NuSTAR micro flares
|image=Icon401.png}}

{{{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Solar FRB
|number = 400
|first_author = Dale GARY and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 15 February 2021
|description = A new frontier in the solar time domain
|image=Icon400.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Richard Schwartz
|number = 399
|first_author = Brian DENNIS and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 January 2021
|description = Remembering a friend and colleague
|image=Icon399.jpg}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observing Solar Flare X-ray Polarization with Prospective CubeSat Missions
|number = 398
|first_author = Natasha JEFFREY
|publish_date = 4 January 2021
|description = The polarization of the solar X-ray spectrum generally remains to be observed
|image=Icon398.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar effects in the local interstellar medium
|number = 397
|first_author = Don GURNETT and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 14 December 2020
|description = Relativistic particle events observed _in situ_ in the interstellar medium
|image=Icon397.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Investigation of Small-Scale Energy Releases in Hard X-rays with FOXSI
|number = 396
|first_author = Subramania ATHIRAY and
|second_author = Juliana VIEVERING
|publish_date = 7 December 2020
|description = Hard X-rays and high temperatures from the feeblest microflares
|image=Icon396.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = What drives impulsive coronal heating?
|number = 395
|first_author = Pradeep CHITTA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 30 November 2020
|description = Impulsive footpoint emissions suggest magnetic reconnection in the chromosphere
|image=Icon395.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Probing the solar coronal heating function with slow magnetoacoustic waves
|number = 394
|first_author = Dmitrii KOLOTKOV
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 16 November 2020
|description = Coronal heating models meet damped slow magnetoacoustic waves
|image=Icon394.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Self-Consistent Flare Model
|number = 393
|first_author = Wenzhi RUAN
|second_author = and Rony KEPPENS
|publish_date = 2 November 2020
|description = Energy transport by fast particles made self-consistent with MHD flare modeling
|image=Icon393.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hot Flare Onsets
|number = 392
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 26 October 2020
|description = The initial soft X-ray temperatures of solar flares tend to be in the 10-15 MK range
|image=Icon392.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electric Current Neutralization and Eruption
|number = 391
|first_author = Ellis AVALLONE
|second_author = and Xudong SUN
|publish_date = 19 October 2020
|description = Coronal currents without neutralizing return currents appear to
|image=Icon391.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Prediction of Solar Cycle 25
|number = 390
|first_author = Leif SVALGAARD
|second_author =
|publish_date = 5 October 2020
|description = Now we know how big the next solar maximum will be
|image=Icon390.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare/CME Cartoon Archive
|number = 389
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 September 2020
|description = A new edition of the Flare/CME archive, nearly a half kilotoon now
|image=Icon389.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Submerged Flare Acoustic Sources
|number = 388
|first_author = Juan Camilo BUITRAGO CASAS
|second_author = and Angel MARTÍNEZ
|publish_date = 13 September 2020
|description = Flare acoustic radiation emanates from a source _inside_ the Sun
|image=Icon388.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Circular Ribbon Flare at Microwaves
|number = 387
|first_author = Jeongwoo LEE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 31 August 2020
|description = Breakout reconnection reveals itself via microwave polarization measurements.
|image=Icon387.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Relation of Non-neutralized electric currents and the activity in active regions
|number = 386
|first_author = P. VEMAREDDY
|second_author =
|publish_date = 24 August 2020
|description = Non-neutralized coronal current systems contribute to CME eruptions
|image=Icon386.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = White-light emission and photospheric magnetic field changes in flares
|number = 385
|first_author = J. Sebastián CASTELLANOS DURÁN
|second_author = and Lucia KLEINT
|publish_date = 17 August 2020
|description = There are strong correlations between white-light flare emissions and line-of-sight magnetic field changes
|image=Icon385.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sunspot Differential Rotation in an X-class Flare
|number = 384
|first_author = Richard GRIMES,
|second_author = Balázs PINTÉR and Huw MORGAN
|publish_date = 10 August 2020
|description = Observations suggesting how the coronal tail can wag the photospheric dog
|image=Icon384.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energy Partitioning in a Nonthermally Dominated Two-loop Solar Flare
|number = 383
|first_author = Galina MOTORINA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 3 August 2020
|description = Modeling the propagation of energy via GX Simulator in an early-impulsive flare
|image=Icon383.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOL2013-11-10 Eruptive Circular-ribbon Flare with Extended Remote Brightenings
|number = 382
|first_author = Chang LIU
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 31 July 2020
|description = A circular-ribbon event can launch an eruption by breaking through its separatrix dome
|image=Icon382.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Extreme-Ultraviolet Late Phase of Solar Flares
|number = 381
|first_author = Rui LIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 June 2020
|description = Both arcade and circular-ribbon flares may sometimes spawn EUV late phase emission
|image=Icon381.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energy transport by accelerated particles in the quiet solar atmosphere
|number = 380
|first_author = Lars FROGNER,
|second_author = Boris GUDIKSEN and Helle BAKKE
|publish_date = 15 June 2020
|description = A first study of non-thermal particles integrated into an MHD simulation of the solar atmosphere
|image=Icon380.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasi-periodic pulsations as indicators of oscillatory processes in solar flares
|number = 379
|first_author = Elena KUPRIYANOVA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 11 May 2020
|description = Many, many QPPs
|image=Icon379.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Rejuvenating Solar Flare Termination Shocks as Particle Accelerators
|number = 378
|first_author = Bin CHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 4 May 2020
|description = At last, clear evidence for a long-predicted phenomenon
|image=Icon378.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Broad symmetrical Doppler-shifted Fe XXI line profiles
|number = 377
|first_author = Vanessa POLITO
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 April 2020
|description = It is difficult to explain "evaporation" line profiles by superposition of unresolved flows
|image=Icon377.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Phenomena in the unusually long pre-impulsive phase of SOL2011-06-07
|number = 376
|first_author = Marian KARLICKÝ,
|second_author = Jana KA&Scaron;PAROVÁ, and Robert SYCH
|publish_date = 13 April 2020
|description = A massive and slowly-rising filament eruption reveals important new signatures of the physics
|image=Icon376.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Evidence for a Coronal Shock Wave Origin for Relativistic Protons Producing Solar Gamma-Rays and Observed by Neutron Monitors at Earth‎
|number = 375
|first_author = Athanasios KOULOUMVAKOS
|second_author = and Gerry SHARE
|publish_date = 6 April 2020
|description = Successful modeling of prolonged solar gamma-ray emissions and terrestrial ground-level cosmic-ray events
|image=Icon375.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Using overlappogram data to find hot flare plasma
|number = 374
|first_author = Louise HARRA
|
|publish_date = 23 March 2020
|description = Imaging Fe XXIV at high resolution with the EIS slot data
|image=Icon374.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOL2017-09-04 (M5.5) 2017 as a Source of Relativistic Electrons and Protons
|number = 373
|first_author = Alexei STRUMINSKII
| (see text)
|publish_date = 16 March 2020
|description = Flare-accelerated particles, rather than SEPs, energize sustained gamma-ray emission
|image=Icon373.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Heating of the solar photosphere during a white-light flare‎
|number = 372
|first_author = Jan JURČÁK
| (see text)
|publish_date = 2 March 2020
|description = The best-ever spectrum of the flare photosphere
|image=Icon372.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Hot Cusp-Shaped Confined Solar Flare
|number = 371
|first_author = Aaron HERNANDEZ-PEREZ
|publish_date = 24 February 2020
|description = A flare may have a prominent hot cusp with the help of any eruption
|image=Icon371.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Temporal and Spatial Extension of Gamma-ray Emission from the Sun
|number = 370
|first_author = Nat GOPALSWAMY
|publish_date = 17 February 2020
|description = Sustained solar γ-rays and solar cosmic rays
|image=Icon370.ng.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A PSP Perihelion
|number = 369
|first_author = Jessie DUNCAN
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 20 January 2020
|description = The Parker Solar Probe enters its fourth perihelion already. Now
|image=Icon369.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remembering John Brown
|number = 368
|first_author = Alec MacKINNON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 13 January 2020
|description = John passed away unexpectedly on 16 November 2019
|image=Icon368.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Global Survey of EUV Coronal Power Spectra
|number = 367
|first_author = Karl Battams
|second_author =
|publish_date = 30 December 2019
|description = Time-series parameter maps of imaged power spectra from an AIA pipeline
|image=Icon367.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Cosmic Rays over the Rainbow Bridge
|number = 366
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = Alec MacKinnon
|publish_date = 16 December 2019
|description = Cosmic rays approach the Sun
|image=Icon366.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spectropolarimetric Insight into Plasma-Sheet Dynamics of a Solar Flare
|number = 365
|first_author = Ryan French
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 December 2019
|description = CoMP polarization patterns in SOL2017-09-10 are amazing
|image=Icon365.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Lorentz Force Evolution Reveals the Energy Build-up Processes during Recurrent Eruptive Solar Flares‎
|number = 364
|first_author = Ranadeep Sarkar,
|second_author = Nandita Srivastava and Astrid Veronig
|publish_date = 18 November 2019
|description = The net Lorentz force clearly exhibits a build-up and release pattern
|image=Icon364.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare waiting times depend on their magnitudes
|number = 363
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 11 November 2019
|description = Surprising new evidence for the flare build-up and release process
|image=Icon363.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Can magnetic reconnection cause solar rainstorms?‎
|number = 362
|first_author = Petra Kohutova
|second_author =
|publish_date = 4 November 2019
|description = Impulsive coronal heating resulting from reconnection can trigger coronal rain
|image=Icon362.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Non-radial jets on the edges of active regions
|number = 361
|first_author = Peter Wyper
|second_author =
|publish_date = 14 October 2019
|description = The very common jet structures we see can naturally combine twist and breakout
|image=Icon361.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Searching SOLfully within the Nuggets
|number = 360
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 7 October 2019
|description = The IAU target identifier works well for finding items about a particular event
|image=Icon360.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Submillimeter Radiation as the Thermal Component of the Neupert Effect
|number = 359
|first_author = Guillermo Giménez de Castro
|second_author =
|publish_date = 31 September 2019
|description = Flare radiation at the highest frequencies can be bremsstrahlung
|image=Icon359.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The "Last Best" Flares
|number = 358
|first_author = Hugh Hudson,
|second_author = Ed Cliver, and Brian Dennis
|publish_date = 24 September 2019
|description = Major flares tend to happen at the very ends of sunspot cycles
|image=Icon358.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Dynamic Processes of the Moreton Wave on 2014 March 29‎
|number = 357
|first_author = Denis Cabezas
|second_author = and the FMT team
|publish_date = 16 September 2019
|description = A beautiful Moreton wave excited by the best-observed flare ever
|image=Icon357.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = EVE-RHESSI DEM Models and the Low-energy Cutoff for Nonthermal Electrons
|number = 356
|first_author = Jim McTiernan
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 September 2019
|description = Characterizing flare temperature distributions helps to define the non-thermal energy release
|image=Icon356.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Stealth Coronal Mass Ejections from Active Regions
|number = 355
|first_author = Jennifer O'Kane
|second_author =
|publish_date = 26 August 2019
|description = Perhaps just feeble versions of the same magnetic disease...
|image=Icon355.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Do Kepler Superflare Stars Really Include Slowly Rotating Sun-like Stars?‎
|number = 354
|first_author = Yuta NOTSU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 July 2019
|description = Kepler superflares hint at solar superflares
|image=Icon354.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Localized Microwave and EUV Bright Structures in an Eruptive Prominence
|number = 353
|first_author = Jing HUANG
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 June 2019
|description = Detailed correlations between EUV and microwaves in prominence fine structures
|image=Icon353.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Broken-up hard X-ray spectra found for a loop-top source during a solar limb flare
|number = 352
|first_author = Hao NING,
|second_author = Yao CHEN and Jeongwoo LEE
|publish_date = 16 June 2019
|description = SOL2017-09-10 coronal hard X-ray sources
|image=Icon352.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Cosmic-Ray Shadow and Coronal Magnetism
|number = 351
|first_author = Frederik Tenholt
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 May 2019
|description = The coronal magnetic field measured in Antarctica
|image=Icon351.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Kristian Birkeland
|number = 350
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Lyndsay FLETCHER
|publish_date = 6 May 2019
|description = Space weather a century ago: Kristian Birkeland
|image=Icon350.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Warm UV loops heated by small-scale cancellation events
|number = 349
|first_author = Seray ŞAHIN
|second_author = and Vasyl YURCHYSHYN
|publish_date = 22 April 2019
|description = Precisely locating the footpoints of warm coronal loops helps identify their source(s) of excitation
|image=Icon349.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Multiple Regions of Shock-accelerated Particles during a Solar Coronal Mass Ejection
|number = 348
|first_author = Diana MOROSAN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 1 April 2019
|description = LOFAR identifies herringbone sources within the flank of the SOL2017-09-10 shock - no joke
|image=Icon348.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Persistent Quasi-Periodic Pulsations Detected During the Large X8.2 Solar Flare
|number = 347
|first_author = Laura HAYES
|second_author = and Peter GALLAGHER
|publish_date = 25 March 2019
|description = The most beautiful flare has the most beautiful pulsations
|image=Icon347.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Is the coronal magnetic field braiding?
|number = 346
|first_author = Markus ASCHWANDEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 11 March 2019
|description = This iconic cartoon does not relate well to the observations
|image=Icon346.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An energetic pre-flare: electron distributions in magnetic reconnection outflows
|number = 345
|first_author = Marina BATTAGLIA,
|second_author = Eduard KONTAR and Galina MOTORINA
|publish_date = 18 February 2019
|description = Assessing energy partition in a pre-impulsive flare development
|image=Icon345.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Linear Polarization in H-alpha Flares
|number = 344
|first_author = Tomoko KAWATE
|second_author = and Yoichiro HANAOKA
|publish_date = 4 February 2019
|description = H-alpha polarization is rarely observable but, in once case, very suggestive
|image=Icon344.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Short-Period Waves
|number = 343
|first_author = Sijie YU
|second_author = and Bin CHEN
|publish_date = 21 January 2019
|description = New decimetric imaging spectroscopy suggests Alfvénic energy transport in flares
|image=Icon343.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Interesting RHESSI/SAS Archive
|number = 342
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Martin FIVIAN
|publish_date = 8 January 2019
|description = The full mission database shows RHESSI to have been very stable geometrically
|image=Icon342.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Homologous White Light Solar Flares‎
|number = 341
|first_author = Paolo ROMANO
|second_author = and Abouazza ELMHAMDI
|publish_date = 31 December 2018
|description = Homologous white-light flares, in rapid succession, and coronal null points
|image=Icon341.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The flight of FOXSI-3
|number = 340
|first_author = Lindsay GLESENER
|second_author = and Noriyuki NARUKAGE
|publish_date = 10 December 2018
|description = Single-photon counting and direct focusing across hard and soft energies
|image=Icon340.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Stellar Flares and Starspots
|number = 339
|first_author = Lauren DOYLE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 3 December 2018
|description = Stellar flares don't spatially match their starspots
|image=Icon339.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Neutron Production in Solar Flares
|number = 338
|first_author = Ron MURPHY
|second_author = and Gerry SHARE
|publish_date = 26 November 2018
|description = Neutron astronomy helps us understand solar flares
|image=Icon338.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Cycle 25 Strikes Again
|number = 337
|first_author = Kamil BICZ
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 November 2018
|description = A second, larger Cycle 25 sunspot
|image=Icon337.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remembering Marcos Machado via his research
|number = 336
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 13 November 2018
|description = Recalling a friend and colleague, and admiring his final paper
|image=Icon336.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = CORONAS/SPIRIT Mg XII and Nanoflares‎
|number = 335
|first_author = Anton REVA
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 October 2018
|description = Monochromatic Mg XII spectroheliography sets severe limits on nanoflare heating models
|image=Icon335.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = White-light Emission and Non-thermal Electrons‎
|number = 334
|first_author = Kyoung-Sun LEE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 8 October 2018
|description = An intimate relationship between accelerated electrons and visible flare continuum
|image=Icon334.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal Hard X-ray Sources Revisited
|number = 333
|first_author = Brian DENNIS
|second_author =
|publish_date = 24 September 2018
|description = Reporting some over-interpretation of the evidence for "coronal thick targets"
|image=Icon333.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Photospheric response to a flare
|number = 332
|first_author = Mike WHEATLAND
|second_author =
|publish_date = 17 September 2018
|description = Sudden changes in the magnetic field in the low atmosphere associated with particle acceleration
|image=Icon332.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = New Views of Global Solar Magnetic Field Evolution Over Four Solar Cycles
|number = 331
|first_author = David WEBB
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 August 2018
|description = A digital archive of Pat McIntosh's 44 years of solar synoptic observations
|image=Icon331.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Understanding the co-spatial return current in solar flares
|number = 330
|first_author = Meriem ALAOUI
|second_author = and Gordon HOLMAN
|publish_date = 6 August 2018
|description = Completing the circuit in a thick-target model
|image=Icon330.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = 3D Magnetic Reconnection at a Coronal Null Point
|number = 329
|first_author = Shane MALONEY,
|second_author = Aidan O'Flannagain and Peter Gallagher
|publish_date = 30 July 2018
|description = Large-scale reconnection involved in Type I radio noise storm
|image=Icon329.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The true dawn of multimessenger astronomy
|number = 328
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 23 July 2018
|description = Ever since the Carrington flare
|image=Icon328.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Microwave Imaging Spectroscopy of Flares is Here‎
|number = 327
|first_author = Dale E. Gary,
|second_author = EOVSA and RHESSI Teams
|publish_date = 16 July 2018
|description = Microwave imaging spectroscopy takes a giant leap forward with SOL2017-09-10
|image=Icon327.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal nanoflares powered by footpoint reconnection
|number = 326
|first_author = Pradeep Chitta,
|second_author = Hardi Peter, and Sami Solanki
|publish_date = 9 July 2018
|description = Coronal nanoflares in active region cores can be powered by the magnetic reconnection in the lower solar atmosphere
|image=Icon326.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A remarkable, but confused, coronal hard X-ray source
|number = 325
|first_author = Alexandra Lysenko,
|second_author = Larisa Kashapova and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 25 June 2018
|description = A remarkable flare in 1999 adds to our short list of extended coronal hard X-ray/microwave sources
|image=Icon325.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Understanding HMI pseudocontinuum in white-light flares‎
|number = 324
|first_author = Michal &Scaron;vanda
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 28 May 2018
|description = The HMI pseudocontinuum (Ic) is ill-calibrated in regions with strong fields, i.e. for white-light flares
|image=Icon324.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = To beam or not to beam - that is (still) the question
|number = 323
|first_author = Paulo Simões
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 14 May 2018
|description = Descriptions of the lower solar atmosphere of flares ca. Cycle 21 sound surprisingly current
|image=Icon323.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observation of Cosmic Ray Spallation Events from SoHO‎
|number = 322
|first_author = Serge Koutchmy
|second_author = and Ehsan Tavabi
|publish_date = 7 May 2018
|description = LASCO's images capture high-energy nuclear interactions from cosmic-ray hits
|image=Icon322.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Sunspot from Cycle 25 for sure
|number = 321
|first_author = Tomek Mrozek
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 10 April 2018
|description = YES! Cycle 25 is here!
|image=Icon321.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Blue-wing enhancement of the Mg II h and k lines in a flare
|number = 320
|first_author = Akiko TEI
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 April 2018
|description = Flare loops involve a cool upflow preceding the hot evaporation flow
|image=Icon320.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = NuSTAR detects X-ray flares in the quiet Sun
|number = 319
|first_author = Matej Kuhar
|second_author = and Säm Krucker
|publish_date = 26 March 2018
|description = Quiet-Sun flares may not be powerful, but they look a lot like ordinary flares
|image=Icon319.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Homologous CME/flares from AR 12371
|number = 318
|first_author = Panditi Vemareddy
|second_author = and Pascal Demoulín
|publish_date = 19 March 2018
|description = An excellent set of homologous flare/CMEs analyzed and explained
|image=Icon318.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Non-Maxwellian Diagnostics from SDO/EVE Spectra of an X-class Flare
|number = 317
|first_author = Elena Dzifčáková
|second_author = and Jaroslav Dudík
|publish_date = 16 February 2018
|description = Ratios of high-excitation ions can readily detect κ-distributions in flare plasmas
|image=Icon317.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Joint MinXSS and RHESSI Flare X-ray Spectra between 1 and 15 keV
|number = 316
|first_author = Chris Moore, Brian Dennis and the MinXSS Science Team
|publish_date = 5 February 2018
|description = MinXSS adds systematic views of flare soft X-ray spectra to RHESSI imagery
|image=Icon316.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Parameterized Flare Models with Chromospheric Compressions
|number = 315
|first_author = Adam Kowalski & Joel Allred
|publish_date = 17 January 2018
|description = A new approach to modeling the lower flare atmosphere
|image=FlareModelsKowalskiAllred.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Curious Sunspot Group in 2018
|number = 314
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 14 January 2018
|description = The first new sunspot group of 2018 emerged at the wrong latitude
|image = Icon314.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Tecumseh's Eclipse and Astrophysics
|number = 313
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 25 December 2017
|description = The solar corona was first recognized as such, and named, in an eclipse of 1806
|image = Icon313.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hunting for Hidden Tiny Flares
|number = 312
|first_author = Shin-nosuke ISHIKAWA
|publish_date = 27 November 2017
|description = FOXSI-2 says that episodic energy releases are still viable as a part of the coronal heating problem.
|image = Icon312.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unusual Type III Burst Dynamics Produced by Diverging Magnetic Fields
|number = 311
|first_author = Patrick McCauley
|publish_date = 20 November 2017
|description = Unusual type III bursts follow coronal separatrix structures.
|image = Icon311.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Valderrama in the 21st Century
|number = 310
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 31 October 2017
|description = A newly-described white-light flare from the 19th century!..
|image = Icon310.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electron Scattering in the Flaring Corona
|number = 309
|first_author = Sophie Musset
|publish_date = 24 October 2017
|description = Diffusive transport may contribute to the trapping of electrons in coronal X-ray sources
|image = Icon309.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Power of Turbulence
|number = 308
|first_author = Nic Bian
|publish_date = 25 September 2017
|description = Turbulent energy content may underlie flare energy transfer, magnetic reconnection, and particle acceleration
|image = Icon308.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Kelvin Force and Loop-Top Concentration
|number = 307
|first_author = Kiyoto SHIBASAKI
|publish_date = 18 September 2017
|description = New physics can explain the perplexing overpressure at the flare looptop regions
|image = Icon307.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Last Best Flare of Cycle 24?
|number = 306
|first_author = Säm Krucker
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 11 September 2017
|description = Right on schedule, Cycle 24 has produced a great flare (with a GLE)
|image = Icon306.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electric Current Neutralization and Solar Eruption in Active Regions
|number = 305
|first_author = Yang LIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 28 August 2017
|description = Active current systems in the solar corona don't have return currents
|image = Icon305.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = RHESSI and the Megamovie
|number = 304
|first_author = Hugh Hudson, Laura Peticolas,
|second_author = and Juan Carlos Martínez Oliveros
|publish_date = 31 July 2017
|description = A wholly new way to view a solar eclipse, and to do solar astrometry
|image = Icon304.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bastille Day 2017
|number = 303
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = and Säm Krucker
|publish_date = 24 July 2017
|description = Interesting flares really do happen on Bastille Day...
|image = Icon303.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Solar X-ray Limb III
|number = 302
|first_author = Marina Battaglia
|second_author = and Gordon Hurford
|publish_date = 12 June 2017
|description = RHESSI succeeds with a wholly new way to measure the solar diameter
|image = Icon302.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Double Coronal X-ray and Microwave Sources Associated With A Magnetic Breakout Solar Eruption
|number = 301
|first_author = Yao CHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 29 May 2017
|description = A different explanation of the double coronal hard X-ray sources
|image = Icon301.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Lasso Model for Solar Gamma-ray Events
|number = 300
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 May 2017
|description = A toy model hoping to explain the SEP/LAT relationship
|image = Icon300.png}}

[[RHESSI Science Nuggets 200 to 299|Next Nuggets]]

File:Icon519.jpg

2026-03-30T09:56:54Z

Hhudson:

How energetic can solar flares become?

2026-03-29T12:06:07Z

Hhudson: /* Objective */

{{Infobox Nugget
|name = Nugget
|title = How energetic can solar flares become?
|number = 520
|first_author = Natalie KRIVOVA
|second_author =
|publish_date = March 23, 2026
|next_nugget = TBD
|previous_nugget = {{#ask: [[Category:Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::519]]}}
}}

== Objective ==

Solar flares release magnetic energy stored in
[https://www.solarmonitor.org active regions].
The largest flares directly measured during the space era reach
[ihttps://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/b/Bolometric+Magnitude bolometric]
energies of about 1032-33 erg.
At the same time,
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogenic_nuclide cosmogenic radionuclide]
records suggest that the Sun occasionally produces
extreme solar particle events far stronger than those observed in
recent decades (e.g., [1]).
Observations of Sun-like stars may also reveal
superflares reaching energies of 1034-35 erg,
orders of magnitude above typical solar flares.
This raises a natural question: could the Sun also produce such events?

To address this question, we considered [2] several exceptionally
large sunspot groups in historical records, including the region
responsible for the
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrington_Event Carrington event] of 1859,
often regarded as the
strongest solar eruption in the telescopic record.
We also describe the very large sunspot group of April 1947.
These examples allow us to estimate the flare energies that such
regions could potentially produce using empirical relations derived
from modern solar observations.

== Methodology ==

It was previously shown [3] that the bolometric energy of a flare
correlates with the area swept by flare ribbons during
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_reconnection magnetic reconnection].
Because ribbon area traces the amount of magnetic
flux involved in the eruption, it provides a useful observational
proxy for the total energy released.

Using space-era flares from the "RibbonDB" catalogue [3], we compiled
an empirical relation between active-region area and ribbon area
(Figure 1) and identified the upper envelope of this distribution,
corresponding to the 5% and 1% of the most energetic events in [3].
We then used these relationships to estimate the ribbon areas and
then the flare energies that could realistically - under exceptionally
plausible conditions - be reached for the largest sunspot regions
recorded in historical observations (Figure 2).

[[File:520f1.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 1: 
Ribbon area vs. active-region area for flares from the RibbonDB catalogue [3]; fits to the strongest 5% (blue) and 1% (red) flares and their respective prediction intervals (PI).
]]

[[File:520f2.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 2: 
Estimated bolometric flare energy
as a function of active-region area.
]]

== Results ==

Applying this scaling to the April 1947 region (Fig. 3) - the largest
directly measured sunspot group - suggests that the Sun could in
principle produce flares with energies of a few 10^{34} erg. Such
events would exceed the largest modern solar flares by more than
an order of magnitude and would overlap with the lower end of stellar
superflares.

[[File:520f4.png|center|thumb|700px|caption|Figure 3: 
The great sunspot of 1947. Shown are the
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Wilson_Observatory Mt Wilson] sunspot
drawing (top),
[https://www.iiap.res.in/centers/kso/ Kodaikanal]
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer_lines Ca II K] line
observation (bottom left), and unsigned magnetogram reconstructed
from the Kodaikanal Ca II K observation (bottom right) for 7 April
1947. The Ca II K observation is saturated at contrast values of
1, while the magnetogram is saturated at 100 G. The black rectangle
roughly marks the AR.
]]

Not every large active region produces such an extreme eruption.
The flare energy actually achieved depends on magnetic topology and eruption
dynamics.
Nevertheless, the largest historical sunspot groups demonstrate
that the Sun can in principle store enough magnetic energy to power
flares approaching the stellar superflare regime

== References ==

[1] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026arXiv260210243V/abstract "Linking Solar Magnetism, Extreme Solar Particle Events and Stellar Superflares"]

[2] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026arXiv260309474K/abstract "Empirical flare energy limits for the largest historical sunspots"]

[3] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...845...49K/abstract "A Database of Flare Ribbon Properties from the Solar Dynamics Observatory. I. Reconnection Flux"]

How energetic can solar flares become?

2026-03-29T12:05:48Z

Hhudson: author's fixes

{{Infobox Nugget
|name = Nugget
|title = How energetic can solar flares become?
|number = 520
|first_author = Natalie KRIVOVA
|second_author =
|publish_date = March 23, 2026
|next_nugget = TBD
|previous_nugget = {{#ask: [[Category:Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::519]]}}
}}

== Objective ==

Solar flares release magnetic energy stored in
[https://www.solarmonitor.org active regions].
The largest flares directly measured during the space era reach
[ihttps://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/b/Bolometric+Magnitude bolometric]
energies of about 10^32-33 erg.
At the same time,
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogenic_nuclide cosmogenic radionuclide]
records suggest that the Sun occasionally produces
extreme solar particle events far stronger than those observed in
recent decades (e.g., [1]).
Observations of Sun-like stars may also reveal
superflares reaching energies of 10^34-35 erg,
orders of magnitude above typical solar flares.
This raises a natural question: could the Sun also produce such events?

To address this question, we considered [2] several exceptionally
large sunspot groups in historical records, including the region
responsible for the
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrington_Event Carrington event] of 1859,
often regarded as the
strongest solar eruption in the telescopic record.
We also describe the very large sunspot group of April 1947.
These examples allow us to estimate the flare energies that such
regions could potentially produce using empirical relations derived
from modern solar observations.

== Methodology ==

It was previously shown [3] that the bolometric energy of a flare
correlates with the area swept by flare ribbons during
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_reconnection magnetic reconnection].
Because ribbon area traces the amount of magnetic
flux involved in the eruption, it provides a useful observational
proxy for the total energy released.

Using space-era flares from the "RibbonDB" catalogue [3], we compiled
an empirical relation between active-region area and ribbon area
(Figure 1) and identified the upper envelope of this distribution,
corresponding to the 5% and 1% of the most energetic events in [3].
We then used these relationships to estimate the ribbon areas and
then the flare energies that could realistically - under exceptionally
plausible conditions - be reached for the largest sunspot regions
recorded in historical observations (Figure 2).

[[File:520f1.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 1: 
Ribbon area vs. active-region area for flares from the RibbonDB catalogue [3]; fits to the strongest 5% (blue) and 1% (red) flares and their respective prediction intervals (PI).
]]

[[File:520f2.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 2: 
Estimated bolometric flare energy
as a function of active-region area.
]]

== Results ==

Applying this scaling to the April 1947 region (Fig. 3) - the largest
directly measured sunspot group - suggests that the Sun could in
principle produce flares with energies of a few 10^{34} erg. Such
events would exceed the largest modern solar flares by more than
an order of magnitude and would overlap with the lower end of stellar
superflares.

[[File:520f4.png|center|thumb|700px|caption|Figure 3: 
The great sunspot of 1947. Shown are the
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Wilson_Observatory Mt Wilson] sunspot
drawing (top),
[https://www.iiap.res.in/centers/kso/ Kodaikanal]
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer_lines Ca II K] line
observation (bottom left), and unsigned magnetogram reconstructed
from the Kodaikanal Ca II K observation (bottom right) for 7 April
1947. The Ca II K observation is saturated at contrast values of
1, while the magnetogram is saturated at 100 G. The black rectangle
roughly marks the AR.
]]

Not every large active region produces such an extreme eruption.
The flare energy actually achieved depends on magnetic topology and eruption
dynamics.
Nevertheless, the largest historical sunspot groups demonstrate
that the Sun can in principle store enough magnetic energy to power
flares approaching the stellar superflare regime

== References ==

[1] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026arXiv260210243V/abstract "Linking Solar Magnetism, Extreme Solar Particle Events and Stellar Superflares"]

[2] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026arXiv260309474K/abstract "Empirical flare energy limits for the largest historical sunspots"]

[3] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...845...49K/abstract "A Database of Flare Ribbon Properties from the Solar Dynamics Observatory. I. Reconnection Flux"]

File:520f4.png

2026-03-29T10:38:51Z

Hhudson:

File:520f2.png

2026-03-29T10:27:19Z

Hhudson:

File:520f1.png

2026-03-27T18:40:05Z

Hhudson:

File:Lassan effarea.png

2026-03-27T18:38:36Z

Hhudson:

Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops

2026-03-23T20:20:45Z

Hhudson:

{{Infobox Nugget
|name = Nugget
|title = Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops
|number = 519
|first_author = Teodora Mihăilescu
|second_author = Peter R. Young et al.
|publish_date = March 16, 2026
|next_nugget = TBD
|previous_nugget = {{#ask: [[Category:Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::518]]}}
}}

== Overview ==

The chemical composition of an astronomical objects produces abundant
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy spectroscopic] signatures.
In particular the
[https://solarb.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/SolarB/ EIS]
instrument on the
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinode_(satellite) Hinode]
satellite can generate
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet EUV]
spectroscopy resolved in space and time, as well as wavelength.
This makes it possible to study flares, for example.

Plasma composition in flaring regions has been shown to have
significant spatial and temporal variations, likely driven by
dynamical processes that take place as a consequence of the sudden
energy release at the reconnection site. The origins of these
variations, as well as the effects they might, in turn, have on
flare loops dynamics are not yet fully understood. In
[https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.10643 this work] (Ref. [1])
we investigate the plasma composition evolution and its link to
plasma cooling times in the loops formed following the M-class flare
SOL2022-04-02T13:56
using high cadence Hinode
EIS spectroscopic observations.

== Hinode EIS Observations ==

Hinode EIS observed the evolution of this flare's coronal loops using a "sit-and-stare" study (a fixed single slit position) which captured a portion of the flare loop arcade top and one of the footpoints (see Figure 1). This allowed us to study plasma composition using the Ca XIV 193.866 Å /Ar XIV 194.401 Å diagnostic and a
[https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/images/u33/SWW_GOESVW_DEMs_plowman.pdf DEM analysis].
Given the narrow temperature distribution of the structure, a Gaussian shape was assumed for the DEM function. Observations indicate a systematic difference in plasma composition along the loop, with the loop top exhibiting a FIP bias of 2.8±0.2, higher than the 2.4±0.2 value observed at the footpoint (see Figure 2). FIP bias values higher than 1 indicate an overabundance in low-FIP elements in the corona.

[[File:519f1.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 1: 
Context AIA 94 Å image of the flare loops associated with the flare.
The solid white rectangle
indicates the position of the EIS slit for the Fe XII 195.119 Å
window, and the dashed white rectangle shows the loop arcade studied
in this work.
]]

[[File:519f2.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 2: 
Evolution of Gaussian DEM centroid temperature (top) and associated
FIP bias (bottom) for the loop top (blue) and loop footpoint (red).
]]

The evolution of line intensities covering a wide temperature range
(log(T) = 5.72 to 7.25) was used to track the cooling times, revealing
shorter cooling times at the loop top compared to the loop footpoint
(see Figure 3). The evolution of the Gaussian centroid temperature
also shows a steeper slope for the loop top than footpoint, providing
additional indication that the flare loop top is cooling faster
than the footpoint.

[[File:519f3.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 3: 
Radiative energy losses, Q(T,Ne), as a function of electron temperature
in the case of plasma with FIP bias = 2.4 (red) and FIP bias = 2.8
(blue), assuming the default CHIANTI ionisation file and an electron
density of 1010 cm-3.
]]

== EBTEL Simulations ==

The radiative loss function depends on plasma composition, particularly
in the temperature range where emission is dominated by low-FIP
elements (Ref. [2]; see the example in Figure 3 here).
We investigate the effect
the spatial variation in FIP bias observed along the flare loop
could have on the loop cooling times using simulations from the
EBTEL 0D hydrodynamic model.
The EBTEL simulations show that the
observed difference in FIP bias between the loop top and footpoint
is sufficiently high to produce a noticeable difference in cooling
times, with the higher FIP bias leading to a faster radiative cooling
rate (see Figure 4).

[[File:519f4.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 4: 
Intensity evolution comparison between observations and simulations.
Left: Averaged Hinode EIS spectra intensity evolution in the loop
top (blue) and footpoint (red). The peak emission times for each
feature in each line are indicated by the vertical dashed lines.
Right: Synthetic intensity evolution computed using an EBTEL
simulation of a heating event in a single loop strand, assuming a
plasma with a FIP bias = 2.8 (blue) and a FIP bias = 2.4 (red)
respectively. Lifetimes are indicated in the top right corner of
each plot.
]]

== Conclusions ==

The observed FIP bias values are higher than those reported in some
previous studies which found photospheric composition during flares.
While several aspects need to be considered when comparing our
results to previous ones, the relatively high FIP bias values we
observe suggest that, in this particular event and flare stage
captured, the energy deposition and consequent chromospheric
evaporation take place above the fractionation level in the
chromosphere.

The consistently higher FIP bias and shorter cooling times at the
loop top compared to the loop footpoint suggest a faster radiative
cooling rate. Previous studies have reported even stronger spatial
variations in FIP bias along flare loops (e.g., Ref. [3]), suggesting
that the influence of plasma composition on heat
transport and loop cooling may be even more significant in more
energetic events.

== Acknowledgments ==

Co-authors: Peter R. Young, David H. Brooks, Deborah Baker, Lucie M. Green,
David M. Long, Lidia van Driel-Gesztelyi.

== References ==

[1] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026arXiv260310643M/abstract "Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops"]

[2] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ApJ...338.1176C/abstract "Effect of Coronal Elemental Abundances on the Radiative Loss Function"]

[3] [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa4f5 "Photospheric and Coronal Abundances in an X8.3 Class Limb Flare"]

SolarNuggets

2026-03-23T20:19:17Z

Hhudson:

Welcome to the [[SolarNuggets]] collection, which extends the series of [[RHESSI]] Nuggets. The following is a time-ordered list of the latest Nuggets added to the HelioWiki. An [[:Category:Nugget|alphabetical list of the SolarNuggets]] is also available as well as [[:Category:RHESSI Nugget List|yearly lists]]. One can search on author, topic, IAU flare identifier, etc.). We welcome volunteer authors - please see our page of [[Help:For_Authors| help for authors]] or just send an email to the Curator at (hugh.hudson@glasgow.ac.uk).

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops
|number = 519
|first_author = Teodora MIHĂILESCU,
|second_author = Peter YOUNG et AL.
||publish_date = 16 March 2026
|description = Higher FIP bias than expected in some flare loops, a diagnostically interesting result
|image=Icon360.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = When Magnetic Field Lines Stretch, Snap, and Expand: A New Look at Solar Flares with L-maps
|number = 518
|first_author = Maria KAZACHENKO,
|second_author = Yuhong FAN and Andrey AFANASYEV
||publish_date = 9 March 2026
|description = A clever new tool tracks magnetic connectivity (and energy) during flare/CME occurrence
|image=Icon518.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observational Evidence Linking Loop Length and Thermal/Nonthermal Peak Timing in Solar Flares
|number = 517
|first_author = Solomon PERRIYIL
||publish_date = 23 February 2026
|description = Clear evidence for the universality of the physics behind the Neupert Effect
|image=Icon517.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A fine-scale bright kernel captured by Hi-C 3 in the post-maximum phase of an M-class solar flare
|number = 516
|first_author = Sanjiv TIWARI
||publish_date = 9 February 2026
|description = The Hi-C rocket catches an extremely compact brightening in late-phase flare ribbon development
|image=Icon516.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On the Relationship Between Nanoflare Energy and Delay in the Closed Solar Corona
|number = 515
|first_author = Shanwlee SOW MONDAL et al.
||publish_date = 19 January 2026
|description = Nanoflaring implies energy storage and sudden release, suggesting correlation between event energy and its timing
|image=Icon515.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fine structures in solar flare ribbons
|number = 514
|first_author = Jonas THOEN FABER
||publish_date = 12 January 2026
|description = Elongated "riblets" commonly rise out of flare ribbons, and have characteristic Doppler shifts
|image=Icon514.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The M- and X-class White-light Flares in Super Active Region NOAA 13664/13697
|number = 513
|first_author = Zhichen JING
|second_author = and Ying LI
|publish_date = 5 January 2026
|description = "Super" active regions have relatively more frequent X-class flares, which correlate well with visible continuum (white-light flare) emission
|image=Icon513.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Iron Fluorescence in X-class Solar Flares
|number = 512
|first_author = Abhilash SARWADE
|publish_date = 8 December 2025
|description = A new spectroscopic capability for Iron K-alpha fluorescence
|image=Icon512.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star Analysis of a Solar Eruption Source Region Using H-alpha Spectroscopic Observations from CHASE
|number = 510
|first_author = Xiaofeng LIU
|second_author = and Yijun HOU
|publish_date = 24 November 2025
|description = Sun-as-a-star observations help to translate solar/stellar processes
|image=Icon5010.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On the Origin of Solar Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Flares‎‎‎‎
|number = 509
|first_author = Alessandro BRUNO
|publish_date = 3 November 2025
|description = Do we really need a CME to produce a long-duration solar gamma-ray event?
|image=Icon509.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = FAI and GOES eclipses‎‎
|number = 508
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 20 October 2025
|description = Flare anticipation via FAI may have problems during GOES eclipses, which are really interesting in their own right
|image=Icon508.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The EUV Late Phase‎
|number = 507
|first_author = Sascha ORNIG
|publish_date = 13 October 2025
|description = Basic comparative statistics of the ELP, a distinct flare phenomenon
|image=Icon507.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Time evolution of flare-accelerated electrons using the warm-target model‎
|number = 506
|first_author = Debesh BHATTACHARJEE
|publish_date = 6 October 2025
|description = Considering a "warm" thick target allows flare-accelerated electrons to be treated self-consistently
|image=Icon506.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOLSTICE observes flare Doppler shifts in Si III
|number = 505
|first_author = Luke MAJURY
|publish_date = 30 September 2025
|description = A rarely used database suggests prograde-flow Doppler shifts in flaring plasmas
|image=Icon505.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare Phases and the Earth's Ionospheric Response
|number = 504
|first_author = Susanna BEKKER
|publish_date = 16 September 2025
|description = A flare's "EUV late phase" is surprisingly geoeffective
|image=Icon504.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Neupertianity
|number = 503
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 August 2025
|description = It's hard to avoid the Neupert Effect
|image=Icon503.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Synchrotron Radiation and the Foundations for a Cosmic Bridge
|number = 502
|first_author = Immanuel JEBARAJ
|publish_date = 11 August 2025
|description = Gyrosynchrotron radiation in shocks: a cosmic connection
|image=Icon502.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Aulanier Effect: drifting footpoints of CME flux ropes
|number = 501
|first_author = Jaroslav DUDÍK,
|second_author = Juraj LÖRINČÍK and Brigitte SCHMIEDER
|publish_date = 21 July 2025
|description = The breakthrough to 3D flare physics: the Aulanier Effect
|image=Icon501.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Five Hundred Nuggets
|number = 500
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 14 July 2025
|description = A milestone
|image=Icon169.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasiperiodic Pulsations in the Balmer Continuum in an X-class Solar White-light Flare
|number = 499
|first_author = De-Chao SONG et al.
|publish_date = 30 June 2025
|description = QPP in the Balmer continuum: the powerful heartbeat of a flare
|image=Icon499.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = High-Resolution Observations of a C3 class White-Light Flare
|number = 498
|first_author = Zhe XU and
|second_author = Xiaoli YAN
|publish_date = 16 June 2025
|description = A compact white-light flare with vortical motions (and hard X-rays)
|image=Icon498.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Sun's open-closed flux boundary and the origin of the slow solar wind
|number = 497
|first_author = Chloe WILKINS and
|second_author = David PONTIN
|publish_date = 26 May 2025
|description = Identifying the solar sources of slow solar wind
|image=Icon497.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Delay of Near-Relativistic Electrons
|number = 496
|first_author = Grant MITCHELL
|publish_date = 19 May 2025
|description = Parker Solar Probe solves an old mystery about type III bursts
|image=Icon496.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Multi-Site Telescope for Multi-Height for Synoptic Observations
|number = 495
|first_author = Fallon KONOW
|publish_date = 11 May 2025
|description = A new synoptic network for observations at multiple wavelengths
|image=Icon495.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On turbulent magnetic reconnection: fast and slow mean steady-states
|number = 494
|first_author = Sage STANISH
|second_author = and David MacTAGGART
|publish_date = 28 April 2025
|description = In a turbulent medium, magnetic reconnection has two limiting domains
|image=Icon494.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasi-Periodic Pulsations in Ionospheric TEC and Flare EUV
|number = 493
|first_author = Aisling O'HARE
|publish_date = 21 April 2025
|description = The Earth's ionosphere reflects QPPs, with a small delay
|image=Icon493.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Metis observations of Alfvenic outflows driven by interchange reconnection in a pseudostreamer
|number = 492
|first_author = Paolo ROMANO and the Metis team
|publish_date = 7 April 2025
|description = Exactly as predicted by numerical simulations... a rare coup
|image=Icon492.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Rollercoaster: looping-the-loop in the solar corona
|number = 491
|first_author = Mohamed NEDAL et al.
|publish_date = 31 March 2025
|description = Large-scale helical motion in the flare/CME SOL2024-05-14
|image=Icon491.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Proton Beam Energy Deposition as a Mechanism of Deep Photospheric Heating
|number = 490
|first_author = Samuel GRANOVSKY
|second_author = and Alexander KOSOVICHEV
|publish_date = 17 March 2025
|description = Evidence for proton beams in white-light flares
|image=Icon490.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = New insights into the proton precipitation sites in solar flares
|number = 489
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 17 February 2025
|description = There is no detectable difference in proton and electron foopoint locations after all
|image=Icon489.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Gamma-Ray Evidence for a Distinct Population of MeV Flare-Accelerated Electrons
|number = 488
|first_author = Gerry SHARE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 10 February 2025
|description = Relativistic electrons in solar flares newly recognized as a distinct process
|image=Icon488.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = From Chromospheric Evaporation to Coronal Rain: An Investigation of the Mass and Energy Cycle of a Flare‎
|number = 487
|first_author = Seray &Scedil;AHIN
|second_author = and Patrick ANTOLIN
|publish_date = 3 February 2025
|description = A first quantitative comparison of flare evaporation and coronal rain
|image=Icon487.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energetic neutral atoms detected in the large solar energetic particle event of February 2022‎
|number = 486
|first_author = Christina COHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 January 2025
|description = Only the second direct observation of high-energy neutral atoms from the Sun
|image=Icon486.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Magnetic topology of quiet-Sun Ellerman bombs and associated ultraviolet brightenings‎
|number = 485
|first_author = Aditi BHATNAGAR
|second_author =
|publish_date = 6 January 2025
|description = Tiny "Ellerman Bombs" occur all across the solar surface, with differences
|image=Icon485.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unveiling CME Dynamics: Rare Rotations of CMEs in the Heliosphere
|number = 484
|first_author = Sandeep KUMAR and
|second_author = Nandita SRIVASTAVA
|publish_date = 30 December 2024
|description = CMEs usually do not show additional rotation as they move though the heliosphere
|image=Icon484.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatial and Spectral Evolution of Microwave and X-Ray Sources During the Limb Flare SOL2023-02-05
|number = 483
|first_author = Yulia N. SHAMSUTDINOVA
|publish_date = 23 December 2024
|description = Rare microwave imaging spectroscopy of a hot-onset precursor event
|image=Icon483.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = High-resolution observational analysis of flare ribbon fine structures
|number = 482
|first_author = Jonas THOEN FABER
|publish_date = 16 December 2024
|description = Spatially periodic fine structures in flare ribbons reveal current-sheet tearing
|image=Icon482.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Advection and super-diffusive expansion as the model of flare accelerated electron transport in type III solar radio bursts
|number = 481
|first_author = Eduard KONTAR
|publish_date = 9 December 2024
|description = Sturrock's dilemma resolved
|image=Icon481.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Faraday's Law in Solar Flares: A Cautionary Message
|number = 480
|first_author = Michael FARADAY
|publish_date = 2 December 2024
|description = We must not forget the global implications of Faraday's Law
|image=Icon480.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remarkable NUV Spectrum of an M-star Megaflare
|number = 479
|first_author = Adam KOWALSKI
|publish_date = 25 November 2024
|description = Remarkable NUV spectra from an HST stellar flare
|image=Icon479.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Revised Point-Spread Functions of AIA and their effect on DEM analyses
|number = 478
|first_author =Stefan HOFMEISTER,
|second_author = Daniel Wolf SAVIN, and Michael HAHN
|publish_date = 18 November 2024
|description = Substantial revisions of the AIA point-response functions
|image=Icon478.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = How much of the energy in flare-accelerated electrons reaches the chromosphere?
|number = 477
|first_author = Meriem ALAOUI
|second_author = and Gordon HOLMAN
|publish_date = 11 November 2024
|description = Keeping flare-accelerated electrons out of the chromosphere
|image=Icon477.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatially resolved plasma composition evolution in a solar flare
|number = 476
|first_author = Andy S. H. TO
|publish_date = 4 November 2024
|description = Reconnection outflow feeds abundance variations
|image=Icon476.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = HOPE during high activity
|number = 475
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Alphonse STERLING
|publish_date = 28 October 2024
|description = Hot onsets appear even in the most active solar conditions
|image=Icon475.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Simulated heliospheric electron spectra show sensitivity to plasma properties of a source region in the flaring corona
|number = 474
|first_author = Ross PALLISTER
|second_author = and Natasha JEFFREY
|publish_date = 21 October 2024
|description = Getting closer to an understanding of how solar energetic particles "escape"
|image=Icon474.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An extremely complex active region with very strong non-neutralized electric currents
|number = 473
|first_author = Ioannis KONTOGIANNIS
|publish_date = 14 October 2024
|description = Large non-neutralized electric currents flow through the active-region corona
|image=Icon473.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An X9 flare and its huge crochet (SFE)
|number = 472
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 7 October 2024
|description = The geomagnetic effect (SFE/crochet) that will calibrate the Carrington flare
|image=Icon472.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = All microflares that accelerate electrons to high energies are rooted in sunspots
|number = 471
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|publish_date = 30 September 2024
|description = Microflares with hard X-ray spectra are a well-defined class, and invariably have one footpoint embedded in a sunspot
|image=Icon471.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The warm-target model and kappa distributions
|number = 470
|first_author = Yingjie LUO
|publish_date = 16 September 2024
|description = A self-consistent treatment of non-thermal electron spectra points to kappa distributions
|image=Icon470.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Is there HOPE for Hyder flares...
|number = 468
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 15 March 2024
|description = Filament eruptions/Hyder flares/disparitions brusques may all show HOPE
|image=Icon468.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star Analysis of the M8.7 Flare on 2022 October 2 Using H-alpha and EUV Spectra Taken by SMART/SDDI and SDO/EVE
|number = 467
|first_author = Takato OTSU
|publish_date = 19 February 2024
|description = Whole-Sun spectroscopic observations can readily detect ejecta
|image=Icon467.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unexpected Asymmetry in GeV Emission
|number = 466
|first_author = Bruno ARSIOLI and Elena ORLANDO
|publish_date = 15 January 2024
|description = The high-energy solar gamma radiation shows inexplicable but fascinating properties
|image=Icon466.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = When it rippled in one place and exploded in another
|number = 465
|first_author = Ivan ZIMOVETS
|publish_date = 25 December 2023
|description = Pulsations precede a flare, but seem unrelated
|image=Icon465.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar flares: evaporation and simulation‎
|number = 464
|first_author = Malcolm DRUETT
|publish_date = 18 December 2023
|description = Fitting beam electrons into multi-dimensional models
|image=Icon464.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Pre-impulsive and Impulsive Phases of the March 28, 2022 Sub-Terahertz Flare
|number = 463
|first_author = Galina G. MOTORINA
|publish_date = 11 December 2023
|description = A flare with an increasing sub-THz spectrum and sub-THZ precursor information
|image=Icon463.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal Bright Points
|number = 462
|first_author = Daniel NÓBREGA-SIVERIO
|publish_date = 27 November 2023
|description = Bright EUV rowel-like structures can result from null-point reconnection
|image=Icon462.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Aurora-like Radio Emission from a Sunspot
|number = 461
|first_author = Sijie YU
|publish_date = 20 November 2023
|description = Maser action above a sunspot
|image=Icon461.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Search for a Flare Anticipation Index (FAI)
|number = 460
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Jim McTiernan
|publish_date = 13 November 2023
|description = Quantifying flare precursors on a few-minute time scale
|image=Icon460.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bouncing motions of fast electrons using Nobeyama Radioheliograph
|number = 459
|first_author = Keitarou MATSUMOTO
|publish_date = 6 November 2023
|description = Solar evidence for conservation of second adiabatic invariant in particle motion
|image=Icon459.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Impact of nanoflare heating in the lower solar atmosphere
|number = 458
|first_author = Helle BAKKE
|publish_date = 30 October 2023
|description = The behavior of nanoflare fast electrons in Bifrost models
|image=Icon458.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Precise timing of flare footpoint sources from mid-infrared observations‎
|number = 457
|first_author = Paulo SIMÕES et al.
|publish_date = 23 October 2023
|description = Mid-IR observations at high spatial and high temporal resolution: Conjugacy
|image=Icon457.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Greatest GOES Flares‎
|number = 456
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Ed CLIVER
|publish_date = 25 September 2023
|description = The greatest GOES events, re-analyzed, fall short of expectations
|image=Icon456.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Introducing SunSketcher
|number = 455
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Gordon EMSLIE
|publish_date = 11 September 2023
|description = Galloping towards roundup in the 2024 total solar eclipse
|image=Icon455.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = TeV Gamma rays from the Quiescent Sun
|number = 454
|first_author = Mehr Un NISA
|second_author = and John BEACOM
|publish_date = 21 August 2023
|description = Solar photons at unprecedented high energies
|image=Icon454.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Hard X-Ray Sources in Flare Model with Vertical Current Sheet
|number = 453
|first_author = Alexander SHABALIN, Eugenia OVCHINNIKOVA,
|second_author = and Yuri CHARIKOV
|publish_date = 7 August 2023
|description = Modeling betatron acceleration in current-sheet development.
|image=Icon453.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatial Distribution of Magnetic Reconnection Rate in an M6.5 Solar Flare
|number = 452
|first_author = Ju JING
|publish_date = 12 June 2023
|description = Linking hard X-rays to high-resolution images that show reconnection rates.
|image=Icon452.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Statistical study of Type III bursts and associated HXR emissions
|number = 451
|first_author = Nicole VILMER and Tomin JAMES
|publish_date = 29 May 2023
|description = Linking electron populations escaping from the Sun with those that RHESSI detects.
|image=Icon451.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar flare hard X-rays from the anchor points of an eruptive filament
|number = 450
|first_author = Muriel STIEFEL
|publish_date = 15 May 2023
|description = A rare "four-ribbon" flare has been detected in hard X-rays.
|image=Icon450.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Did a Solar Flare Accelerate all the Ambient Electrons in the Coronal Acceleration Region?...
|number = 449
|first_author = Gordon EMSLIE, Eduard KONTAR,
|second_author = Galina MOTORINA, and Brian DENNIS
|publish_date = 1 May 2023
|description = Considering SOL2017-09-10, probably not.
|image=Icon449.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Diagnostics of Spatially-Extended Turbulent Acceleration and Transport
|number = 448
|first_author = Morgan STORES
|publish_date = 24 April 2023
|description = Drilling down into the detailed structure of solar-flare energy release by including turbulence with particle acceleration.
|image=Icon448.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = RHESSI's Re-entry
|number = 447
|first_author = Pascal SAINT-HILAIRE and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 17 April 2023
|description = The final demise of RHESSI is this week
|image=Icon447.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Glasgow geomagnetic observation of a solar flare
|number = 446
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON, John MALONE-LEIGH,
|second_author = Graham WOAN, and Chris OSBORNE
|publish_date = 13 March 2023
|description = Irish and Scottish geomagnetic observatories see a crochet much like that of the Carrington event
|image=Icon_446.png}}

{{{Nugget Badge
|title = Particle Acceleration in Two Coronal Jets
|number = 445
|first_author = Yixian ZHANG
|publish_date = 27 February 2023
|description = Coronal jets with hard X-ray sources at disjoint locations
|image=Icon445.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Curious First Sunquake of Solar Cycle 25‎
|number = 444
|first_author = Alexander KOSOVICHEV
|publish_date = 13 February 2023
|description = A double whammy: two distinct sunquakes from SOL2022-05-10.
|image=Icon444.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hard X-ray Pulsations via Gaussian Decomposition
|number = 443
|first_author = Hannah COLLIER and Laura HAYES
|publish_date = 30 January 2023
|description = Flare hard X-ray time variations decomposed objectively
|image=Icon443.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A possible coronal magnetic flare precursor
|number = 442
|first_author = Enrico LANDI
|publish_date = 16 January 2023
|description = Novel measurements of the coronal magnetic field may help with flare prediction
|image=Icon442.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A slow HOPE with microwave context
|number = 441
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 12 December 2022
|description = A new microwave facility at Chashan Observatory, and a prototypical HOPE
|image=Icon441.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Rapid variations of Si IV spectra in a flare observed by IRIS at a sub-second cadence
|number = 440
|first_author = Juraj LÖRINČÍK
|publish_date = 14 November 2022
|description = Transition-region lines in a flare have a Doppler component revealing quasi-periodic pulsations
|image=Icon440.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Significant Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance Associated with a Massive Gamma-ray Burst
|number = 439
|first_author = Laura HAYES and Peter GALLAGHER
|publish_date = 31 October 2022
|description = A first SID observed in broad daylight, from a source far far away
|image=Icon439.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Effects of Coronal Structures on the Dynamics of the Global Coronal Wave of SOL2017-09-10‎
|number = 438
|first_author = Huidong HU, Ying D. LIU, and Bei ZHU
|publish_date = 17 October 2022
|description = The amazing global coronal wave of SOL2017-09-10 wrapped around the whole Sun, and displayed transmission and reflection at both polar coronal holes
|image=Icon438.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = KW-Sun: The Konus-Wind Solar Flare Database in Hard X-Ray and Soft Gamma-Ray Ranges
|number = 437
|first_author = Alexandra LYSENKO
|publish_date = 26 September 2022
|description = An unrivaled hard X-ray and gamma-ray database is entering its third activity maximum
|image=Icon437.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = First Detection of Kink Oscillations with Solar Orbiter
|number = 436
|first_author = Sihui ZHONG et al.
|publish_date = 19 September 2022
|description = SolO sees coronal oscillations as well as AIA can, and even better
|image=Icon436.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energetic Neutral Hydrogen from Large Solar Flares
|number = 435
|first_author = Glenn MASON
|publish_date = 6 September 2022
|description = A rediscovered data treasury reveals the occurrence of many flare/CME events producing solar high-energy neutral atoms
|image=Icon435.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fifty-year Anniversary of the First Detection of Gamma rays from a Solar Flare
|number = 434
|first_author = Jim Ryan,
|second_author = Brian Dennis, and Phil Dunphy
|publish_date = 8 August 2022
|description = The rich astrophysics of gamma-ray astronomy began with solar observations fifty years ago
|image=Icon434.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fast Prograde Flows in Solar Active Regions
|number = 433
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 July 2022
|description = Unexpected, unpredicted, and not modeled yet - weird flows in hot active-region loops
|image=Icon433.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Undetected Minority-polarity Flux, Moss, and Coronal Heating
|number = 432
|first_author = Yi-Ming WANG
|publish_date = 11 July 2022
|description = There's plenty of room in "unipolar" active regions for both polarities, and there is good evidence for them
|image=Icon432.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Thermal/Nonthermal with MinXSS and RHESSI
|number = 431
|first_author = Shunsaku NAGASAWA
|publish_date = 13 June 2022
|description = Time-domain studies of improved X-ray spectra reveal a "super-hot' component
|image=Icon431.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star spectroscopic observations of the line-of-sight velocity of a solar eruption on October 28, 2021
|number = 430
|first_author = Yu XU
|second_author = and Hui TIAN
|publish_date = 30 May 2022
|description = The observation of the full 3d velocity of a CME, for an anniversary event
|image=Icon430.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Carl Størmer
|number = 429
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Lyndsay FLETCHER
|publish_date = 15 April 2022
|description = Størmer and the theory of trapping in loops
|image=Icon429.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Hard X-rays with Insight
|number = 428
|first_author = Wei WANG
|second_author = and Ping ZHANG
|publish_date = 21 March 2022
|description = A spectacular limb flare introduces Insight/HXMT, a new observational resource
|image=Icon428.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Probing chromospheric current sheets using SST and ALMA co-observations
|number = 427
|first_author = João da SILVA SANTOS
|publish_date = 21 February 2022
|description = Emerging magnetic flux appears in ALMA images reflecting coronal current sheets
|image=Icon427.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A demonstration of STIX hard X-ray imaging spectroscopy capabilities for an X-class flare (SOL2021-10-28)
|number = 426
|first_author = Andrea BATTAGLIA, Hannah COLLIER,
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 7 February 2022
|description = STIX imaging of an X-class flare marks its success
|image=Icon426.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A solar flare driven by thermal conduction observed in mid-infrared
|number = 425
|first_author = Guillermo GIMÉNEZ de CASTRO
|publish_date = 24 January 2022
|description = Strong 10-micron emission from a GOES C2 flare suggests conductive heating
|image=Icon425.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Disk Occultation of a Lopsided Sun‎
|number = 424
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON,
|second_author = Stephen WHITE and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 10 January 2022
|description = Observing a spotless Sun can enable observations of the faint corona.
|image=Icon424.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Resolving two distinct thermal X-ray components in a compound solar flare
|number = 423
|first_author = Zhenjun ZHOU
|second_author = and Rui LIU
|publish_date = 28 December 2021
|description = Superhot coronal sources may be independent loop systems
|image=Icon423.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bridging solar flares to coronal mass ejections
|number = 422
|first_author = Markus ASCHWANDEN
|publish_date = 14 December 2021
|description = The Neupert effect allows us to trace coronal mass ejections seamlessly
|image=Icon422.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Jakimiec Diagnostic Diagram
|number = 421
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 29 November 2021
|description = The joint variation of GOES temperature and emission measure discloses new features via an old tool
|image=Icon421.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = First look at ALMA/HInode/IRIS microflares
|number = 420
|first_author = Toshifumi SHIMIZU
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 8 November 2021
|description = High-resolution ALMA and multiwavelength observations of microflaring
|image=Icon420.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Thomson scattering near sunspots
|number = 419
|first_author = Pascal Saint-Hilaire
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 25 October 2021
|description = Completing the modeling of low-coronal Thomson polarimetry
|image=Icon419.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Non-PFSS Global Coronal Model
|number = 418
|first_author = Oliver RICE
|second_author = and Anthony YEATES
|publish_date = 11 October 2021
|description = Modeling as convenient as PFSS but much more realistic
|image=Icon418.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Manifold Nonthermality
|number = 417
|first_author = Marina BATTAGLIA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 27 September 2021
|description = Even weak flares involve multiple sites of non thermal activity
|image=Icon417.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = X-Rays from a Type I Radio Burst
|number = 416
|first_author = R. RAMESH
|publish_date = 20 September 2021
|description = A first identification of type I radio emission with hot plasma
|image=Icon416.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Do Hot Onsets Predict Flare Magnitudes?
|number = 415
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 30 August 2021
|description = Maybe we can tell how big a flare is going to be from its initial development...
|image=Icon415.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Confined or Eruptive?
|number = 414
|first_author = Ting LI et al.
|publish_date = 16 August 2021
|description = Increased magnetic flux reduces CME eruptivity
|image=Icon414.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Impulsive and Gradual Eruptive Gamma Flares and Associated CMEs
|number = 413
|first_author = Alexey STRUMINSKY,
|second_author = Irina GRIGORIEVA and Andrei SADOVSKI
|publish_date = 19 July 2021
|description = Extreme behavior of flare/CME events explained by environment
|image=Icon373.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Morphology of Flare Time Profiles
|number = 412
|first_author = Larisa KASHAPOVA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 12 July 2021
|description = Systematic comparison of solar and stellar flaring time profiles
|image=Icon412.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare Pulsation and the Heliosphere
|number = 411
|first_author = Brendan CLARKE
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 5 July 2021
|description = Flare pulsations link closely to the distant heliosphere
|image=Icon411.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = STIX, the Hard X-Ray Telescope on board Solar Orbiter
|number = 410
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 28 June 2021
|description = STIX is operational and producing great data
|image=Icon410.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Nonequilibrium Ionization of Flare Plasma Observed by Hinode/EIS
|number = 409
|first_author = Shinsuke IMADA
|second_author =
|publish_date = 14 June 2021
|description = Evidence for non-equilibrium ionization in the current sheet of SOL2017-09-10
|image=Icon409.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Effects of Flares on Solar p-modes
|number = 408
|first_author = Maria-Cristina RABELLO SOARES
|second_author = and Frederic BAUDIN
|publish_date = 26 April 2021
|description = No detectable p-mode amplitude changes due to solar flares
|image=Icon408.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Subsecond Spikes in Solar Flare X-ray Flux as Seen by Fermi GBM
|number = 407
|first_author =Trevor KNUTH
|second_author = and Lindsay GLESENER
|publish_date = 19 April 2021
|description = A new analysis technique pushes hard X-ray time scales to 0.1 sec or faster
|image=Icon407.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Negative He 10830 Flare Ribbons and Non-thermal Electrons
|number = 406
|first_author = Graham KERR
|second_author =
|publish_date = 12 April 2021
|description = A 1D radiation hydrodynamics model can explain the dark leading edges of He I flare ribbons
|image=Icon406.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Tracing the sources of gradual solar energetic particle events
|number = 405
|first_author = David H. BROOKS
|second_author = and Stephanie L. YARDLEY
|publish_date = 29 March 2021
|description = Chemical abundances in SEPs suggest an origin in flare-related moss regions
|image=Icon405.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Superflare SOL2017-09-06: from submm to mid-IR
|number = 404
|first_author = Guillermo (Guigue) GIMÉNEZ DE CASTRO
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 March 2021
|description = Glimpsing the "missing decades" of the flare emission spectrum
|image=Icon404.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Neupert Effect Revisited
|number = 403
|first_author = Jiong QIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 8 March 2021
|description = Two time scales for heating individual flare strands
|image=Icon403.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = FLUKA as a tool for interpreting flare gamma-rays
|number = 402
|first_author = Alec MACKINNON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 1 March 2021
|description = The nuclear physics of solar flares captured in a detailed model
|image=Icon402.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Collective Study of 11 NuSTAR Microflares
|number = 401
|first_author = Jessie DUNCAN and
|second_author = Lindsay GLESENER
|publish_date = 22 February 2021
|description = Swarms of NuSTAR micro flares
|image=Icon401.png}}

{{{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Solar FRB
|number = 400
|first_author = Dale GARY and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 15 February 2021
|description = A new frontier in the solar time domain
|image=Icon400.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Richard Schwartz
|number = 399
|first_author = Brian DENNIS and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 January 2021
|description = Remembering a friend and colleague
|image=Icon399.jpg}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observing Solar Flare X-ray Polarization with Prospective CubeSat Missions
|number = 398
|first_author = Natasha JEFFREY
|publish_date = 4 January 2021
|description = The polarization of the solar X-ray spectrum generally remains to be observed
|image=Icon398.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar effects in the local interstellar medium
|number = 397
|first_author = Don GURNETT and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 14 December 2020
|description = Relativistic particle events observed _in situ_ in the interstellar medium
|image=Icon397.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Investigation of Small-Scale Energy Releases in Hard X-rays with FOXSI
|number = 396
|first_author = Subramania ATHIRAY and
|second_author = Juliana VIEVERING
|publish_date = 7 December 2020
|description = Hard X-rays and high temperatures from the feeblest microflares
|image=Icon396.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = What drives impulsive coronal heating?
|number = 395
|first_author = Pradeep CHITTA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 30 November 2020
|description = Impulsive footpoint emissions suggest magnetic reconnection in the chromosphere
|image=Icon395.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Probing the solar coronal heating function with slow magnetoacoustic waves
|number = 394
|first_author = Dmitrii KOLOTKOV
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 16 November 2020
|description = Coronal heating models meet damped slow magnetoacoustic waves
|image=Icon394.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Self-Consistent Flare Model
|number = 393
|first_author = Wenzhi RUAN
|second_author = and Rony KEPPENS
|publish_date = 2 November 2020
|description = Energy transport by fast particles made self-consistent with MHD flare modeling
|image=Icon393.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hot Flare Onsets
|number = 392
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 26 October 2020
|description = The initial soft X-ray temperatures of solar flares tend to be in the 10-15 MK range
|image=Icon392.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electric Current Neutralization and Eruption
|number = 391
|first_author = Ellis AVALLONE
|second_author = and Xudong SUN
|publish_date = 19 October 2020
|description = Coronal currents without neutralizing return currents appear to
|image=Icon391.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Prediction of Solar Cycle 25
|number = 390
|first_author = Leif SVALGAARD
|second_author =
|publish_date = 5 October 2020
|description = Now we know how big the next solar maximum will be
|image=Icon390.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare/CME Cartoon Archive
|number = 389
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 September 2020
|description = A new edition of the Flare/CME archive, nearly a half kilotoon now
|image=Icon389.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Submerged Flare Acoustic Sources
|number = 388
|first_author = Juan Camilo BUITRAGO CASAS
|second_author = and Angel MARTÍNEZ
|publish_date = 13 September 2020
|description = Flare acoustic radiation emanates from a source _inside_ the Sun
|image=Icon388.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Circular Ribbon Flare at Microwaves
|number = 387
|first_author = Jeongwoo LEE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 31 August 2020
|description = Breakout reconnection reveals itself via microwave polarization measurements.
|image=Icon387.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Relation of Non-neutralized electric currents and the activity in active regions
|number = 386
|first_author = P. VEMAREDDY
|second_author =
|publish_date = 24 August 2020
|description = Non-neutralized coronal current systems contribute to CME eruptions
|image=Icon386.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = White-light emission and photospheric magnetic field changes in flares
|number = 385
|first_author = J. Sebastián CASTELLANOS DURÁN
|second_author = and Lucia KLEINT
|publish_date = 17 August 2020
|description = There are strong correlations between white-light flare emissions and line-of-sight magnetic field changes
|image=Icon385.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sunspot Differential Rotation in an X-class Flare
|number = 384
|first_author = Richard GRIMES,
|second_author = Balázs PINTÉR and Huw MORGAN
|publish_date = 10 August 2020
|description = Observations suggesting how the coronal tail can wag the photospheric dog
|image=Icon384.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energy Partitioning in a Nonthermally Dominated Two-loop Solar Flare
|number = 383
|first_author = Galina MOTORINA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 3 August 2020
|description = Modeling the propagation of energy via GX Simulator in an early-impulsive flare
|image=Icon383.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOL2013-11-10 Eruptive Circular-ribbon Flare with Extended Remote Brightenings
|number = 382
|first_author = Chang LIU
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 31 July 2020
|description = A circular-ribbon event can launch an eruption by breaking through its separatrix dome
|image=Icon382.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Extreme-Ultraviolet Late Phase of Solar Flares
|number = 381
|first_author = Rui LIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 June 2020
|description = Both arcade and circular-ribbon flares may sometimes spawn EUV late phase emission
|image=Icon381.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energy transport by accelerated particles in the quiet solar atmosphere
|number = 380
|first_author = Lars FROGNER,
|second_author = Boris GUDIKSEN and Helle BAKKE
|publish_date = 15 June 2020
|description = A first study of non-thermal particles integrated into an MHD simulation of the solar atmosphere
|image=Icon380.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasi-periodic pulsations as indicators of oscillatory processes in solar flares
|number = 379
|first_author = Elena KUPRIYANOVA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 11 May 2020
|description = Many, many QPPs
|image=Icon379.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Rejuvenating Solar Flare Termination Shocks as Particle Accelerators
|number = 378
|first_author = Bin CHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 4 May 2020
|description = At last, clear evidence for a long-predicted phenomenon
|image=Icon378.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Broad symmetrical Doppler-shifted Fe XXI line profiles
|number = 377
|first_author = Vanessa POLITO
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 April 2020
|description = It is difficult to explain "evaporation" line profiles by superposition of unresolved flows
|image=Icon377.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Phenomena in the unusually long pre-impulsive phase of SOL2011-06-07
|number = 376
|first_author = Marian KARLICKÝ,
|second_author = Jana KA&Scaron;PAROVÁ, and Robert SYCH
|publish_date = 13 April 2020
|description = A massive and slowly-rising filament eruption reveals important new signatures of the physics
|image=Icon376.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Evidence for a Coronal Shock Wave Origin for Relativistic Protons Producing Solar Gamma-Rays and Observed by Neutron Monitors at Earth‎
|number = 375
|first_author = Athanasios KOULOUMVAKOS
|second_author = and Gerry SHARE
|publish_date = 6 April 2020
|description = Successful modeling of prolonged solar gamma-ray emissions and terrestrial ground-level cosmic-ray events
|image=Icon375.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Using overlappogram data to find hot flare plasma
|number = 374
|first_author = Louise HARRA
|
|publish_date = 23 March 2020
|description = Imaging Fe XXIV at high resolution with the EIS slot data
|image=Icon374.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOL2017-09-04 (M5.5) 2017 as a Source of Relativistic Electrons and Protons
|number = 373
|first_author = Alexei STRUMINSKII
| (see text)
|publish_date = 16 March 2020
|description = Flare-accelerated particles, rather than SEPs, energize sustained gamma-ray emission
|image=Icon373.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Heating of the solar photosphere during a white-light flare‎
|number = 372
|first_author = Jan JURČÁK
| (see text)
|publish_date = 2 March 2020
|description = The best-ever spectrum of the flare photosphere
|image=Icon372.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Hot Cusp-Shaped Confined Solar Flare
|number = 371
|first_author = Aaron HERNANDEZ-PEREZ
|publish_date = 24 February 2020
|description = A flare may have a prominent hot cusp with the help of any eruption
|image=Icon371.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Temporal and Spatial Extension of Gamma-ray Emission from the Sun
|number = 370
|first_author = Nat GOPALSWAMY
|publish_date = 17 February 2020
|description = Sustained solar γ-rays and solar cosmic rays
|image=Icon370.ng.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A PSP Perihelion
|number = 369
|first_author = Jessie DUNCAN
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 20 January 2020
|description = The Parker Solar Probe enters its fourth perihelion already. Now
|image=Icon369.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remembering John Brown
|number = 368
|first_author = Alec MacKINNON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 13 January 2020
|description = John passed away unexpectedly on 16 November 2019
|image=Icon368.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Global Survey of EUV Coronal Power Spectra
|number = 367
|first_author = Karl Battams
|second_author =
|publish_date = 30 December 2019
|description = Time-series parameter maps of imaged power spectra from an AIA pipeline
|image=Icon367.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Cosmic Rays over the Rainbow Bridge
|number = 366
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = Alec MacKinnon
|publish_date = 16 December 2019
|description = Cosmic rays approach the Sun
|image=Icon366.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spectropolarimetric Insight into Plasma-Sheet Dynamics of a Solar Flare
|number = 365
|first_author = Ryan French
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 December 2019
|description = CoMP polarization patterns in SOL2017-09-10 are amazing
|image=Icon365.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Lorentz Force Evolution Reveals the Energy Build-up Processes during Recurrent Eruptive Solar Flares‎
|number = 364
|first_author = Ranadeep Sarkar,
|second_author = Nandita Srivastava and Astrid Veronig
|publish_date = 18 November 2019
|description = The net Lorentz force clearly exhibits a build-up and release pattern
|image=Icon364.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare waiting times depend on their magnitudes
|number = 363
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 11 November 2019
|description = Surprising new evidence for the flare build-up and release process
|image=Icon363.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Can magnetic reconnection cause solar rainstorms?‎
|number = 362
|first_author = Petra Kohutova
|second_author =
|publish_date = 4 November 2019
|description = Impulsive coronal heating resulting from reconnection can trigger coronal rain
|image=Icon362.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Non-radial jets on the edges of active regions
|number = 361
|first_author = Peter Wyper
|second_author =
|publish_date = 14 October 2019
|description = The very common jet structures we see can naturally combine twist and breakout
|image=Icon361.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Searching SOLfully within the Nuggets
|number = 360
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 7 October 2019
|description = The IAU target identifier works well for finding items about a particular event
|image=Icon360.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Submillimeter Radiation as the Thermal Component of the Neupert Effect
|number = 359
|first_author = Guillermo Giménez de Castro
|second_author =
|publish_date = 31 September 2019
|description = Flare radiation at the highest frequencies can be bremsstrahlung
|image=Icon359.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The "Last Best" Flares
|number = 358
|first_author = Hugh Hudson,
|second_author = Ed Cliver, and Brian Dennis
|publish_date = 24 September 2019
|description = Major flares tend to happen at the very ends of sunspot cycles
|image=Icon358.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Dynamic Processes of the Moreton Wave on 2014 March 29‎
|number = 357
|first_author = Denis Cabezas
|second_author = and the FMT team
|publish_date = 16 September 2019
|description = A beautiful Moreton wave excited by the best-observed flare ever
|image=Icon357.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = EVE-RHESSI DEM Models and the Low-energy Cutoff for Nonthermal Electrons
|number = 356
|first_author = Jim McTiernan
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 September 2019
|description = Characterizing flare temperature distributions helps to define the non-thermal energy release
|image=Icon356.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Stealth Coronal Mass Ejections from Active Regions
|number = 355
|first_author = Jennifer O'Kane
|second_author =
|publish_date = 26 August 2019
|description = Perhaps just feeble versions of the same magnetic disease...
|image=Icon355.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Do Kepler Superflare Stars Really Include Slowly Rotating Sun-like Stars?‎
|number = 354
|first_author = Yuta NOTSU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 July 2019
|description = Kepler superflares hint at solar superflares
|image=Icon354.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Localized Microwave and EUV Bright Structures in an Eruptive Prominence
|number = 353
|first_author = Jing HUANG
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 June 2019
|description = Detailed correlations between EUV and microwaves in prominence fine structures
|image=Icon353.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Broken-up hard X-ray spectra found for a loop-top source during a solar limb flare
|number = 352
|first_author = Hao NING,
|second_author = Yao CHEN and Jeongwoo LEE
|publish_date = 16 June 2019
|description = SOL2017-09-10 coronal hard X-ray sources
|image=Icon352.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Cosmic-Ray Shadow and Coronal Magnetism
|number = 351
|first_author = Frederik Tenholt
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 May 2019
|description = The coronal magnetic field measured in Antarctica
|image=Icon351.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Kristian Birkeland
|number = 350
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Lyndsay FLETCHER
|publish_date = 6 May 2019
|description = Space weather a century ago: Kristian Birkeland
|image=Icon350.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Warm UV loops heated by small-scale cancellation events
|number = 349
|first_author = Seray ŞAHIN
|second_author = and Vasyl YURCHYSHYN
|publish_date = 22 April 2019
|description = Precisely locating the footpoints of warm coronal loops helps identify their source(s) of excitation
|image=Icon349.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Multiple Regions of Shock-accelerated Particles during a Solar Coronal Mass Ejection
|number = 348
|first_author = Diana MOROSAN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 1 April 2019
|description = LOFAR identifies herringbone sources within the flank of the SOL2017-09-10 shock - no joke
|image=Icon348.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Persistent Quasi-Periodic Pulsations Detected During the Large X8.2 Solar Flare
|number = 347
|first_author = Laura HAYES
|second_author = and Peter GALLAGHER
|publish_date = 25 March 2019
|description = The most beautiful flare has the most beautiful pulsations
|image=Icon347.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Is the coronal magnetic field braiding?
|number = 346
|first_author = Markus ASCHWANDEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 11 March 2019
|description = This iconic cartoon does not relate well to the observations
|image=Icon346.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An energetic pre-flare: electron distributions in magnetic reconnection outflows
|number = 345
|first_author = Marina BATTAGLIA,
|second_author = Eduard KONTAR and Galina MOTORINA
|publish_date = 18 February 2019
|description = Assessing energy partition in a pre-impulsive flare development
|image=Icon345.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Linear Polarization in H-alpha Flares
|number = 344
|first_author = Tomoko KAWATE
|second_author = and Yoichiro HANAOKA
|publish_date = 4 February 2019
|description = H-alpha polarization is rarely observable but, in once case, very suggestive
|image=Icon344.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Short-Period Waves
|number = 343
|first_author = Sijie YU
|second_author = and Bin CHEN
|publish_date = 21 January 2019
|description = New decimetric imaging spectroscopy suggests Alfvénic energy transport in flares
|image=Icon343.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Interesting RHESSI/SAS Archive
|number = 342
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Martin FIVIAN
|publish_date = 8 January 2019
|description = The full mission database shows RHESSI to have been very stable geometrically
|image=Icon342.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Homologous White Light Solar Flares‎
|number = 341
|first_author = Paolo ROMANO
|second_author = and Abouazza ELMHAMDI
|publish_date = 31 December 2018
|description = Homologous white-light flares, in rapid succession, and coronal null points
|image=Icon341.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The flight of FOXSI-3
|number = 340
|first_author = Lindsay GLESENER
|second_author = and Noriyuki NARUKAGE
|publish_date = 10 December 2018
|description = Single-photon counting and direct focusing across hard and soft energies
|image=Icon340.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Stellar Flares and Starspots
|number = 339
|first_author = Lauren DOYLE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 3 December 2018
|description = Stellar flares don't spatially match their starspots
|image=Icon339.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Neutron Production in Solar Flares
|number = 338
|first_author = Ron MURPHY
|second_author = and Gerry SHARE
|publish_date = 26 November 2018
|description = Neutron astronomy helps us understand solar flares
|image=Icon338.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Cycle 25 Strikes Again
|number = 337
|first_author = Kamil BICZ
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 November 2018
|description = A second, larger Cycle 25 sunspot
|image=Icon337.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remembering Marcos Machado via his research
|number = 336
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 13 November 2018
|description = Recalling a friend and colleague, and admiring his final paper
|image=Icon336.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = CORONAS/SPIRIT Mg XII and Nanoflares‎
|number = 335
|first_author = Anton REVA
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 October 2018
|description = Monochromatic Mg XII spectroheliography sets severe limits on nanoflare heating models
|image=Icon335.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = White-light Emission and Non-thermal Electrons‎
|number = 334
|first_author = Kyoung-Sun LEE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 8 October 2018
|description = An intimate relationship between accelerated electrons and visible flare continuum
|image=Icon334.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal Hard X-ray Sources Revisited
|number = 333
|first_author = Brian DENNIS
|second_author =
|publish_date = 24 September 2018
|description = Reporting some over-interpretation of the evidence for "coronal thick targets"
|image=Icon333.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Photospheric response to a flare
|number = 332
|first_author = Mike WHEATLAND
|second_author =
|publish_date = 17 September 2018
|description = Sudden changes in the magnetic field in the low atmosphere associated with particle acceleration
|image=Icon332.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = New Views of Global Solar Magnetic Field Evolution Over Four Solar Cycles
|number = 331
|first_author = David WEBB
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 August 2018
|description = A digital archive of Pat McIntosh's 44 years of solar synoptic observations
|image=Icon331.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Understanding the co-spatial return current in solar flares
|number = 330
|first_author = Meriem ALAOUI
|second_author = and Gordon HOLMAN
|publish_date = 6 August 2018
|description = Completing the circuit in a thick-target model
|image=Icon330.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = 3D Magnetic Reconnection at a Coronal Null Point
|number = 329
|first_author = Shane MALONEY,
|second_author = Aidan O'Flannagain and Peter Gallagher
|publish_date = 30 July 2018
|description = Large-scale reconnection involved in Type I radio noise storm
|image=Icon329.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The true dawn of multimessenger astronomy
|number = 328
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 23 July 2018
|description = Ever since the Carrington flare
|image=Icon328.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Microwave Imaging Spectroscopy of Flares is Here‎
|number = 327
|first_author = Dale E. Gary,
|second_author = EOVSA and RHESSI Teams
|publish_date = 16 July 2018
|description = Microwave imaging spectroscopy takes a giant leap forward with SOL2017-09-10
|image=Icon327.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal nanoflares powered by footpoint reconnection
|number = 326
|first_author = Pradeep Chitta,
|second_author = Hardi Peter, and Sami Solanki
|publish_date = 9 July 2018
|description = Coronal nanoflares in active region cores can be powered by the magnetic reconnection in the lower solar atmosphere
|image=Icon326.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A remarkable, but confused, coronal hard X-ray source
|number = 325
|first_author = Alexandra Lysenko,
|second_author = Larisa Kashapova and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 25 June 2018
|description = A remarkable flare in 1999 adds to our short list of extended coronal hard X-ray/microwave sources
|image=Icon325.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Understanding HMI pseudocontinuum in white-light flares‎
|number = 324
|first_author = Michal &Scaron;vanda
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 28 May 2018
|description = The HMI pseudocontinuum (Ic) is ill-calibrated in regions with strong fields, i.e. for white-light flares
|image=Icon324.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = To beam or not to beam - that is (still) the question
|number = 323
|first_author = Paulo Simões
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 14 May 2018
|description = Descriptions of the lower solar atmosphere of flares ca. Cycle 21 sound surprisingly current
|image=Icon323.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observation of Cosmic Ray Spallation Events from SoHO‎
|number = 322
|first_author = Serge Koutchmy
|second_author = and Ehsan Tavabi
|publish_date = 7 May 2018
|description = LASCO's images capture high-energy nuclear interactions from cosmic-ray hits
|image=Icon322.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Sunspot from Cycle 25 for sure
|number = 321
|first_author = Tomek Mrozek
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 10 April 2018
|description = YES! Cycle 25 is here!
|image=Icon321.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Blue-wing enhancement of the Mg II h and k lines in a flare
|number = 320
|first_author = Akiko TEI
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 April 2018
|description = Flare loops involve a cool upflow preceding the hot evaporation flow
|image=Icon320.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = NuSTAR detects X-ray flares in the quiet Sun
|number = 319
|first_author = Matej Kuhar
|second_author = and Säm Krucker
|publish_date = 26 March 2018
|description = Quiet-Sun flares may not be powerful, but they look a lot like ordinary flares
|image=Icon319.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Homologous CME/flares from AR 12371
|number = 318
|first_author = Panditi Vemareddy
|second_author = and Pascal Demoulín
|publish_date = 19 March 2018
|description = An excellent set of homologous flare/CMEs analyzed and explained
|image=Icon318.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Non-Maxwellian Diagnostics from SDO/EVE Spectra of an X-class Flare
|number = 317
|first_author = Elena Dzifčáková
|second_author = and Jaroslav Dudík
|publish_date = 16 February 2018
|description = Ratios of high-excitation ions can readily detect κ-distributions in flare plasmas
|image=Icon317.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Joint MinXSS and RHESSI Flare X-ray Spectra between 1 and 15 keV
|number = 316
|first_author = Chris Moore, Brian Dennis and the MinXSS Science Team
|publish_date = 5 February 2018
|description = MinXSS adds systematic views of flare soft X-ray spectra to RHESSI imagery
|image=Icon316.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Parameterized Flare Models with Chromospheric Compressions
|number = 315
|first_author = Adam Kowalski & Joel Allred
|publish_date = 17 January 2018
|description = A new approach to modeling the lower flare atmosphere
|image=FlareModelsKowalskiAllred.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Curious Sunspot Group in 2018
|number = 314
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 14 January 2018
|description = The first new sunspot group of 2018 emerged at the wrong latitude
|image = Icon314.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Tecumseh's Eclipse and Astrophysics
|number = 313
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 25 December 2017
|description = The solar corona was first recognized as such, and named, in an eclipse of 1806
|image = Icon313.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hunting for Hidden Tiny Flares
|number = 312
|first_author = Shin-nosuke ISHIKAWA
|publish_date = 27 November 2017
|description = FOXSI-2 says that episodic energy releases are still viable as a part of the coronal heating problem.
|image = Icon312.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unusual Type III Burst Dynamics Produced by Diverging Magnetic Fields
|number = 311
|first_author = Patrick McCauley
|publish_date = 20 November 2017
|description = Unusual type III bursts follow coronal separatrix structures.
|image = Icon311.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Valderrama in the 21st Century
|number = 310
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 31 October 2017
|description = A newly-described white-light flare from the 19th century!..
|image = Icon310.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electron Scattering in the Flaring Corona
|number = 309
|first_author = Sophie Musset
|publish_date = 24 October 2017
|description = Diffusive transport may contribute to the trapping of electrons in coronal X-ray sources
|image = Icon309.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Power of Turbulence
|number = 308
|first_author = Nic Bian
|publish_date = 25 September 2017
|description = Turbulent energy content may underlie flare energy transfer, magnetic reconnection, and particle acceleration
|image = Icon308.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Kelvin Force and Loop-Top Concentration
|number = 307
|first_author = Kiyoto SHIBASAKI
|publish_date = 18 September 2017
|description = New physics can explain the perplexing overpressure at the flare looptop regions
|image = Icon307.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Last Best Flare of Cycle 24?
|number = 306
|first_author = Säm Krucker
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 11 September 2017
|description = Right on schedule, Cycle 24 has produced a great flare (with a GLE)
|image = Icon306.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electric Current Neutralization and Solar Eruption in Active Regions
|number = 305
|first_author = Yang LIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 28 August 2017
|description = Active current systems in the solar corona don't have return currents
|image = Icon305.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = RHESSI and the Megamovie
|number = 304
|first_author = Hugh Hudson, Laura Peticolas,
|second_author = and Juan Carlos Martínez Oliveros
|publish_date = 31 July 2017
|description = A wholly new way to view a solar eclipse, and to do solar astrometry
|image = Icon304.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bastille Day 2017
|number = 303
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = and Säm Krucker
|publish_date = 24 July 2017
|description = Interesting flares really do happen on Bastille Day...
|image = Icon303.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Solar X-ray Limb III
|number = 302
|first_author = Marina Battaglia
|second_author = and Gordon Hurford
|publish_date = 12 June 2017
|description = RHESSI succeeds with a wholly new way to measure the solar diameter
|image = Icon302.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Double Coronal X-ray and Microwave Sources Associated With A Magnetic Breakout Solar Eruption
|number = 301
|first_author = Yao CHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 29 May 2017
|description = A different explanation of the double coronal hard X-ray sources
|image = Icon301.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Lasso Model for Solar Gamma-ray Events
|number = 300
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 May 2017
|description = A toy model hoping to explain the SEP/LAT relationship
|image = Icon300.png}}

[[RHESSI Science Nuggets 200 to 299|Next Nuggets]]

SolarNuggets

2026-03-23T16:25:14Z

Hhudson: Dropped hatch

Welcome to the [[SolarNuggets]] collection, which extends the series of [[RHESSI]] Nuggets. The following is a time-ordered list of the latest Nuggets added to the HelioWiki. An [[:Category:Nugget|alphabetical list of the SolarNuggets]] is also available as well as [[:Category:RHESSI Nugget List|yearly lists]]. One can search on author, topic, IAU flare identifier, etc.). We welcome volunteer authors - please see our page of [[Help:For_Authors| help for authors]] or just send an email to the Curator at (hugh.hudson@glasgow.ac.uk).

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops
|number = 519
|first_author = Teodora MIHAILESCU,
|second_author = Peter YOUNG et AL.
||publish_date = 16 March 2026
|description = Higher FIP bias than expected in some flare loops, a diagnostically interesting result
|image=Icon360.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = When Magnetic Field Lines Stretch, Snap, and Expand: A New Look at Solar Flares with L-maps
|number = 518
|first_author = Maria KAZACHENKO,
|second_author = Yuhong FAN and Andrey AFANASYEV
||publish_date = 9 March 2026
|description = A clever new tool tracks magnetic connectivity (and energy) during flare/CME occurrence
|image=Icon518.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observational Evidence Linking Loop Length and Thermal/Nonthermal Peak Timing in Solar Flares
|number = 517
|first_author = Solomon PERRIYIL
||publish_date = 23 February 2026
|description = Clear evidence for the universality of the physics behind the Neupert Effect
|image=Icon517.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A fine-scale bright kernel captured by Hi-C 3 in the post-maximum phase of an M-class solar flare
|number = 516
|first_author = Sanjiv TIWARI
||publish_date = 9 February 2026
|description = The Hi-C rocket catches an extremely compact brightening in late-phase flare ribbon development
|image=Icon516.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On the Relationship Between Nanoflare Energy and Delay in the Closed Solar Corona
|number = 515
|first_author = Shanwlee SOW MONDAL et al.
||publish_date = 19 January 2026
|description = Nanoflaring implies energy storage and sudden release, suggesting correlation between event energy and its timing
|image=Icon515.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fine structures in solar flare ribbons
|number = 514
|first_author = Jonas THOEN FABER
||publish_date = 12 January 2026
|description = Elongated "riblets" commonly rise out of flare ribbons, and have characteristic Doppler shifts
|image=Icon514.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The M- and X-class White-light Flares in Super Active Region NOAA 13664/13697
|number = 513
|first_author = Zhichen JING
|second_author = and Ying LI
|publish_date = 5 January 2026
|description = "Super" active regions have relatively more frequent X-class flares, which correlate well with visible continuum (white-light flare) emission
|image=Icon513.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Iron Fluorescence in X-class Solar Flares
|number = 512
|first_author = Abhilash SARWADE
|publish_date = 8 December 2025
|description = A new spectroscopic capability for Iron K-alpha fluorescence
|image=Icon512.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star Analysis of a Solar Eruption Source Region Using H-alpha Spectroscopic Observations from CHASE
|number = 510
|first_author = Xiaofeng LIU
|second_author = and Yijun HOU
|publish_date = 24 November 2025
|description = Sun-as-a-star observations help to translate solar/stellar processes
|image=Icon5010.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On the Origin of Solar Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Flares‎‎‎‎
|number = 509
|first_author = Alessandro BRUNO
|publish_date = 3 November 2025
|description = Do we really need a CME to produce a long-duration solar gamma-ray event?
|image=Icon509.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = FAI and GOES eclipses‎‎
|number = 508
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 20 October 2025
|description = Flare anticipation via FAI may have problems during GOES eclipses, which are really interesting in their own right
|image=Icon508.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The EUV Late Phase‎
|number = 507
|first_author = Sascha ORNIG
|publish_date = 13 October 2025
|description = Basic comparative statistics of the ELP, a distinct flare phenomenon
|image=Icon507.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Time evolution of flare-accelerated electrons using the warm-target model‎
|number = 506
|first_author = Debesh BHATTACHARJEE
|publish_date = 6 October 2025
|description = Considering a "warm" thick target allows flare-accelerated electrons to be treated self-consistently
|image=Icon506.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOLSTICE observes flare Doppler shifts in Si III
|number = 505
|first_author = Luke MAJURY
|publish_date = 30 September 2025
|description = A rarely used database suggests prograde-flow Doppler shifts in flaring plasmas
|image=Icon505.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare Phases and the Earth's Ionospheric Response
|number = 504
|first_author = Susanna BEKKER
|publish_date = 16 September 2025
|description = A flare's "EUV late phase" is surprisingly geoeffective
|image=Icon504.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Neupertianity
|number = 503
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 August 2025
|description = It's hard to avoid the Neupert Effect
|image=Icon503.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Synchrotron Radiation and the Foundations for a Cosmic Bridge
|number = 502
|first_author = Immanuel JEBARAJ
|publish_date = 11 August 2025
|description = Gyrosynchrotron radiation in shocks: a cosmic connection
|image=Icon502.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Aulanier Effect: drifting footpoints of CME flux ropes
|number = 501
|first_author = Jaroslav DUDÍK,
|second_author = Juraj LÖRINČÍK and Brigitte SCHMIEDER
|publish_date = 21 July 2025
|description = The breakthrough to 3D flare physics: the Aulanier Effect
|image=Icon501.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Five Hundred Nuggets
|number = 500
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 14 July 2025
|description = A milestone
|image=Icon169.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasiperiodic Pulsations in the Balmer Continuum in an X-class Solar White-light Flare
|number = 499
|first_author = De-Chao SONG et al.
|publish_date = 30 June 2025
|description = QPP in the Balmer continuum: the powerful heartbeat of a flare
|image=Icon499.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = High-Resolution Observations of a C3 class White-Light Flare
|number = 498
|first_author = Zhe XU and
|second_author = Xiaoli YAN
|publish_date = 16 June 2025
|description = A compact white-light flare with vortical motions (and hard X-rays)
|image=Icon498.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Sun's open-closed flux boundary and the origin of the slow solar wind
|number = 497
|first_author = Chloe WILKINS and
|second_author = David PONTIN
|publish_date = 26 May 2025
|description = Identifying the solar sources of slow solar wind
|image=Icon497.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Delay of Near-Relativistic Electrons
|number = 496
|first_author = Grant MITCHELL
|publish_date = 19 May 2025
|description = Parker Solar Probe solves an old mystery about type III bursts
|image=Icon496.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Multi-Site Telescope for Multi-Height for Synoptic Observations
|number = 495
|first_author = Fallon KONOW
|publish_date = 11 May 2025
|description = A new synoptic network for observations at multiple wavelengths
|image=Icon495.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On turbulent magnetic reconnection: fast and slow mean steady-states
|number = 494
|first_author = Sage STANISH
|second_author = and David MacTAGGART
|publish_date = 28 April 2025
|description = In a turbulent medium, magnetic reconnection has two limiting domains
|image=Icon494.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasi-Periodic Pulsations in Ionospheric TEC and Flare EUV
|number = 493
|first_author = Aisling O'HARE
|publish_date = 21 April 2025
|description = The Earth's ionosphere reflects QPPs, with a small delay
|image=Icon493.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Metis observations of Alfvenic outflows driven by interchange reconnection in a pseudostreamer
|number = 492
|first_author = Paolo ROMANO and the Metis team
|publish_date = 7 April 2025
|description = Exactly as predicted by numerical simulations... a rare coup
|image=Icon492.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Rollercoaster: looping-the-loop in the solar corona
|number = 491
|first_author = Mohamed NEDAL et al.
|publish_date = 31 March 2025
|description = Large-scale helical motion in the flare/CME SOL2024-05-14
|image=Icon491.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Proton Beam Energy Deposition as a Mechanism of Deep Photospheric Heating
|number = 490
|first_author = Samuel GRANOVSKY
|second_author = and Alexander KOSOVICHEV
|publish_date = 17 March 2025
|description = Evidence for proton beams in white-light flares
|image=Icon490.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = New insights into the proton precipitation sites in solar flares
|number = 489
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 17 February 2025
|description = There is no detectable difference in proton and electron foopoint locations after all
|image=Icon489.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Gamma-Ray Evidence for a Distinct Population of MeV Flare-Accelerated Electrons
|number = 488
|first_author = Gerry SHARE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 10 February 2025
|description = Relativistic electrons in solar flares newly recognized as a distinct process
|image=Icon488.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = From Chromospheric Evaporation to Coronal Rain: An Investigation of the Mass and Energy Cycle of a Flare‎
|number = 487
|first_author = Seray &Scedil;AHIN
|second_author = and Patrick ANTOLIN
|publish_date = 3 February 2025
|description = A first quantitative comparison of flare evaporation and coronal rain
|image=Icon487.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energetic neutral atoms detected in the large solar energetic particle event of February 2022‎
|number = 486
|first_author = Christina COHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 January 2025
|description = Only the second direct observation of high-energy neutral atoms from the Sun
|image=Icon486.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Magnetic topology of quiet-Sun Ellerman bombs and associated ultraviolet brightenings‎
|number = 485
|first_author = Aditi BHATNAGAR
|second_author =
|publish_date = 6 January 2025
|description = Tiny "Ellerman Bombs" occur all across the solar surface, with differences
|image=Icon485.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unveiling CME Dynamics: Rare Rotations of CMEs in the Heliosphere
|number = 484
|first_author = Sandeep KUMAR and
|second_author = Nandita SRIVASTAVA
|publish_date = 30 December 2024
|description = CMEs usually do not show additional rotation as they move though the heliosphere
|image=Icon484.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatial and Spectral Evolution of Microwave and X-Ray Sources During the Limb Flare SOL2023-02-05
|number = 483
|first_author = Yulia N. SHAMSUTDINOVA
|publish_date = 23 December 2024
|description = Rare microwave imaging spectroscopy of a hot-onset precursor event
|image=Icon483.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = High-resolution observational analysis of flare ribbon fine structures
|number = 482
|first_author = Jonas THOEN FABER
|publish_date = 16 December 2024
|description = Spatially periodic fine structures in flare ribbons reveal current-sheet tearing
|image=Icon482.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Advection and super-diffusive expansion as the model of flare accelerated electron transport in type III solar radio bursts
|number = 481
|first_author = Eduard KONTAR
|publish_date = 9 December 2024
|description = Sturrock's dilemma resolved
|image=Icon481.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Faraday's Law in Solar Flares: A Cautionary Message
|number = 480
|first_author = Michael FARADAY
|publish_date = 2 December 2024
|description = We must not forget the global implications of Faraday's Law
|image=Icon480.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remarkable NUV Spectrum of an M-star Megaflare
|number = 479
|first_author = Adam KOWALSKI
|publish_date = 25 November 2024
|description = Remarkable NUV spectra from an HST stellar flare
|image=Icon479.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Revised Point-Spread Functions of AIA and their effect on DEM analyses
|number = 478
|first_author =Stefan HOFMEISTER,
|second_author = Daniel Wolf SAVIN, and Michael HAHN
|publish_date = 18 November 2024
|description = Substantial revisions of the AIA point-response functions
|image=Icon478.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = How much of the energy in flare-accelerated electrons reaches the chromosphere?
|number = 477
|first_author = Meriem ALAOUI
|second_author = and Gordon HOLMAN
|publish_date = 11 November 2024
|description = Keeping flare-accelerated electrons out of the chromosphere
|image=Icon477.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatially resolved plasma composition evolution in a solar flare
|number = 476
|first_author = Andy S. H. TO
|publish_date = 4 November 2024
|description = Reconnection outflow feeds abundance variations
|image=Icon476.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = HOPE during high activity
|number = 475
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Alphonse STERLING
|publish_date = 28 October 2024
|description = Hot onsets appear even in the most active solar conditions
|image=Icon475.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Simulated heliospheric electron spectra show sensitivity to plasma properties of a source region in the flaring corona
|number = 474
|first_author = Ross PALLISTER
|second_author = and Natasha JEFFREY
|publish_date = 21 October 2024
|description = Getting closer to an understanding of how solar energetic particles "escape"
|image=Icon474.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An extremely complex active region with very strong non-neutralized electric currents
|number = 473
|first_author = Ioannis KONTOGIANNIS
|publish_date = 14 October 2024
|description = Large non-neutralized electric currents flow through the active-region corona
|image=Icon473.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An X9 flare and its huge crochet (SFE)
|number = 472
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 7 October 2024
|description = The geomagnetic effect (SFE/crochet) that will calibrate the Carrington flare
|image=Icon472.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = All microflares that accelerate electrons to high energies are rooted in sunspots
|number = 471
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|publish_date = 30 September 2024
|description = Microflares with hard X-ray spectra are a well-defined class, and invariably have one footpoint embedded in a sunspot
|image=Icon471.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The warm-target model and kappa distributions
|number = 470
|first_author = Yingjie LUO
|publish_date = 16 September 2024
|description = A self-consistent treatment of non-thermal electron spectra points to kappa distributions
|image=Icon470.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Is there HOPE for Hyder flares...
|number = 468
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 15 March 2024
|description = Filament eruptions/Hyder flares/disparitions brusques may all show HOPE
|image=Icon468.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star Analysis of the M8.7 Flare on 2022 October 2 Using H-alpha and EUV Spectra Taken by SMART/SDDI and SDO/EVE
|number = 467
|first_author = Takato OTSU
|publish_date = 19 February 2024
|description = Whole-Sun spectroscopic observations can readily detect ejecta
|image=Icon467.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unexpected Asymmetry in GeV Emission
|number = 466
|first_author = Bruno ARSIOLI and Elena ORLANDO
|publish_date = 15 January 2024
|description = The high-energy solar gamma radiation shows inexplicable but fascinating properties
|image=Icon466.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = When it rippled in one place and exploded in another
|number = 465
|first_author = Ivan ZIMOVETS
|publish_date = 25 December 2023
|description = Pulsations precede a flare, but seem unrelated
|image=Icon465.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar flares: evaporation and simulation‎
|number = 464
|first_author = Malcolm DRUETT
|publish_date = 18 December 2023
|description = Fitting beam electrons into multi-dimensional models
|image=Icon464.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Pre-impulsive and Impulsive Phases of the March 28, 2022 Sub-Terahertz Flare
|number = 463
|first_author = Galina G. MOTORINA
|publish_date = 11 December 2023
|description = A flare with an increasing sub-THz spectrum and sub-THZ precursor information
|image=Icon463.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal Bright Points
|number = 462
|first_author = Daniel NÓBREGA-SIVERIO
|publish_date = 27 November 2023
|description = Bright EUV rowel-like structures can result from null-point reconnection
|image=Icon462.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Aurora-like Radio Emission from a Sunspot
|number = 461
|first_author = Sijie YU
|publish_date = 20 November 2023
|description = Maser action above a sunspot
|image=Icon461.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Search for a Flare Anticipation Index (FAI)
|number = 460
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Jim McTiernan
|publish_date = 13 November 2023
|description = Quantifying flare precursors on a few-minute time scale
|image=Icon460.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bouncing motions of fast electrons using Nobeyama Radioheliograph
|number = 459
|first_author = Keitarou MATSUMOTO
|publish_date = 6 November 2023
|description = Solar evidence for conservation of second adiabatic invariant in particle motion
|image=Icon459.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Impact of nanoflare heating in the lower solar atmosphere
|number = 458
|first_author = Helle BAKKE
|publish_date = 30 October 2023
|description = The behavior of nanoflare fast electrons in Bifrost models
|image=Icon458.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Precise timing of flare footpoint sources from mid-infrared observations‎
|number = 457
|first_author = Paulo SIMÕES et al.
|publish_date = 23 October 2023
|description = Mid-IR observations at high spatial and high temporal resolution: Conjugacy
|image=Icon457.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Greatest GOES Flares‎
|number = 456
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Ed CLIVER
|publish_date = 25 September 2023
|description = The greatest GOES events, re-analyzed, fall short of expectations
|image=Icon456.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Introducing SunSketcher
|number = 455
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Gordon EMSLIE
|publish_date = 11 September 2023
|description = Galloping towards roundup in the 2024 total solar eclipse
|image=Icon455.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = TeV Gamma rays from the Quiescent Sun
|number = 454
|first_author = Mehr Un NISA
|second_author = and John BEACOM
|publish_date = 21 August 2023
|description = Solar photons at unprecedented high energies
|image=Icon454.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Hard X-Ray Sources in Flare Model with Vertical Current Sheet
|number = 453
|first_author = Alexander SHABALIN, Eugenia OVCHINNIKOVA,
|second_author = and Yuri CHARIKOV
|publish_date = 7 August 2023
|description = Modeling betatron acceleration in current-sheet development.
|image=Icon453.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatial Distribution of Magnetic Reconnection Rate in an M6.5 Solar Flare
|number = 452
|first_author = Ju JING
|publish_date = 12 June 2023
|description = Linking hard X-rays to high-resolution images that show reconnection rates.
|image=Icon452.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Statistical study of Type III bursts and associated HXR emissions
|number = 451
|first_author = Nicole VILMER and Tomin JAMES
|publish_date = 29 May 2023
|description = Linking electron populations escaping from the Sun with those that RHESSI detects.
|image=Icon451.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar flare hard X-rays from the anchor points of an eruptive filament
|number = 450
|first_author = Muriel STIEFEL
|publish_date = 15 May 2023
|description = A rare "four-ribbon" flare has been detected in hard X-rays.
|image=Icon450.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Did a Solar Flare Accelerate all the Ambient Electrons in the Coronal Acceleration Region?...
|number = 449
|first_author = Gordon EMSLIE, Eduard KONTAR,
|second_author = Galina MOTORINA, and Brian DENNIS
|publish_date = 1 May 2023
|description = Considering SOL2017-09-10, probably not.
|image=Icon449.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Diagnostics of Spatially-Extended Turbulent Acceleration and Transport
|number = 448
|first_author = Morgan STORES
|publish_date = 24 April 2023
|description = Drilling down into the detailed structure of solar-flare energy release by including turbulence with particle acceleration.
|image=Icon448.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = RHESSI's Re-entry
|number = 447
|first_author = Pascal SAINT-HILAIRE and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 17 April 2023
|description = The final demise of RHESSI is this week
|image=Icon447.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Glasgow geomagnetic observation of a solar flare
|number = 446
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON, John MALONE-LEIGH,
|second_author = Graham WOAN, and Chris OSBORNE
|publish_date = 13 March 2023
|description = Irish and Scottish geomagnetic observatories see a crochet much like that of the Carrington event
|image=Icon_446.png}}

{{{Nugget Badge
|title = Particle Acceleration in Two Coronal Jets
|number = 445
|first_author = Yixian ZHANG
|publish_date = 27 February 2023
|description = Coronal jets with hard X-ray sources at disjoint locations
|image=Icon445.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Curious First Sunquake of Solar Cycle 25‎
|number = 444
|first_author = Alexander KOSOVICHEV
|publish_date = 13 February 2023
|description = A double whammy: two distinct sunquakes from SOL2022-05-10.
|image=Icon444.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hard X-ray Pulsations via Gaussian Decomposition
|number = 443
|first_author = Hannah COLLIER and Laura HAYES
|publish_date = 30 January 2023
|description = Flare hard X-ray time variations decomposed objectively
|image=Icon443.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A possible coronal magnetic flare precursor
|number = 442
|first_author = Enrico LANDI
|publish_date = 16 January 2023
|description = Novel measurements of the coronal magnetic field may help with flare prediction
|image=Icon442.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A slow HOPE with microwave context
|number = 441
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 12 December 2022
|description = A new microwave facility at Chashan Observatory, and a prototypical HOPE
|image=Icon441.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Rapid variations of Si IV spectra in a flare observed by IRIS at a sub-second cadence
|number = 440
|first_author = Juraj LÖRINČÍK
|publish_date = 14 November 2022
|description = Transition-region lines in a flare have a Doppler component revealing quasi-periodic pulsations
|image=Icon440.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Significant Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance Associated with a Massive Gamma-ray Burst
|number = 439
|first_author = Laura HAYES and Peter GALLAGHER
|publish_date = 31 October 2022
|description = A first SID observed in broad daylight, from a source far far away
|image=Icon439.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Effects of Coronal Structures on the Dynamics of the Global Coronal Wave of SOL2017-09-10‎
|number = 438
|first_author = Huidong HU, Ying D. LIU, and Bei ZHU
|publish_date = 17 October 2022
|description = The amazing global coronal wave of SOL2017-09-10 wrapped around the whole Sun, and displayed transmission and reflection at both polar coronal holes
|image=Icon438.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = KW-Sun: The Konus-Wind Solar Flare Database in Hard X-Ray and Soft Gamma-Ray Ranges
|number = 437
|first_author = Alexandra LYSENKO
|publish_date = 26 September 2022
|description = An unrivaled hard X-ray and gamma-ray database is entering its third activity maximum
|image=Icon437.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = First Detection of Kink Oscillations with Solar Orbiter
|number = 436
|first_author = Sihui ZHONG et al.
|publish_date = 19 September 2022
|description = SolO sees coronal oscillations as well as AIA can, and even better
|image=Icon436.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energetic Neutral Hydrogen from Large Solar Flares
|number = 435
|first_author = Glenn MASON
|publish_date = 6 September 2022
|description = A rediscovered data treasury reveals the occurrence of many flare/CME events producing solar high-energy neutral atoms
|image=Icon435.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fifty-year Anniversary of the First Detection of Gamma rays from a Solar Flare
|number = 434
|first_author = Jim Ryan,
|second_author = Brian Dennis, and Phil Dunphy
|publish_date = 8 August 2022
|description = The rich astrophysics of gamma-ray astronomy began with solar observations fifty years ago
|image=Icon434.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fast Prograde Flows in Solar Active Regions
|number = 433
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 July 2022
|description = Unexpected, unpredicted, and not modeled yet - weird flows in hot active-region loops
|image=Icon433.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Undetected Minority-polarity Flux, Moss, and Coronal Heating
|number = 432
|first_author = Yi-Ming WANG
|publish_date = 11 July 2022
|description = There's plenty of room in "unipolar" active regions for both polarities, and there is good evidence for them
|image=Icon432.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Thermal/Nonthermal with MinXSS and RHESSI
|number = 431
|first_author = Shunsaku NAGASAWA
|publish_date = 13 June 2022
|description = Time-domain studies of improved X-ray spectra reveal a "super-hot' component
|image=Icon431.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star spectroscopic observations of the line-of-sight velocity of a solar eruption on October 28, 2021
|number = 430
|first_author = Yu XU
|second_author = and Hui TIAN
|publish_date = 30 May 2022
|description = The observation of the full 3d velocity of a CME, for an anniversary event
|image=Icon430.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Carl Størmer
|number = 429
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Lyndsay FLETCHER
|publish_date = 15 April 2022
|description = Størmer and the theory of trapping in loops
|image=Icon429.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Hard X-rays with Insight
|number = 428
|first_author = Wei WANG
|second_author = and Ping ZHANG
|publish_date = 21 March 2022
|description = A spectacular limb flare introduces Insight/HXMT, a new observational resource
|image=Icon428.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Probing chromospheric current sheets using SST and ALMA co-observations
|number = 427
|first_author = João da SILVA SANTOS
|publish_date = 21 February 2022
|description = Emerging magnetic flux appears in ALMA images reflecting coronal current sheets
|image=Icon427.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A demonstration of STIX hard X-ray imaging spectroscopy capabilities for an X-class flare (SOL2021-10-28)
|number = 426
|first_author = Andrea BATTAGLIA, Hannah COLLIER,
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 7 February 2022
|description = STIX imaging of an X-class flare marks its success
|image=Icon426.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A solar flare driven by thermal conduction observed in mid-infrared
|number = 425
|first_author = Guillermo GIMÉNEZ de CASTRO
|publish_date = 24 January 2022
|description = Strong 10-micron emission from a GOES C2 flare suggests conductive heating
|image=Icon425.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Disk Occultation of a Lopsided Sun‎
|number = 424
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON,
|second_author = Stephen WHITE and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 10 January 2022
|description = Observing a spotless Sun can enable observations of the faint corona.
|image=Icon424.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Resolving two distinct thermal X-ray components in a compound solar flare
|number = 423
|first_author = Zhenjun ZHOU
|second_author = and Rui LIU
|publish_date = 28 December 2021
|description = Superhot coronal sources may be independent loop systems
|image=Icon423.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bridging solar flares to coronal mass ejections
|number = 422
|first_author = Markus ASCHWANDEN
|publish_date = 14 December 2021
|description = The Neupert effect allows us to trace coronal mass ejections seamlessly
|image=Icon422.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Jakimiec Diagnostic Diagram
|number = 421
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 29 November 2021
|description = The joint variation of GOES temperature and emission measure discloses new features via an old tool
|image=Icon421.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = First look at ALMA/HInode/IRIS microflares
|number = 420
|first_author = Toshifumi SHIMIZU
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 8 November 2021
|description = High-resolution ALMA and multiwavelength observations of microflaring
|image=Icon420.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Thomson scattering near sunspots
|number = 419
|first_author = Pascal Saint-Hilaire
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 25 October 2021
|description = Completing the modeling of low-coronal Thomson polarimetry
|image=Icon419.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Non-PFSS Global Coronal Model
|number = 418
|first_author = Oliver RICE
|second_author = and Anthony YEATES
|publish_date = 11 October 2021
|description = Modeling as convenient as PFSS but much more realistic
|image=Icon418.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Manifold Nonthermality
|number = 417
|first_author = Marina BATTAGLIA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 27 September 2021
|description = Even weak flares involve multiple sites of non thermal activity
|image=Icon417.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = X-Rays from a Type I Radio Burst
|number = 416
|first_author = R. RAMESH
|publish_date = 20 September 2021
|description = A first identification of type I radio emission with hot plasma
|image=Icon416.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Do Hot Onsets Predict Flare Magnitudes?
|number = 415
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 30 August 2021
|description = Maybe we can tell how big a flare is going to be from its initial development...
|image=Icon415.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Confined or Eruptive?
|number = 414
|first_author = Ting LI et al.
|publish_date = 16 August 2021
|description = Increased magnetic flux reduces CME eruptivity
|image=Icon414.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Impulsive and Gradual Eruptive Gamma Flares and Associated CMEs
|number = 413
|first_author = Alexey STRUMINSKY,
|second_author = Irina GRIGORIEVA and Andrei SADOVSKI
|publish_date = 19 July 2021
|description = Extreme behavior of flare/CME events explained by environment
|image=Icon373.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Morphology of Flare Time Profiles
|number = 412
|first_author = Larisa KASHAPOVA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 12 July 2021
|description = Systematic comparison of solar and stellar flaring time profiles
|image=Icon412.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare Pulsation and the Heliosphere
|number = 411
|first_author = Brendan CLARKE
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 5 July 2021
|description = Flare pulsations link closely to the distant heliosphere
|image=Icon411.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = STIX, the Hard X-Ray Telescope on board Solar Orbiter
|number = 410
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 28 June 2021
|description = STIX is operational and producing great data
|image=Icon410.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Nonequilibrium Ionization of Flare Plasma Observed by Hinode/EIS
|number = 409
|first_author = Shinsuke IMADA
|second_author =
|publish_date = 14 June 2021
|description = Evidence for non-equilibrium ionization in the current sheet of SOL2017-09-10
|image=Icon409.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Effects of Flares on Solar p-modes
|number = 408
|first_author = Maria-Cristina RABELLO SOARES
|second_author = and Frederic BAUDIN
|publish_date = 26 April 2021
|description = No detectable p-mode amplitude changes due to solar flares
|image=Icon408.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Subsecond Spikes in Solar Flare X-ray Flux as Seen by Fermi GBM
|number = 407
|first_author =Trevor KNUTH
|second_author = and Lindsay GLESENER
|publish_date = 19 April 2021
|description = A new analysis technique pushes hard X-ray time scales to 0.1 sec or faster
|image=Icon407.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Negative He 10830 Flare Ribbons and Non-thermal Electrons
|number = 406
|first_author = Graham KERR
|second_author =
|publish_date = 12 April 2021
|description = A 1D radiation hydrodynamics model can explain the dark leading edges of He I flare ribbons
|image=Icon406.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Tracing the sources of gradual solar energetic particle events
|number = 405
|first_author = David H. BROOKS
|second_author = and Stephanie L. YARDLEY
|publish_date = 29 March 2021
|description = Chemical abundances in SEPs suggest an origin in flare-related moss regions
|image=Icon405.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Superflare SOL2017-09-06: from submm to mid-IR
|number = 404
|first_author = Guillermo (Guigue) GIMÉNEZ DE CASTRO
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 March 2021
|description = Glimpsing the "missing decades" of the flare emission spectrum
|image=Icon404.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Neupert Effect Revisited
|number = 403
|first_author = Jiong QIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 8 March 2021
|description = Two time scales for heating individual flare strands
|image=Icon403.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = FLUKA as a tool for interpreting flare gamma-rays
|number = 402
|first_author = Alec MACKINNON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 1 March 2021
|description = The nuclear physics of solar flares captured in a detailed model
|image=Icon402.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Collective Study of 11 NuSTAR Microflares
|number = 401
|first_author = Jessie DUNCAN and
|second_author = Lindsay GLESENER
|publish_date = 22 February 2021
|description = Swarms of NuSTAR micro flares
|image=Icon401.png}}

{{{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Solar FRB
|number = 400
|first_author = Dale GARY and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 15 February 2021
|description = A new frontier in the solar time domain
|image=Icon400.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Richard Schwartz
|number = 399
|first_author = Brian DENNIS and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 January 2021
|description = Remembering a friend and colleague
|image=Icon399.jpg}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observing Solar Flare X-ray Polarization with Prospective CubeSat Missions
|number = 398
|first_author = Natasha JEFFREY
|publish_date = 4 January 2021
|description = The polarization of the solar X-ray spectrum generally remains to be observed
|image=Icon398.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar effects in the local interstellar medium
|number = 397
|first_author = Don GURNETT and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 14 December 2020
|description = Relativistic particle events observed _in situ_ in the interstellar medium
|image=Icon397.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Investigation of Small-Scale Energy Releases in Hard X-rays with FOXSI
|number = 396
|first_author = Subramania ATHIRAY and
|second_author = Juliana VIEVERING
|publish_date = 7 December 2020
|description = Hard X-rays and high temperatures from the feeblest microflares
|image=Icon396.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = What drives impulsive coronal heating?
|number = 395
|first_author = Pradeep CHITTA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 30 November 2020
|description = Impulsive footpoint emissions suggest magnetic reconnection in the chromosphere
|image=Icon395.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Probing the solar coronal heating function with slow magnetoacoustic waves
|number = 394
|first_author = Dmitrii KOLOTKOV
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 16 November 2020
|description = Coronal heating models meet damped slow magnetoacoustic waves
|image=Icon394.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Self-Consistent Flare Model
|number = 393
|first_author = Wenzhi RUAN
|second_author = and Rony KEPPENS
|publish_date = 2 November 2020
|description = Energy transport by fast particles made self-consistent with MHD flare modeling
|image=Icon393.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hot Flare Onsets
|number = 392
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 26 October 2020
|description = The initial soft X-ray temperatures of solar flares tend to be in the 10-15 MK range
|image=Icon392.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electric Current Neutralization and Eruption
|number = 391
|first_author = Ellis AVALLONE
|second_author = and Xudong SUN
|publish_date = 19 October 2020
|description = Coronal currents without neutralizing return currents appear to
|image=Icon391.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Prediction of Solar Cycle 25
|number = 390
|first_author = Leif SVALGAARD
|second_author =
|publish_date = 5 October 2020
|description = Now we know how big the next solar maximum will be
|image=Icon390.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare/CME Cartoon Archive
|number = 389
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 September 2020
|description = A new edition of the Flare/CME archive, nearly a half kilotoon now
|image=Icon389.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Submerged Flare Acoustic Sources
|number = 388
|first_author = Juan Camilo BUITRAGO CASAS
|second_author = and Angel MARTÍNEZ
|publish_date = 13 September 2020
|description = Flare acoustic radiation emanates from a source _inside_ the Sun
|image=Icon388.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Circular Ribbon Flare at Microwaves
|number = 387
|first_author = Jeongwoo LEE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 31 August 2020
|description = Breakout reconnection reveals itself via microwave polarization measurements.
|image=Icon387.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Relation of Non-neutralized electric currents and the activity in active regions
|number = 386
|first_author = P. VEMAREDDY
|second_author =
|publish_date = 24 August 2020
|description = Non-neutralized coronal current systems contribute to CME eruptions
|image=Icon386.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = White-light emission and photospheric magnetic field changes in flares
|number = 385
|first_author = J. Sebastián CASTELLANOS DURÁN
|second_author = and Lucia KLEINT
|publish_date = 17 August 2020
|description = There are strong correlations between white-light flare emissions and line-of-sight magnetic field changes
|image=Icon385.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sunspot Differential Rotation in an X-class Flare
|number = 384
|first_author = Richard GRIMES,
|second_author = Balázs PINTÉR and Huw MORGAN
|publish_date = 10 August 2020
|description = Observations suggesting how the coronal tail can wag the photospheric dog
|image=Icon384.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energy Partitioning in a Nonthermally Dominated Two-loop Solar Flare
|number = 383
|first_author = Galina MOTORINA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 3 August 2020
|description = Modeling the propagation of energy via GX Simulator in an early-impulsive flare
|image=Icon383.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOL2013-11-10 Eruptive Circular-ribbon Flare with Extended Remote Brightenings
|number = 382
|first_author = Chang LIU
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 31 July 2020
|description = A circular-ribbon event can launch an eruption by breaking through its separatrix dome
|image=Icon382.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Extreme-Ultraviolet Late Phase of Solar Flares
|number = 381
|first_author = Rui LIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 June 2020
|description = Both arcade and circular-ribbon flares may sometimes spawn EUV late phase emission
|image=Icon381.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energy transport by accelerated particles in the quiet solar atmosphere
|number = 380
|first_author = Lars FROGNER,
|second_author = Boris GUDIKSEN and Helle BAKKE
|publish_date = 15 June 2020
|description = A first study of non-thermal particles integrated into an MHD simulation of the solar atmosphere
|image=Icon380.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasi-periodic pulsations as indicators of oscillatory processes in solar flares
|number = 379
|first_author = Elena KUPRIYANOVA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 11 May 2020
|description = Many, many QPPs
|image=Icon379.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Rejuvenating Solar Flare Termination Shocks as Particle Accelerators
|number = 378
|first_author = Bin CHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 4 May 2020
|description = At last, clear evidence for a long-predicted phenomenon
|image=Icon378.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Broad symmetrical Doppler-shifted Fe XXI line profiles
|number = 377
|first_author = Vanessa POLITO
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 April 2020
|description = It is difficult to explain "evaporation" line profiles by superposition of unresolved flows
|image=Icon377.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Phenomena in the unusually long pre-impulsive phase of SOL2011-06-07
|number = 376
|first_author = Marian KARLICKÝ,
|second_author = Jana KA&Scaron;PAROVÁ, and Robert SYCH
|publish_date = 13 April 2020
|description = A massive and slowly-rising filament eruption reveals important new signatures of the physics
|image=Icon376.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Evidence for a Coronal Shock Wave Origin for Relativistic Protons Producing Solar Gamma-Rays and Observed by Neutron Monitors at Earth‎
|number = 375
|first_author = Athanasios KOULOUMVAKOS
|second_author = and Gerry SHARE
|publish_date = 6 April 2020
|description = Successful modeling of prolonged solar gamma-ray emissions and terrestrial ground-level cosmic-ray events
|image=Icon375.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Using overlappogram data to find hot flare plasma
|number = 374
|first_author = Louise HARRA
|
|publish_date = 23 March 2020
|description = Imaging Fe XXIV at high resolution with the EIS slot data
|image=Icon374.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOL2017-09-04 (M5.5) 2017 as a Source of Relativistic Electrons and Protons
|number = 373
|first_author = Alexei STRUMINSKII
| (see text)
|publish_date = 16 March 2020
|description = Flare-accelerated particles, rather than SEPs, energize sustained gamma-ray emission
|image=Icon373.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Heating of the solar photosphere during a white-light flare‎
|number = 372
|first_author = Jan JURČÁK
| (see text)
|publish_date = 2 March 2020
|description = The best-ever spectrum of the flare photosphere
|image=Icon372.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Hot Cusp-Shaped Confined Solar Flare
|number = 371
|first_author = Aaron HERNANDEZ-PEREZ
|publish_date = 24 February 2020
|description = A flare may have a prominent hot cusp with the help of any eruption
|image=Icon371.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Temporal and Spatial Extension of Gamma-ray Emission from the Sun
|number = 370
|first_author = Nat GOPALSWAMY
|publish_date = 17 February 2020
|description = Sustained solar γ-rays and solar cosmic rays
|image=Icon370.ng.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A PSP Perihelion
|number = 369
|first_author = Jessie DUNCAN
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 20 January 2020
|description = The Parker Solar Probe enters its fourth perihelion already. Now
|image=Icon369.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remembering John Brown
|number = 368
|first_author = Alec MacKINNON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 13 January 2020
|description = John passed away unexpectedly on 16 November 2019
|image=Icon368.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Global Survey of EUV Coronal Power Spectra
|number = 367
|first_author = Karl Battams
|second_author =
|publish_date = 30 December 2019
|description = Time-series parameter maps of imaged power spectra from an AIA pipeline
|image=Icon367.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Cosmic Rays over the Rainbow Bridge
|number = 366
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = Alec MacKinnon
|publish_date = 16 December 2019
|description = Cosmic rays approach the Sun
|image=Icon366.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spectropolarimetric Insight into Plasma-Sheet Dynamics of a Solar Flare
|number = 365
|first_author = Ryan French
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 December 2019
|description = CoMP polarization patterns in SOL2017-09-10 are amazing
|image=Icon365.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Lorentz Force Evolution Reveals the Energy Build-up Processes during Recurrent Eruptive Solar Flares‎
|number = 364
|first_author = Ranadeep Sarkar,
|second_author = Nandita Srivastava and Astrid Veronig
|publish_date = 18 November 2019
|description = The net Lorentz force clearly exhibits a build-up and release pattern
|image=Icon364.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare waiting times depend on their magnitudes
|number = 363
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 11 November 2019
|description = Surprising new evidence for the flare build-up and release process
|image=Icon363.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Can magnetic reconnection cause solar rainstorms?‎
|number = 362
|first_author = Petra Kohutova
|second_author =
|publish_date = 4 November 2019
|description = Impulsive coronal heating resulting from reconnection can trigger coronal rain
|image=Icon362.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Non-radial jets on the edges of active regions
|number = 361
|first_author = Peter Wyper
|second_author =
|publish_date = 14 October 2019
|description = The very common jet structures we see can naturally combine twist and breakout
|image=Icon361.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Searching SOLfully within the Nuggets
|number = 360
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 7 October 2019
|description = The IAU target identifier works well for finding items about a particular event
|image=Icon360.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Submillimeter Radiation as the Thermal Component of the Neupert Effect
|number = 359
|first_author = Guillermo Giménez de Castro
|second_author =
|publish_date = 31 September 2019
|description = Flare radiation at the highest frequencies can be bremsstrahlung
|image=Icon359.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The "Last Best" Flares
|number = 358
|first_author = Hugh Hudson,
|second_author = Ed Cliver, and Brian Dennis
|publish_date = 24 September 2019
|description = Major flares tend to happen at the very ends of sunspot cycles
|image=Icon358.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Dynamic Processes of the Moreton Wave on 2014 March 29‎
|number = 357
|first_author = Denis Cabezas
|second_author = and the FMT team
|publish_date = 16 September 2019
|description = A beautiful Moreton wave excited by the best-observed flare ever
|image=Icon357.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = EVE-RHESSI DEM Models and the Low-energy Cutoff for Nonthermal Electrons
|number = 356
|first_author = Jim McTiernan
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 September 2019
|description = Characterizing flare temperature distributions helps to define the non-thermal energy release
|image=Icon356.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Stealth Coronal Mass Ejections from Active Regions
|number = 355
|first_author = Jennifer O'Kane
|second_author =
|publish_date = 26 August 2019
|description = Perhaps just feeble versions of the same magnetic disease...
|image=Icon355.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Do Kepler Superflare Stars Really Include Slowly Rotating Sun-like Stars?‎
|number = 354
|first_author = Yuta NOTSU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 July 2019
|description = Kepler superflares hint at solar superflares
|image=Icon354.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Localized Microwave and EUV Bright Structures in an Eruptive Prominence
|number = 353
|first_author = Jing HUANG
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 June 2019
|description = Detailed correlations between EUV and microwaves in prominence fine structures
|image=Icon353.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Broken-up hard X-ray spectra found for a loop-top source during a solar limb flare
|number = 352
|first_author = Hao NING,
|second_author = Yao CHEN and Jeongwoo LEE
|publish_date = 16 June 2019
|description = SOL2017-09-10 coronal hard X-ray sources
|image=Icon352.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Cosmic-Ray Shadow and Coronal Magnetism
|number = 351
|first_author = Frederik Tenholt
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 May 2019
|description = The coronal magnetic field measured in Antarctica
|image=Icon351.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Kristian Birkeland
|number = 350
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Lyndsay FLETCHER
|publish_date = 6 May 2019
|description = Space weather a century ago: Kristian Birkeland
|image=Icon350.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Warm UV loops heated by small-scale cancellation events
|number = 349
|first_author = Seray ŞAHIN
|second_author = and Vasyl YURCHYSHYN
|publish_date = 22 April 2019
|description = Precisely locating the footpoints of warm coronal loops helps identify their source(s) of excitation
|image=Icon349.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Multiple Regions of Shock-accelerated Particles during a Solar Coronal Mass Ejection
|number = 348
|first_author = Diana MOROSAN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 1 April 2019
|description = LOFAR identifies herringbone sources within the flank of the SOL2017-09-10 shock - no joke
|image=Icon348.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Persistent Quasi-Periodic Pulsations Detected During the Large X8.2 Solar Flare
|number = 347
|first_author = Laura HAYES
|second_author = and Peter GALLAGHER
|publish_date = 25 March 2019
|description = The most beautiful flare has the most beautiful pulsations
|image=Icon347.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Is the coronal magnetic field braiding?
|number = 346
|first_author = Markus ASCHWANDEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 11 March 2019
|description = This iconic cartoon does not relate well to the observations
|image=Icon346.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An energetic pre-flare: electron distributions in magnetic reconnection outflows
|number = 345
|first_author = Marina BATTAGLIA,
|second_author = Eduard KONTAR and Galina MOTORINA
|publish_date = 18 February 2019
|description = Assessing energy partition in a pre-impulsive flare development
|image=Icon345.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Linear Polarization in H-alpha Flares
|number = 344
|first_author = Tomoko KAWATE
|second_author = and Yoichiro HANAOKA
|publish_date = 4 February 2019
|description = H-alpha polarization is rarely observable but, in once case, very suggestive
|image=Icon344.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Short-Period Waves
|number = 343
|first_author = Sijie YU
|second_author = and Bin CHEN
|publish_date = 21 January 2019
|description = New decimetric imaging spectroscopy suggests Alfvénic energy transport in flares
|image=Icon343.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Interesting RHESSI/SAS Archive
|number = 342
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Martin FIVIAN
|publish_date = 8 January 2019
|description = The full mission database shows RHESSI to have been very stable geometrically
|image=Icon342.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Homologous White Light Solar Flares‎
|number = 341
|first_author = Paolo ROMANO
|second_author = and Abouazza ELMHAMDI
|publish_date = 31 December 2018
|description = Homologous white-light flares, in rapid succession, and coronal null points
|image=Icon341.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The flight of FOXSI-3
|number = 340
|first_author = Lindsay GLESENER
|second_author = and Noriyuki NARUKAGE
|publish_date = 10 December 2018
|description = Single-photon counting and direct focusing across hard and soft energies
|image=Icon340.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Stellar Flares and Starspots
|number = 339
|first_author = Lauren DOYLE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 3 December 2018
|description = Stellar flares don't spatially match their starspots
|image=Icon339.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Neutron Production in Solar Flares
|number = 338
|first_author = Ron MURPHY
|second_author = and Gerry SHARE
|publish_date = 26 November 2018
|description = Neutron astronomy helps us understand solar flares
|image=Icon338.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Cycle 25 Strikes Again
|number = 337
|first_author = Kamil BICZ
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 November 2018
|description = A second, larger Cycle 25 sunspot
|image=Icon337.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remembering Marcos Machado via his research
|number = 336
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 13 November 2018
|description = Recalling a friend and colleague, and admiring his final paper
|image=Icon336.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = CORONAS/SPIRIT Mg XII and Nanoflares‎
|number = 335
|first_author = Anton REVA
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 October 2018
|description = Monochromatic Mg XII spectroheliography sets severe limits on nanoflare heating models
|image=Icon335.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = White-light Emission and Non-thermal Electrons‎
|number = 334
|first_author = Kyoung-Sun LEE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 8 October 2018
|description = An intimate relationship between accelerated electrons and visible flare continuum
|image=Icon334.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal Hard X-ray Sources Revisited
|number = 333
|first_author = Brian DENNIS
|second_author =
|publish_date = 24 September 2018
|description = Reporting some over-interpretation of the evidence for "coronal thick targets"
|image=Icon333.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Photospheric response to a flare
|number = 332
|first_author = Mike WHEATLAND
|second_author =
|publish_date = 17 September 2018
|description = Sudden changes in the magnetic field in the low atmosphere associated with particle acceleration
|image=Icon332.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = New Views of Global Solar Magnetic Field Evolution Over Four Solar Cycles
|number = 331
|first_author = David WEBB
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 August 2018
|description = A digital archive of Pat McIntosh's 44 years of solar synoptic observations
|image=Icon331.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Understanding the co-spatial return current in solar flares
|number = 330
|first_author = Meriem ALAOUI
|second_author = and Gordon HOLMAN
|publish_date = 6 August 2018
|description = Completing the circuit in a thick-target model
|image=Icon330.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = 3D Magnetic Reconnection at a Coronal Null Point
|number = 329
|first_author = Shane MALONEY,
|second_author = Aidan O'Flannagain and Peter Gallagher
|publish_date = 30 July 2018
|description = Large-scale reconnection involved in Type I radio noise storm
|image=Icon329.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The true dawn of multimessenger astronomy
|number = 328
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 23 July 2018
|description = Ever since the Carrington flare
|image=Icon328.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Microwave Imaging Spectroscopy of Flares is Here‎
|number = 327
|first_author = Dale E. Gary,
|second_author = EOVSA and RHESSI Teams
|publish_date = 16 July 2018
|description = Microwave imaging spectroscopy takes a giant leap forward with SOL2017-09-10
|image=Icon327.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal nanoflares powered by footpoint reconnection
|number = 326
|first_author = Pradeep Chitta,
|second_author = Hardi Peter, and Sami Solanki
|publish_date = 9 July 2018
|description = Coronal nanoflares in active region cores can be powered by the magnetic reconnection in the lower solar atmosphere
|image=Icon326.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A remarkable, but confused, coronal hard X-ray source
|number = 325
|first_author = Alexandra Lysenko,
|second_author = Larisa Kashapova and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 25 June 2018
|description = A remarkable flare in 1999 adds to our short list of extended coronal hard X-ray/microwave sources
|image=Icon325.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Understanding HMI pseudocontinuum in white-light flares‎
|number = 324
|first_author = Michal &Scaron;vanda
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 28 May 2018
|description = The HMI pseudocontinuum (Ic) is ill-calibrated in regions with strong fields, i.e. for white-light flares
|image=Icon324.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = To beam or not to beam - that is (still) the question
|number = 323
|first_author = Paulo Simões
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 14 May 2018
|description = Descriptions of the lower solar atmosphere of flares ca. Cycle 21 sound surprisingly current
|image=Icon323.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observation of Cosmic Ray Spallation Events from SoHO‎
|number = 322
|first_author = Serge Koutchmy
|second_author = and Ehsan Tavabi
|publish_date = 7 May 2018
|description = LASCO's images capture high-energy nuclear interactions from cosmic-ray hits
|image=Icon322.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Sunspot from Cycle 25 for sure
|number = 321
|first_author = Tomek Mrozek
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 10 April 2018
|description = YES! Cycle 25 is here!
|image=Icon321.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Blue-wing enhancement of the Mg II h and k lines in a flare
|number = 320
|first_author = Akiko TEI
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 April 2018
|description = Flare loops involve a cool upflow preceding the hot evaporation flow
|image=Icon320.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = NuSTAR detects X-ray flares in the quiet Sun
|number = 319
|first_author = Matej Kuhar
|second_author = and Säm Krucker
|publish_date = 26 March 2018
|description = Quiet-Sun flares may not be powerful, but they look a lot like ordinary flares
|image=Icon319.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Homologous CME/flares from AR 12371
|number = 318
|first_author = Panditi Vemareddy
|second_author = and Pascal Demoulín
|publish_date = 19 March 2018
|description = An excellent set of homologous flare/CMEs analyzed and explained
|image=Icon318.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Non-Maxwellian Diagnostics from SDO/EVE Spectra of an X-class Flare
|number = 317
|first_author = Elena Dzifčáková
|second_author = and Jaroslav Dudík
|publish_date = 16 February 2018
|description = Ratios of high-excitation ions can readily detect κ-distributions in flare plasmas
|image=Icon317.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Joint MinXSS and RHESSI Flare X-ray Spectra between 1 and 15 keV
|number = 316
|first_author = Chris Moore, Brian Dennis and the MinXSS Science Team
|publish_date = 5 February 2018
|description = MinXSS adds systematic views of flare soft X-ray spectra to RHESSI imagery
|image=Icon316.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Parameterized Flare Models with Chromospheric Compressions
|number = 315
|first_author = Adam Kowalski & Joel Allred
|publish_date = 17 January 2018
|description = A new approach to modeling the lower flare atmosphere
|image=FlareModelsKowalskiAllred.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Curious Sunspot Group in 2018
|number = 314
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 14 January 2018
|description = The first new sunspot group of 2018 emerged at the wrong latitude
|image = Icon314.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Tecumseh's Eclipse and Astrophysics
|number = 313
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 25 December 2017
|description = The solar corona was first recognized as such, and named, in an eclipse of 1806
|image = Icon313.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hunting for Hidden Tiny Flares
|number = 312
|first_author = Shin-nosuke ISHIKAWA
|publish_date = 27 November 2017
|description = FOXSI-2 says that episodic energy releases are still viable as a part of the coronal heating problem.
|image = Icon312.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unusual Type III Burst Dynamics Produced by Diverging Magnetic Fields
|number = 311
|first_author = Patrick McCauley
|publish_date = 20 November 2017
|description = Unusual type III bursts follow coronal separatrix structures.
|image = Icon311.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Valderrama in the 21st Century
|number = 310
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 31 October 2017
|description = A newly-described white-light flare from the 19th century!..
|image = Icon310.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electron Scattering in the Flaring Corona
|number = 309
|first_author = Sophie Musset
|publish_date = 24 October 2017
|description = Diffusive transport may contribute to the trapping of electrons in coronal X-ray sources
|image = Icon309.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Power of Turbulence
|number = 308
|first_author = Nic Bian
|publish_date = 25 September 2017
|description = Turbulent energy content may underlie flare energy transfer, magnetic reconnection, and particle acceleration
|image = Icon308.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Kelvin Force and Loop-Top Concentration
|number = 307
|first_author = Kiyoto SHIBASAKI
|publish_date = 18 September 2017
|description = New physics can explain the perplexing overpressure at the flare looptop regions
|image = Icon307.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Last Best Flare of Cycle 24?
|number = 306
|first_author = Säm Krucker
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 11 September 2017
|description = Right on schedule, Cycle 24 has produced a great flare (with a GLE)
|image = Icon306.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electric Current Neutralization and Solar Eruption in Active Regions
|number = 305
|first_author = Yang LIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 28 August 2017
|description = Active current systems in the solar corona don't have return currents
|image = Icon305.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = RHESSI and the Megamovie
|number = 304
|first_author = Hugh Hudson, Laura Peticolas,
|second_author = and Juan Carlos Martínez Oliveros
|publish_date = 31 July 2017
|description = A wholly new way to view a solar eclipse, and to do solar astrometry
|image = Icon304.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bastille Day 2017
|number = 303
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = and Säm Krucker
|publish_date = 24 July 2017
|description = Interesting flares really do happen on Bastille Day...
|image = Icon303.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Solar X-ray Limb III
|number = 302
|first_author = Marina Battaglia
|second_author = and Gordon Hurford
|publish_date = 12 June 2017
|description = RHESSI succeeds with a wholly new way to measure the solar diameter
|image = Icon302.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Double Coronal X-ray and Microwave Sources Associated With A Magnetic Breakout Solar Eruption
|number = 301
|first_author = Yao CHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 29 May 2017
|description = A different explanation of the double coronal hard X-ray sources
|image = Icon301.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Lasso Model for Solar Gamma-ray Events
|number = 300
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 May 2017
|description = A toy model hoping to explain the SEP/LAT relationship
|image = Icon300.png}}

[[RHESSI Science Nuggets 200 to 299|Next Nuggets]]

How energetic can solar flares become?

2026-03-22T22:07:42Z

Hhudson: No. 520 initial upload

{{Infobox Nugget
|name = Nugget
|title = How energetic can solar flares become?
|number = 520
|first_author = Natalie KRIVOVA
|second_author =
|publish_date = March 23, 2026
|next_nugget = TBD
|previous_nugget = {{#ask: [[Category:Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::519]]}}
}}

== Objective ==

Solar flares release magnetic energy stored in
[https://www.solarmonitor.org active regions].
The largest flares directly measured during the space era reach
[ihttps://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/b/Bolometric+Magnitude bolometric]
energies of about 10^32-33 erg.
At the same time,
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogenic_nuclide cosmogenic radionuclide]
records suggest that the Sun occasionally produces
extreme solar particle events far stronger than those observed in
recent decades (e.g., [1]).
Observations of Sun-like stars may also reveal
superflares reaching energies of 10^34-35 erg,
orders of magnitude above typical solar flares.
This raises a natural question: could the Sun also produce such events?

To address this question, we considered [2] several exceptionally
large sunspot groups in historical records, including the region
responsible for the
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrington_Event Carrington event] of 1859,
often regarded as the
strongest solar eruption in the telescopic record.
We also describe the very large sunspot group of April 1947.
These examples allow us to estimate the flare energies that such
regions could potentially produce using empirical relations derived
from modern solar observations.

== Methodology ==

It was previously shown [3] that the bolometric energy of a flare
correlates with the area swept by flare ribbons during
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_reconnection magnetic reconnection].
Because ribbon area traces the amount of magnetic
flux involved in the eruption, it provides a useful observational
proxy for the total energy released.

Using space-era flares from the "RibbonDB" catalogue [3], we compiled
an empirical relation between active-region area and ribbon area
(Figure 1) and identified the upper envelope of this distribution,
corresponding to the 5% and 1% of the most energetic events in [3].
We then used these relationships to estimate the ribbon areas and
then the flare energies that could realistically - under exceptionally
plausible conditions - be reached for the largest sunspot regions
recorded in historical observations (Figure 2).

[[File:520f1.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 1: 
Ribbon area vs. active-region area for flares from the
RibbonDB catalogue [3].
]]

[[File:520f2.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 2: 
Estimated bolometric flare energy
as a function of active-region area.
]]

== Results ==

Applying this scaling to the April 1947 region (Fig. 3) - the largest
directly measured sunspot group - suggests that the Sun could in
principle produce flares with energies of a few 10^{34} erg. Such
events would exceed the largest modern solar flares by more than
an order of magnitude and would overlap with the lower end of stellar
superflares.

[[File:520f3.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 3: 
The great sunspot of 1947. Shown are the
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Wilson_Observatory Mt Wilson] sunspot
drawing (top),
[https://www.iiap.res.in/centers/kso/ Kodaikanal]
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer_lines Ca II K] line
observation (bottom left), and unsigned magnetogram reconstructed
from the Kodaikanal Ca II K observation (bottom right) for 7 April
1947. The Ca II K observation is saturated at contrast values of
1, while the magnetogram is saturated at 100 G. The black rectangle
roughly marks the AR.
]]

Not every large active region produces such an extreme eruption.
The actually realised flare energy depends on magnetic topology and eruption
dynamics.
Nevertheless, the largest historical sunspot groups demonstrate
that the Sun can in principle store enough magnetic energy to power
flares approaching the stellar superflare regime

== References ==

[1] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026arXiv260210243V/abstract "Linking Solar Magnetism, Extreme Solar Particle Events and Stellar Superflares"]

[2] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026arXiv260309474K/abstract "Empirical flare energy limits for the largest historical sunspots"]

[3] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...845...49K/abstract "A Database of Flare Ribbon Properties from the Solar Dynamics Observatory. I. Reconnection Flux"]

How energetic can solar flares become?

2026-03-22T13:55:01Z

Hhudson: No

SolarNuggets

2026-03-20T20:06:08Z

Hhudson:

Welcome to the [[SolarNuggets]] collection, which extends the series of [[RHESSI]] Nuggets. The following is a time-ordered list of the latest Nuggets added to the HelioWiki. An [[:Category:Nugget|alphabetical list of the SolarNuggets]] is also available as well as [[:Category:RHESSI Nugget List|yearly lists]]. One can search on author, topic, IAU flare identifier, etc.). We welcome volunteer authors - please see our page of [[Help:For_Authors| help for authors]] or just send an email to the Curator at (hugh.hudson@glasgow.ac.uk).

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops
|number = 519
|first_author = Theodora MIHAILESCU,
|second_author = Peter YOUNG et AL.
||publish_date = 16 March 2026
|description = Higher FIP bias than expected in some flare loops, a diagnostically interesting result
|image=Icon360.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = When Magnetic Field Lines Stretch, Snap, and Expand: A New Look at Solar Flares with L-maps
|number = 518
|first_author = Maria KAZACHENKO,
|second_author = Yuhong FAN and Andrey AFANASYEV
||publish_date = 9 March 2026
|description = A clever new tool tracks magnetic connectivity (and energy) during flare/CME occurrence
|image=Icon518.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observational Evidence Linking Loop Length and Thermal/Nonthermal Peak Timing in Solar Flares
|number = 517
|first_author = Solomon PERRIYIL
||publish_date = 23 February 2026
|description = Clear evidence for the universality of the physics behind the Neupert Effect
|image=Icon517.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A fine-scale bright kernel captured by Hi-C 3 in the post-maximum phase of an M-class solar flare
|number = 516
|first_author = Sanjiv TIWARI
||publish_date = 9 February 2026
|description = The Hi-C rocket catches an extremely compact brightening in late-phase flare ribbon development
|image=Icon516.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On the Relationship Between Nanoflare Energy and Delay in the Closed Solar Corona
|number = 515
|first_author = Shanwlee SOW MONDAL et al.
||publish_date = 19 January 2026
|description = Nanoflaring implies energy storage and sudden release, suggesting correlation between event energy and its timing
|image=Icon515.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fine structures in solar flare ribbons
|number = 514
|first_author = Jonas THOEN FABER
||publish_date = 12 January 2026
|description = Elongated "riblets" commonly rise out of flare ribbons, and have characteristic Doppler shifts
|image=Icon514.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The M- and X-class White-light Flares in Super Active Region NOAA 13664/13697
|number = 513
|first_author = Zhichen JING
|second_author = and Ying LI
|publish_date = 5 January 2026
|description = "Super" active regions have relatively more frequent X-class flares, which correlate well with visible continuum (white-light flare) emission
|image=Icon513.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Iron Fluorescence in X-class Solar Flares
|number = 512
|first_author = Abhilash SARWADE
|publish_date = 8 December 2025
|description = A new spectroscopic capability for Iron K-alpha fluorescence
|image=Icon512.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star Analysis of a Solar Eruption Source Region Using H-alpha Spectroscopic Observations from CHASE
|number = 510
|first_author = Xiaofeng LIU
|second_author = and Yijun HOU
|publish_date = 24 November 2025
|description = Sun-as-a-star observations help to translate solar/stellar processes
|image=Icon5010.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On the Origin of Solar Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Flares‎‎‎‎
|number = 509
|first_author = Alessandro BRUNO
|publish_date = 3 November 2025
|description = Do we really need a CME to produce a long-duration solar gamma-ray event?
|image=Icon509.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = FAI and GOES eclipses‎‎
|number = 508
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 20 October 2025
|description = Flare anticipation via FAI may have problems during GOES eclipses, which are really interesting in their own right
|image=Icon508.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The EUV Late Phase‎
|number = 507
|first_author = Sascha ORNIG
|publish_date = 13 October 2025
|description = Basic comparative statistics of the ELP, a distinct flare phenomenon
|image=Icon507.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Time evolution of flare-accelerated electrons using the warm-target model‎
|number = 506
|first_author = Debesh BHATTACHARJEE
|publish_date = 6 October 2025
|description = Considering a "warm" thick target allows flare-accelerated electrons to be treated self-consistently
|image=Icon506.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOLSTICE observes flare Doppler shifts in Si III
|number = 505
|first_author = Luke MAJURY
|publish_date = 30 September 2025
|description = A rarely used database suggests prograde-flow Doppler shifts in flaring plasmas
|image=Icon505.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare Phases and the Earth's Ionospheric Response
|number = 504
|first_author = Susanna BEKKER
|publish_date = 16 September 2025
|description = A flare's "EUV late phase" is surprisingly geoeffective
|image=Icon504.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Neupertianity
|number = 503
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 August 2025
|description = It's hard to avoid the Neupert Effect
|image=Icon503.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Synchrotron Radiation and the Foundations for a Cosmic Bridge
|number = 502
|first_author = Immanuel JEBARAJ
|publish_date = 11 August 2025
|description = Gyrosynchrotron radiation in shocks: a cosmic connection
|image=Icon502.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Aulanier Effect: drifting footpoints of CME flux ropes
|number = 501
|first_author = Jaroslav DUDÍK,
|second_author = Juraj LÖRINČÍK and Brigitte SCHMIEDER
|publish_date = 21 July 2025
|description = The breakthrough to 3D flare physics: the Aulanier Effect
|image=Icon501.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Five Hundred Nuggets
|number = 500
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 14 July 2025
|description = A milestone
|image=Icon169.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasiperiodic Pulsations in the Balmer Continuum in an X-class Solar White-light Flare
|number = 499
|first_author = De-Chao SONG et al.
|publish_date = 30 June 2025
|description = QPP in the Balmer continuum: the powerful heartbeat of a flare
|image=Icon499.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = High-Resolution Observations of a C3 class White-Light Flare
|number = 498
|first_author = Zhe XU and
|second_author = Xiaoli YAN
|publish_date = 16 June 2025
|description = A compact white-light flare with vortical motions (and hard X-rays)
|image=Icon498.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Sun's open-closed flux boundary and the origin of the slow solar wind
|number = 497
|first_author = Chloe WILKINS and
|second_author = David PONTIN
|publish_date = 26 May 2025
|description = Identifying the solar sources of slow solar wind
|image=Icon497.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Delay of Near-Relativistic Electrons
|number = 496
|first_author = Grant MITCHELL
|publish_date = 19 May 2025
|description = Parker Solar Probe solves an old mystery about type III bursts
|image=Icon496.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Multi-Site Telescope for Multi-Height for Synoptic Observations
|number = 495
|first_author = Fallon KONOW
|publish_date = 11 May 2025
|description = A new synoptic network for observations at multiple wavelengths
|image=Icon495.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On turbulent magnetic reconnection: fast and slow mean steady-states
|number = 494
|first_author = Sage STANISH
|second_author = and David MacTAGGART
|publish_date = 28 April 2025
|description = In a turbulent medium, magnetic reconnection has two limiting domains
|image=Icon494.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasi-Periodic Pulsations in Ionospheric TEC and Flare EUV
|number = 493
|first_author = Aisling O'HARE
|publish_date = 21 April 2025
|description = The Earth's ionosphere reflects QPPs, with a small delay
|image=Icon493.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Metis observations of Alfvenic outflows driven by interchange reconnection in a pseudostreamer
|number = 492
|first_author = Paolo ROMANO and the Metis team
|publish_date = 7 April 2025
|description = Exactly as predicted by numerical simulations... a rare coup
|image=Icon492.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Rollercoaster: looping-the-loop in the solar corona
|number = 491
|first_author = Mohamed NEDAL et al.
|publish_date = 31 March 2025
|description = Large-scale helical motion in the flare/CME SOL2024-05-14
|image=Icon491.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Proton Beam Energy Deposition as a Mechanism of Deep Photospheric Heating
|number = 490
|first_author = Samuel GRANOVSKY
|second_author = and Alexander KOSOVICHEV
|publish_date = 17 March 2025
|description = Evidence for proton beams in white-light flares
|image=Icon490.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = New insights into the proton precipitation sites in solar flares
|number = 489
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 17 February 2025
|description = There is no detectable difference in proton and electron foopoint locations after all
|image=Icon489.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Gamma-Ray Evidence for a Distinct Population of MeV Flare-Accelerated Electrons
|number = 488
|first_author = Gerry SHARE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 10 February 2025
|description = Relativistic electrons in solar flares newly recognized as a distinct process
|image=Icon488.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = From Chromospheric Evaporation to Coronal Rain: An Investigation of the Mass and Energy Cycle of a Flare‎
|number = 487
|first_author = Seray &Scedil;AHIN
|second_author = and Patrick ANTOLIN
|publish_date = 3 February 2025
|description = A first quantitative comparison of flare evaporation and coronal rain
|image=Icon487.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energetic neutral atoms detected in the large solar energetic particle event of February 2022‎
|number = 486
|first_author = Christina COHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 January 2025
|description = Only the second direct observation of high-energy neutral atoms from the Sun
|image=Icon486.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Magnetic topology of quiet-Sun Ellerman bombs and associated ultraviolet brightenings‎
|number = 485
|first_author = Aditi BHATNAGAR
|second_author =
|publish_date = 6 January 2025
|description = Tiny "Ellerman Bombs" occur all across the solar surface, with differences
|image=Icon485.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unveiling CME Dynamics: Rare Rotations of CMEs in the Heliosphere
|number = 484
|first_author = Sandeep KUMAR and
|second_author = Nandita SRIVASTAVA
|publish_date = 30 December 2024
|description = CMEs usually do not show additional rotation as they move though the heliosphere
|image=Icon484.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatial and Spectral Evolution of Microwave and X-Ray Sources During the Limb Flare SOL2023-02-05
|number = 483
|first_author = Yulia N. SHAMSUTDINOVA
|publish_date = 23 December 2024
|description = Rare microwave imaging spectroscopy of a hot-onset precursor event
|image=Icon483.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = High-resolution observational analysis of flare ribbon fine structures
|number = 482
|first_author = Jonas THOEN FABER
|publish_date = 16 December 2024
|description = Spatially periodic fine structures in flare ribbons reveal current-sheet tearing
|image=Icon482.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Advection and super-diffusive expansion as the model of flare accelerated electron transport in type III solar radio bursts
|number = 481
|first_author = Eduard KONTAR
|publish_date = 9 December 2024
|description = Sturrock's dilemma resolved
|image=Icon481.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Faraday's Law in Solar Flares: A Cautionary Message
|number = 480
|first_author = Michael FARADAY
|publish_date = 2 December 2024
|description = We must not forget the global implications of Faraday's Law
|image=Icon480.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remarkable NUV Spectrum of an M-star Megaflare
|number = 479
|first_author = Adam KOWALSKI
|publish_date = 25 November 2024
|description = Remarkable NUV spectra from an HST stellar flare
|image=Icon479.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Revised Point-Spread Functions of AIA and their effect on DEM analyses
|number = 478
|first_author =Stefan HOFMEISTER,
|second_author = Daniel Wolf SAVIN, and Michael HAHN
|publish_date = 18 November 2024
|description = Substantial revisions of the AIA point-response functions
|image=Icon478.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = How much of the energy in flare-accelerated electrons reaches the chromosphere?
|number = 477
|first_author = Meriem ALAOUI
|second_author = and Gordon HOLMAN
|publish_date = 11 November 2024
|description = Keeping flare-accelerated electrons out of the chromosphere
|image=Icon477.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatially resolved plasma composition evolution in a solar flare
|number = 476
|first_author = Andy S. H. TO
|publish_date = 4 November 2024
|description = Reconnection outflow feeds abundance variations
|image=Icon476.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = HOPE during high activity
|number = 475
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Alphonse STERLING
|publish_date = 28 October 2024
|description = Hot onsets appear even in the most active solar conditions
|image=Icon475.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Simulated heliospheric electron spectra show sensitivity to plasma properties of a source region in the flaring corona
|number = 474
|first_author = Ross PALLISTER
|second_author = and Natasha JEFFREY
|publish_date = 21 October 2024
|description = Getting closer to an understanding of how solar energetic particles "escape"
|image=Icon474.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An extremely complex active region with very strong non-neutralized electric currents
|number = 473
|first_author = Ioannis KONTOGIANNIS
|publish_date = 14 October 2024
|description = Large non-neutralized electric currents flow through the active-region corona
|image=Icon473.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An X9 flare and its huge crochet (SFE)
|number = 472
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 7 October 2024
|description = The geomagnetic effect (SFE/crochet) that will calibrate the Carrington flare
|image=Icon472.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = All microflares that accelerate electrons to high energies are rooted in sunspots
|number = 471
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|publish_date = 30 September 2024
|description = Microflares with hard X-ray spectra are a well-defined class, and invariably have one footpoint embedded in a sunspot
|image=Icon471.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The warm-target model and kappa distributions
|number = 470
|first_author = Yingjie LUO
|publish_date = 16 September 2024
|description = A self-consistent treatment of non-thermal electron spectra points to kappa distributions
|image=Icon470.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Is there HOPE for Hyder flares...
|number = 468
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 15 March 2024
|description = Filament eruptions/Hyder flares/disparitions brusques may all show HOPE
|image=Icon468.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star Analysis of the M8.7 Flare on 2022 October 2 Using H-alpha and EUV Spectra Taken by SMART/SDDI and SDO/EVE
|number = 467
|first_author = Takato OTSU
|publish_date = 19 February 2024
|description = Whole-Sun spectroscopic observations can readily detect ejecta
|image=Icon467.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unexpected Asymmetry in GeV Emission
|number = 466
|first_author = Bruno ARSIOLI and Elena ORLANDO
|publish_date = 15 January 2024
|description = The high-energy solar gamma radiation shows inexplicable but fascinating properties
|image=Icon466.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = When it rippled in one place and exploded in another
|number = 465
|first_author = Ivan ZIMOVETS
|publish_date = 25 December 2023
|description = Pulsations precede a flare, but seem unrelated
|image=Icon465.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar flares: evaporation and simulation‎
|number = 464
|first_author = Malcolm DRUETT
|publish_date = 18 December 2023
|description = Fitting beam electrons into multi-dimensional models
|image=Icon464.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Pre-impulsive and Impulsive Phases of the March 28, 2022 Sub-Terahertz Flare
|number = 463
|first_author = Galina G. MOTORINA
|publish_date = 11 December 2023
|description = A flare with an increasing sub-THz spectrum and sub-THZ precursor information
|image=Icon463.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal Bright Points
|number = 462
|first_author = Daniel NÓBREGA-SIVERIO
|publish_date = 27 November 2023
|description = Bright EUV rowel-like structures can result from null-point reconnection
|image=Icon462.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Aurora-like Radio Emission from a Sunspot
|number = 461
|first_author = Sijie YU
|publish_date = 20 November 2023
|description = Maser action above a sunspot
|image=Icon461.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Search for a Flare Anticipation Index (FAI)
|number = 460
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Jim McTiernan
|publish_date = 13 November 2023
|description = Quantifying flare precursors on a few-minute time scale
|image=Icon460.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bouncing motions of fast electrons using Nobeyama Radioheliograph
|number = 459
|first_author = Keitarou MATSUMOTO
|publish_date = 6 November 2023
|description = Solar evidence for conservation of second adiabatic invariant in particle motion
|image=Icon459.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Impact of nanoflare heating in the lower solar atmosphere
|number = 458
|first_author = Helle BAKKE
|publish_date = 30 October 2023
|description = The behavior of nanoflare fast electrons in Bifrost models
|image=Icon458.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Precise timing of flare footpoint sources from mid-infrared observations‎
|number = 457
|first_author = Paulo SIMÕES et al.
|publish_date = 23 October 2023
|description = Mid-IR observations at high spatial and high temporal resolution: Conjugacy
|image=Icon457.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Greatest GOES Flares‎
|number = 456
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Ed CLIVER
|publish_date = 25 September 2023
|description = The greatest GOES events, re-analyzed, fall short of expectations
|image=Icon456.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Introducing SunSketcher
|number = 455
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Gordon EMSLIE
|publish_date = 11 September 2023
|description = Galloping towards roundup in the 2024 total solar eclipse
|image=Icon455.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = TeV Gamma rays from the Quiescent Sun
|number = 454
|first_author = Mehr Un NISA
|second_author = and John BEACOM
|publish_date = 21 August 2023
|description = Solar photons at unprecedented high energies
|image=Icon454.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Hard X-Ray Sources in Flare Model with Vertical Current Sheet
|number = 453
|first_author = Alexander SHABALIN, Eugenia OVCHINNIKOVA,
|second_author = and Yuri CHARIKOV
|publish_date = 7 August 2023
|description = Modeling betatron acceleration in current-sheet development.
|image=Icon453.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatial Distribution of Magnetic Reconnection Rate in an M6.5 Solar Flare
|number = 452
|first_author = Ju JING
|publish_date = 12 June 2023
|description = Linking hard X-rays to high-resolution images that show reconnection rates.
|image=Icon452.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Statistical study of Type III bursts and associated HXR emissions
|number = 451
|first_author = Nicole VILMER and Tomin JAMES
|publish_date = 29 May 2023
|description = Linking electron populations escaping from the Sun with those that RHESSI detects.
|image=Icon451.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar flare hard X-rays from the anchor points of an eruptive filament
|number = 450
|first_author = Muriel STIEFEL
|publish_date = 15 May 2023
|description = A rare "four-ribbon" flare has been detected in hard X-rays.
|image=Icon450.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Did a Solar Flare Accelerate all the Ambient Electrons in the Coronal Acceleration Region?...
|number = 449
|first_author = Gordon EMSLIE, Eduard KONTAR,
|second_author = Galina MOTORINA, and Brian DENNIS
|publish_date = 1 May 2023
|description = Considering SOL2017-09-10, probably not.
|image=Icon449.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Diagnostics of Spatially-Extended Turbulent Acceleration and Transport
|number = 448
|first_author = Morgan STORES
|publish_date = 24 April 2023
|description = Drilling down into the detailed structure of solar-flare energy release by including turbulence with particle acceleration.
|image=Icon448.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = RHESSI's Re-entry
|number = 447
|first_author = Pascal SAINT-HILAIRE and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 17 April 2023
|description = The final demise of RHESSI is this week
|image=Icon447.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Glasgow geomagnetic observation of a solar flare
|number = 446
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON, John MALONE-LEIGH,
|second_author = Graham WOAN, and Chris OSBORNE
|publish_date = 13 March 2023
|description = Irish and Scottish geomagnetic observatories see a crochet much like that of the Carrington event
|image=Icon_446.png}}

{{{Nugget Badge
|title = Particle Acceleration in Two Coronal Jets
|number = 445
|first_author = Yixian ZHANG
|publish_date = 27 February 2023
|description = Coronal jets with hard X-ray sources at disjoint locations
|image=Icon445.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Curious First Sunquake of Solar Cycle 25‎
|number = 444
|first_author = Alexander KOSOVICHEV
|publish_date = 13 February 2023
|description = A double whammy: two distinct sunquakes from SOL2022-05-10.
|image=Icon444.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hard X-ray Pulsations via Gaussian Decomposition
|number = 443
|first_author = Hannah COLLIER and Laura HAYES
|publish_date = 30 January 2023
|description = Flare hard X-ray time variations decomposed objectively
|image=Icon443.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A possible coronal magnetic flare precursor
|number = 442
|first_author = Enrico LANDI
|publish_date = 16 January 2023
|description = Novel measurements of the coronal magnetic field may help with flare prediction
|image=Icon442.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A slow HOPE with microwave context
|number = 441
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 12 December 2022
|description = A new microwave facility at Chashan Observatory, and a prototypical HOPE
|image=Icon441.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Rapid variations of Si IV spectra in a flare observed by IRIS at a sub-second cadence
|number = 440
|first_author = Juraj LÖRINČÍK
|publish_date = 14 November 2022
|description = Transition-region lines in a flare have a Doppler component revealing quasi-periodic pulsations
|image=Icon440.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Significant Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance Associated with a Massive Gamma-ray Burst
|number = 439
|first_author = Laura HAYES and Peter GALLAGHER
|publish_date = 31 October 2022
|description = A first SID observed in broad daylight, from a source far far away
|image=Icon439.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Effects of Coronal Structures on the Dynamics of the Global Coronal Wave of SOL2017-09-10‎
|number = 438
|first_author = Huidong HU, Ying D. LIU, and Bei ZHU
|publish_date = 17 October 2022
|description = The amazing global coronal wave of SOL2017-09-10 wrapped around the whole Sun, and displayed transmission and reflection at both polar coronal holes
|image=Icon438.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = KW-Sun: The Konus-Wind Solar Flare Database in Hard X-Ray and Soft Gamma-Ray Ranges
|number = 437
|first_author = Alexandra LYSENKO
|publish_date = 26 September 2022
|description = An unrivaled hard X-ray and gamma-ray database is entering its third activity maximum
|image=Icon437.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = First Detection of Kink Oscillations with Solar Orbiter
|number = 436
|first_author = Sihui ZHONG et al.
|publish_date = 19 September 2022
|description = SolO sees coronal oscillations as well as AIA can, and even better
|image=Icon436.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energetic Neutral Hydrogen from Large Solar Flares
|number = 435
|first_author = Glenn MASON
|publish_date = 6 September 2022
|description = A rediscovered data treasury reveals the occurrence of many flare/CME events producing solar high-energy neutral atoms
|image=Icon435.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fifty-year Anniversary of the First Detection of Gamma rays from a Solar Flare
|number = 434
|first_author = Jim Ryan,
|second_author = Brian Dennis, and Phil Dunphy
|publish_date = 8 August 2022
|description = The rich astrophysics of gamma-ray astronomy began with solar observations fifty years ago
|image=Icon434.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fast Prograde Flows in Solar Active Regions
|number = 433
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 July 2022
|description = Unexpected, unpredicted, and not modeled yet - weird flows in hot active-region loops
|image=Icon433.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Undetected Minority-polarity Flux, Moss, and Coronal Heating
|number = 432
|first_author = Yi-Ming WANG
|publish_date = 11 July 2022
|description = There's plenty of room in "unipolar" active regions for both polarities, and there is good evidence for them
|image=Icon432.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Thermal/Nonthermal with MinXSS and RHESSI
|number = 431
|first_author = Shunsaku NAGASAWA
|publish_date = 13 June 2022
|description = Time-domain studies of improved X-ray spectra reveal a "super-hot' component
|image=Icon431.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star spectroscopic observations of the line-of-sight velocity of a solar eruption on October 28, 2021
|number = 430
|first_author = Yu XU
|second_author = and Hui TIAN
|publish_date = 30 May 2022
|description = The observation of the full 3d velocity of a CME, for an anniversary event
|image=Icon430.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Carl Størmer
|number = 429
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Lyndsay FLETCHER
|publish_date = 15 April 2022
|description = Størmer and the theory of trapping in loops
|image=Icon429.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Hard X-rays with Insight
|number = 428
|first_author = Wei WANG
|second_author = and Ping ZHANG
|publish_date = 21 March 2022
|description = A spectacular limb flare introduces Insight/HXMT, a new observational resource
|image=Icon428.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Probing chromospheric current sheets using SST and ALMA co-observations
|number = 427
|first_author = João da SILVA SANTOS
|publish_date = 21 February 2022
|description = Emerging magnetic flux appears in ALMA images reflecting coronal current sheets
|image=Icon427.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A demonstration of STIX hard X-ray imaging spectroscopy capabilities for an X-class flare (SOL2021-10-28)
|number = 426
|first_author = Andrea BATTAGLIA, Hannah COLLIER,
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 7 February 2022
|description = STIX imaging of an X-class flare marks its success
|image=Icon426.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A solar flare driven by thermal conduction observed in mid-infrared
|number = 425
|first_author = Guillermo GIMÉNEZ de CASTRO
|publish_date = 24 January 2022
|description = Strong 10-micron emission from a GOES C2 flare suggests conductive heating
|image=Icon425.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Disk Occultation of a Lopsided Sun‎
|number = 424
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON,
|second_author = Stephen WHITE and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 10 January 2022
|description = Observing a spotless Sun can enable observations of the faint corona.
|image=Icon424.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Resolving two distinct thermal X-ray components in a compound solar flare
|number = 423
|first_author = Zhenjun ZHOU
|second_author = and Rui LIU
|publish_date = 28 December 2021
|description = Superhot coronal sources may be independent loop systems
|image=Icon423.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bridging solar flares to coronal mass ejections
|number = 422
|first_author = Markus ASCHWANDEN
|publish_date = 14 December 2021
|description = The Neupert effect allows us to trace coronal mass ejections seamlessly
|image=Icon422.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Jakimiec Diagnostic Diagram
|number = 421
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 29 November 2021
|description = The joint variation of GOES temperature and emission measure discloses new features via an old tool
|image=Icon421.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = First look at ALMA/HInode/IRIS microflares
|number = 420
|first_author = Toshifumi SHIMIZU
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 8 November 2021
|description = High-resolution ALMA and multiwavelength observations of microflaring
|image=Icon420.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Thomson scattering near sunspots
|number = 419
|first_author = Pascal Saint-Hilaire
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 25 October 2021
|description = Completing the modeling of low-coronal Thomson polarimetry
|image=Icon419.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Non-PFSS Global Coronal Model
|number = 418
|first_author = Oliver RICE
|second_author = and Anthony YEATES
|publish_date = 11 October 2021
|description = Modeling as convenient as PFSS but much more realistic
|image=Icon418.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Manifold Nonthermality
|number = 417
|first_author = Marina BATTAGLIA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 27 September 2021
|description = Even weak flares involve multiple sites of non thermal activity
|image=Icon417.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = X-Rays from a Type I Radio Burst
|number = 416
|first_author = R. RAMESH
|publish_date = 20 September 2021
|description = A first identification of type I radio emission with hot plasma
|image=Icon416.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Do Hot Onsets Predict Flare Magnitudes?
|number = 415
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 30 August 2021
|description = Maybe we can tell how big a flare is going to be from its initial development...
|image=Icon415.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Confined or Eruptive?
|number = 414
|first_author = Ting LI et al.
|publish_date = 16 August 2021
|description = Increased magnetic flux reduces CME eruptivity
|image=Icon414.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Impulsive and Gradual Eruptive Gamma Flares and Associated CMEs
|number = 413
|first_author = Alexey STRUMINSKY,
|second_author = Irina GRIGORIEVA and Andrei SADOVSKI
|publish_date = 19 July 2021
|description = Extreme behavior of flare/CME events explained by environment
|image=Icon373.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Morphology of Flare Time Profiles
|number = 412
|first_author = Larisa KASHAPOVA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 12 July 2021
|description = Systematic comparison of solar and stellar flaring time profiles
|image=Icon412.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare Pulsation and the Heliosphere
|number = 411
|first_author = Brendan CLARKE
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 5 July 2021
|description = Flare pulsations link closely to the distant heliosphere
|image=Icon411.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = STIX, the Hard X-Ray Telescope on board Solar Orbiter
|number = 410
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 28 June 2021
|description = STIX is operational and producing great data
|image=Icon410.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Nonequilibrium Ionization of Flare Plasma Observed by Hinode/EIS
|number = 409
|first_author = Shinsuke IMADA
|second_author =
|publish_date = 14 June 2021
|description = Evidence for non-equilibrium ionization in the current sheet of SOL2017-09-10
|image=Icon409.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Effects of Flares on Solar p-modes
|number = 408
|first_author = Maria-Cristina RABELLO SOARES
|second_author = and Frederic BAUDIN
|publish_date = 26 April 2021
|description = No detectable p-mode amplitude changes due to solar flares
|image=Icon408.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Subsecond Spikes in Solar Flare X-ray Flux as Seen by Fermi GBM
|number = 407
|first_author =Trevor KNUTH
|second_author = and Lindsay GLESENER
|publish_date = 19 April 2021
|description = A new analysis technique pushes hard X-ray time scales to 0.1 sec or faster
|image=Icon407.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Negative He 10830 Flare Ribbons and Non-thermal Electrons
|number = 406
|first_author = Graham KERR
|second_author =
|publish_date = 12 April 2021
|description = A 1D radiation hydrodynamics model can explain the dark leading edges of He I flare ribbons
|image=Icon406.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Tracing the sources of gradual solar energetic particle events
|number = 405
|first_author = David H. BROOKS
|second_author = and Stephanie L. YARDLEY
|publish_date = 29 March 2021
|description = Chemical abundances in SEPs suggest an origin in flare-related moss regions
|image=Icon405.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Superflare SOL2017-09-06: from submm to mid-IR
|number = 404
|first_author = Guillermo (Guigue) GIMÉNEZ DE CASTRO
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 March 2021
|description = Glimpsing the "missing decades" of the flare emission spectrum
|image=Icon404.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Neupert Effect Revisited
|number = 403
|first_author = Jiong QIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 8 March 2021
|description = Two time scales for heating individual flare strands
|image=Icon403.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = FLUKA as a tool for interpreting flare gamma-rays
|number = 402
|first_author = Alec MACKINNON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 1 March 2021
|description = The nuclear physics of solar flares captured in a detailed model
|image=Icon402.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Collective Study of 11 NuSTAR Microflares
|number = 401
|first_author = Jessie DUNCAN and
|second_author = Lindsay GLESENER
|publish_date = 22 February 2021
|description = Swarms of NuSTAR micro flares
|image=Icon401.png}}

{{{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Solar FRB
|number = 400
|first_author = Dale GARY and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 15 February 2021
|description = A new frontier in the solar time domain
|image=Icon400.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Richard Schwartz
|number = 399
|first_author = Brian DENNIS and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 January 2021
|description = Remembering a friend and colleague
|image=Icon399.jpg}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observing Solar Flare X-ray Polarization with Prospective CubeSat Missions
|number = 398
|first_author = Natasha JEFFREY
|publish_date = 4 January 2021
|description = The polarization of the solar X-ray spectrum generally remains to be observed
|image=Icon398.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar effects in the local interstellar medium
|number = 397
|first_author = Don GURNETT and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 14 December 2020
|description = Relativistic particle events observed _in situ_ in the interstellar medium
|image=Icon397.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Investigation of Small-Scale Energy Releases in Hard X-rays with FOXSI
|number = 396
|first_author = Subramania ATHIRAY and
|second_author = Juliana VIEVERING
|publish_date = 7 December 2020
|description = Hard X-rays and high temperatures from the feeblest microflares
|image=Icon396.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = What drives impulsive coronal heating?
|number = 395
|first_author = Pradeep CHITTA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 30 November 2020
|description = Impulsive footpoint emissions suggest magnetic reconnection in the chromosphere
|image=Icon395.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Probing the solar coronal heating function with slow magnetoacoustic waves
|number = 394
|first_author = Dmitrii KOLOTKOV
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 16 November 2020
|description = Coronal heating models meet damped slow magnetoacoustic waves
|image=Icon394.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Self-Consistent Flare Model
|number = 393
|first_author = Wenzhi RUAN
|second_author = and Rony KEPPENS
|publish_date = 2 November 2020
|description = Energy transport by fast particles made self-consistent with MHD flare modeling
|image=Icon393.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hot Flare Onsets
|number = 392
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 26 October 2020
|description = The initial soft X-ray temperatures of solar flares tend to be in the 10-15 MK range
|image=Icon392.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electric Current Neutralization and Eruption
|number = 391
|first_author = Ellis AVALLONE
|second_author = and Xudong SUN
|publish_date = 19 October 2020
|description = Coronal currents without neutralizing return currents appear to
|image=Icon391.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Prediction of Solar Cycle 25
|number = 390
|first_author = Leif SVALGAARD
|second_author =
|publish_date = 5 October 2020
|description = Now we know how big the next solar maximum will be
|image=Icon390.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare/CME Cartoon Archive
|number = 389
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 September 2020
|description = A new edition of the Flare/CME archive, nearly a half kilotoon now
|image=Icon389.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Submerged Flare Acoustic Sources
|number = 388
|first_author = Juan Camilo BUITRAGO CASAS
|second_author = and Angel MARTÍNEZ
|publish_date = 13 September 2020
|description = Flare acoustic radiation emanates from a source _inside_ the Sun
|image=Icon388.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Circular Ribbon Flare at Microwaves
|number = 387
|first_author = Jeongwoo LEE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 31 August 2020
|description = Breakout reconnection reveals itself via microwave polarization measurements.
|image=Icon387.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Relation of Non-neutralized electric currents and the activity in active regions
|number = 386
|first_author = P. VEMAREDDY
|second_author =
|publish_date = 24 August 2020
|description = Non-neutralized coronal current systems contribute to CME eruptions
|image=Icon386.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = White-light emission and photospheric magnetic field changes in flares
|number = 385
|first_author = J. Sebastián CASTELLANOS DURÁN
|second_author = and Lucia KLEINT
|publish_date = 17 August 2020
|description = There are strong correlations between white-light flare emissions and line-of-sight magnetic field changes
|image=Icon385.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sunspot Differential Rotation in an X-class Flare
|number = 384
|first_author = Richard GRIMES,
|second_author = Balázs PINTÉR and Huw MORGAN
|publish_date = 10 August 2020
|description = Observations suggesting how the coronal tail can wag the photospheric dog
|image=Icon384.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energy Partitioning in a Nonthermally Dominated Two-loop Solar Flare
|number = 383
|first_author = Galina MOTORINA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 3 August 2020
|description = Modeling the propagation of energy via GX Simulator in an early-impulsive flare
|image=Icon383.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOL2013-11-10 Eruptive Circular-ribbon Flare with Extended Remote Brightenings
|number = 382
|first_author = Chang LIU
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 31 July 2020
|description = A circular-ribbon event can launch an eruption by breaking through its separatrix dome
|image=Icon382.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Extreme-Ultraviolet Late Phase of Solar Flares
|number = 381
|first_author = Rui LIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 June 2020
|description = Both arcade and circular-ribbon flares may sometimes spawn EUV late phase emission
|image=Icon381.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energy transport by accelerated particles in the quiet solar atmosphere
|number = 380
|first_author = Lars FROGNER,
|second_author = Boris GUDIKSEN and Helle BAKKE
|publish_date = 15 June 2020
|description = A first study of non-thermal particles integrated into an MHD simulation of the solar atmosphere
|image=Icon380.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasi-periodic pulsations as indicators of oscillatory processes in solar flares
|number = 379
|first_author = Elena KUPRIYANOVA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 11 May 2020
|description = Many, many QPPs
|image=Icon379.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Rejuvenating Solar Flare Termination Shocks as Particle Accelerators
|number = 378
|first_author = Bin CHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 4 May 2020
|description = At last, clear evidence for a long-predicted phenomenon
|image=Icon378.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Broad symmetrical Doppler-shifted Fe XXI line profiles
|number = 377
|first_author = Vanessa POLITO
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 April 2020
|description = It is difficult to explain "evaporation" line profiles by superposition of unresolved flows
|image=Icon377.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Phenomena in the unusually long pre-impulsive phase of SOL2011-06-07
|number = 376
|first_author = Marian KARLICKÝ,
|second_author = Jana KA&Scaron;PAROVÁ, and Robert SYCH
|publish_date = 13 April 2020
|description = A massive and slowly-rising filament eruption reveals important new signatures of the physics
|image=Icon376.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Evidence for a Coronal Shock Wave Origin for Relativistic Protons Producing Solar Gamma-Rays and Observed by Neutron Monitors at Earth‎
|number = 375
|first_author = Athanasios KOULOUMVAKOS
|second_author = and Gerry SHARE
|publish_date = 6 April 2020
|description = Successful modeling of prolonged solar gamma-ray emissions and terrestrial ground-level cosmic-ray events
|image=Icon375.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Using overlappogram data to find hot flare plasma
|number = 374
|first_author = Louise HARRA
|
|publish_date = 23 March 2020
|description = Imaging Fe XXIV at high resolution with the EIS slot data
|image=Icon374.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOL2017-09-04 (M5.5) 2017 as a Source of Relativistic Electrons and Protons
|number = 373
|first_author = Alexei STRUMINSKII
| (see text)
|publish_date = 16 March 2020
|description = Flare-accelerated particles, rather than SEPs, energize sustained gamma-ray emission
|image=Icon373.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Heating of the solar photosphere during a white-light flare‎
|number = 372
|first_author = Jan JURČÁK
| (see text)
|publish_date = 2 March 2020
|description = The best-ever spectrum of the flare photosphere
|image=Icon372.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Hot Cusp-Shaped Confined Solar Flare
|number = 371
|first_author = Aaron HERNANDEZ-PEREZ
|publish_date = 24 February 2020
|description = A flare may have a prominent hot cusp with the help of any eruption
|image=Icon371.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Temporal and Spatial Extension of Gamma-ray Emission from the Sun
|number = 370
|first_author = Nat GOPALSWAMY
|publish_date = 17 February 2020
|description = Sustained solar γ-rays and solar cosmic rays
|image=Icon370.ng.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A PSP Perihelion
|number = 369
|first_author = Jessie DUNCAN
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 20 January 2020
|description = The Parker Solar Probe enters its fourth perihelion already. Now
|image=Icon369.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remembering John Brown
|number = 368
|first_author = Alec MacKINNON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 13 January 2020
|description = John passed away unexpectedly on 16 November 2019
|image=Icon368.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Global Survey of EUV Coronal Power Spectra
|number = 367
|first_author = Karl Battams
|second_author =
|publish_date = 30 December 2019
|description = Time-series parameter maps of imaged power spectra from an AIA pipeline
|image=Icon367.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Cosmic Rays over the Rainbow Bridge
|number = 366
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = Alec MacKinnon
|publish_date = 16 December 2019
|description = Cosmic rays approach the Sun
|image=Icon366.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spectropolarimetric Insight into Plasma-Sheet Dynamics of a Solar Flare
|number = 365
|first_author = Ryan French
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 December 2019
|description = CoMP polarization patterns in SOL2017-09-10 are amazing
|image=Icon365.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Lorentz Force Evolution Reveals the Energy Build-up Processes during Recurrent Eruptive Solar Flares‎
|number = 364
|first_author = Ranadeep Sarkar,
|second_author = Nandita Srivastava and Astrid Veronig
|publish_date = 18 November 2019
|description = The net Lorentz force clearly exhibits a build-up and release pattern
|image=Icon364.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare waiting times depend on their magnitudes
|number = 363
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 11 November 2019
|description = Surprising new evidence for the flare build-up and release process
|image=Icon363.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Can magnetic reconnection cause solar rainstorms?‎
|number = 362
|first_author = Petra Kohutova
|second_author =
|publish_date = 4 November 2019
|description = Impulsive coronal heating resulting from reconnection can trigger coronal rain
|image=Icon362.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Non-radial jets on the edges of active regions
|number = 361
|first_author = Peter Wyper
|second_author =
|publish_date = 14 October 2019
|description = The very common jet structures we see can naturally combine twist and breakout
|image=Icon361.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Searching SOLfully within the Nuggets
|number = 360
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 7 October 2019
|description = The IAU target identifier works well for finding items about a particular event
|image=Icon360.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Submillimeter Radiation as the Thermal Component of the Neupert Effect
|number = 359
|first_author = Guillermo Giménez de Castro
|second_author =
|publish_date = 31 September 2019
|description = Flare radiation at the highest frequencies can be bremsstrahlung
|image=Icon359.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The "Last Best" Flares
|number = 358
|first_author = Hugh Hudson,
|second_author = Ed Cliver, and Brian Dennis
|publish_date = 24 September 2019
|description = Major flares tend to happen at the very ends of sunspot cycles
|image=Icon358.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Dynamic Processes of the Moreton Wave on 2014 March 29‎
|number = 357
|first_author = Denis Cabezas
|second_author = and the FMT team
|publish_date = 16 September 2019
|description = A beautiful Moreton wave excited by the best-observed flare ever
|image=Icon357.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = EVE-RHESSI DEM Models and the Low-energy Cutoff for Nonthermal Electrons
|number = 356
|first_author = Jim McTiernan
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 September 2019
|description = Characterizing flare temperature distributions helps to define the non-thermal energy release
|image=Icon356.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Stealth Coronal Mass Ejections from Active Regions
|number = 355
|first_author = Jennifer O'Kane
|second_author =
|publish_date = 26 August 2019
|description = Perhaps just feeble versions of the same magnetic disease...
|image=Icon355.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Do Kepler Superflare Stars Really Include Slowly Rotating Sun-like Stars?‎
|number = 354
|first_author = Yuta NOTSU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 July 2019
|description = Kepler superflares hint at solar superflares
|image=Icon354.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Localized Microwave and EUV Bright Structures in an Eruptive Prominence
|number = 353
|first_author = Jing HUANG
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 June 2019
|description = Detailed correlations between EUV and microwaves in prominence fine structures
|image=Icon353.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Broken-up hard X-ray spectra found for a loop-top source during a solar limb flare
|number = 352
|first_author = Hao NING,
|second_author = Yao CHEN and Jeongwoo LEE
|publish_date = 16 June 2019
|description = SOL2017-09-10 coronal hard X-ray sources
|image=Icon352.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Cosmic-Ray Shadow and Coronal Magnetism
|number = 351
|first_author = Frederik Tenholt
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 May 2019
|description = The coronal magnetic field measured in Antarctica
|image=Icon351.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Kristian Birkeland
|number = 350
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Lyndsay FLETCHER
|publish_date = 6 May 2019
|description = Space weather a century ago: Kristian Birkeland
|image=Icon350.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Warm UV loops heated by small-scale cancellation events
|number = 349
|first_author = Seray ŞAHIN
|second_author = and Vasyl YURCHYSHYN
|publish_date = 22 April 2019
|description = Precisely locating the footpoints of warm coronal loops helps identify their source(s) of excitation
|image=Icon349.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Multiple Regions of Shock-accelerated Particles during a Solar Coronal Mass Ejection
|number = 348
|first_author = Diana MOROSAN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 1 April 2019
|description = LOFAR identifies herringbone sources within the flank of the SOL2017-09-10 shock - no joke
|image=Icon348.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Persistent Quasi-Periodic Pulsations Detected During the Large X8.2 Solar Flare
|number = 347
|first_author = Laura HAYES
|second_author = and Peter GALLAGHER
|publish_date = 25 March 2019
|description = The most beautiful flare has the most beautiful pulsations
|image=Icon347.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Is the coronal magnetic field braiding?
|number = 346
|first_author = Markus ASCHWANDEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 11 March 2019
|description = This iconic cartoon does not relate well to the observations
|image=Icon346.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An energetic pre-flare: electron distributions in magnetic reconnection outflows
|number = 345
|first_author = Marina BATTAGLIA,
|second_author = Eduard KONTAR and Galina MOTORINA
|publish_date = 18 February 2019
|description = Assessing energy partition in a pre-impulsive flare development
|image=Icon345.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Linear Polarization in H-alpha Flares
|number = 344
|first_author = Tomoko KAWATE
|second_author = and Yoichiro HANAOKA
|publish_date = 4 February 2019
|description = H-alpha polarization is rarely observable but, in once case, very suggestive
|image=Icon344.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Short-Period Waves
|number = 343
|first_author = Sijie YU
|second_author = and Bin CHEN
|publish_date = 21 January 2019
|description = New decimetric imaging spectroscopy suggests Alfvénic energy transport in flares
|image=Icon343.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Interesting RHESSI/SAS Archive
|number = 342
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Martin FIVIAN
|publish_date = 8 January 2019
|description = The full mission database shows RHESSI to have been very stable geometrically
|image=Icon342.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Homologous White Light Solar Flares‎
|number = 341
|first_author = Paolo ROMANO
|second_author = and Abouazza ELMHAMDI
|publish_date = 31 December 2018
|description = Homologous white-light flares, in rapid succession, and coronal null points
|image=Icon341.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The flight of FOXSI-3
|number = 340
|first_author = Lindsay GLESENER
|second_author = and Noriyuki NARUKAGE
|publish_date = 10 December 2018
|description = Single-photon counting and direct focusing across hard and soft energies
|image=Icon340.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Stellar Flares and Starspots
|number = 339
|first_author = Lauren DOYLE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 3 December 2018
|description = Stellar flares don't spatially match their starspots
|image=Icon339.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Neutron Production in Solar Flares
|number = 338
|first_author = Ron MURPHY
|second_author = and Gerry SHARE
|publish_date = 26 November 2018
|description = Neutron astronomy helps us understand solar flares
|image=Icon338.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Cycle 25 Strikes Again
|number = 337
|first_author = Kamil BICZ
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 November 2018
|description = A second, larger Cycle 25 sunspot
|image=Icon337.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remembering Marcos Machado via his research
|number = 336
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 13 November 2018
|description = Recalling a friend and colleague, and admiring his final paper
|image=Icon336.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = CORONAS/SPIRIT Mg XII and Nanoflares‎
|number = 335
|first_author = Anton REVA
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 October 2018
|description = Monochromatic Mg XII spectroheliography sets severe limits on nanoflare heating models
|image=Icon335.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = White-light Emission and Non-thermal Electrons‎
|number = 334
|first_author = Kyoung-Sun LEE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 8 October 2018
|description = An intimate relationship between accelerated electrons and visible flare continuum
|image=Icon334.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal Hard X-ray Sources Revisited
|number = 333
|first_author = Brian DENNIS
|second_author =
|publish_date = 24 September 2018
|description = Reporting some over-interpretation of the evidence for "coronal thick targets"
|image=Icon333.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Photospheric response to a flare
|number = 332
|first_author = Mike WHEATLAND
|second_author =
|publish_date = 17 September 2018
|description = Sudden changes in the magnetic field in the low atmosphere associated with particle acceleration
|image=Icon332.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = New Views of Global Solar Magnetic Field Evolution Over Four Solar Cycles
|number = 331
|first_author = David WEBB
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 August 2018
|description = A digital archive of Pat McIntosh's 44 years of solar synoptic observations
|image=Icon331.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Understanding the co-spatial return current in solar flares
|number = 330
|first_author = Meriem ALAOUI
|second_author = and Gordon HOLMAN
|publish_date = 6 August 2018
|description = Completing the circuit in a thick-target model
|image=Icon330.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = 3D Magnetic Reconnection at a Coronal Null Point
|number = 329
|first_author = Shane MALONEY,
|second_author = Aidan O'Flannagain and Peter Gallagher
|publish_date = 30 July 2018
|description = Large-scale reconnection involved in Type I radio noise storm
|image=Icon329.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The true dawn of multimessenger astronomy
|number = 328
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 23 July 2018
|description = Ever since the Carrington flare
|image=Icon328.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Microwave Imaging Spectroscopy of Flares is Here‎
|number = 327
|first_author = Dale E. Gary,
|second_author = EOVSA and RHESSI Teams
|publish_date = 16 July 2018
|description = Microwave imaging spectroscopy takes a giant leap forward with SOL2017-09-10
|image=Icon327.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal nanoflares powered by footpoint reconnection
|number = 326
|first_author = Pradeep Chitta,
|second_author = Hardi Peter, and Sami Solanki
|publish_date = 9 July 2018
|description = Coronal nanoflares in active region cores can be powered by the magnetic reconnection in the lower solar atmosphere
|image=Icon326.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A remarkable, but confused, coronal hard X-ray source
|number = 325
|first_author = Alexandra Lysenko,
|second_author = Larisa Kashapova and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 25 June 2018
|description = A remarkable flare in 1999 adds to our short list of extended coronal hard X-ray/microwave sources
|image=Icon325.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Understanding HMI pseudocontinuum in white-light flares‎
|number = 324
|first_author = Michal &Scaron;vanda
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 28 May 2018
|description = The HMI pseudocontinuum (Ic) is ill-calibrated in regions with strong fields, i.e. for white-light flares
|image=Icon324.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = To beam or not to beam - that is (still) the question
|number = 323
|first_author = Paulo Simões
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 14 May 2018
|description = Descriptions of the lower solar atmosphere of flares ca. Cycle 21 sound surprisingly current
|image=Icon323.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observation of Cosmic Ray Spallation Events from SoHO‎
|number = 322
|first_author = Serge Koutchmy
|second_author = and Ehsan Tavabi
|publish_date = 7 May 2018
|description = LASCO's images capture high-energy nuclear interactions from cosmic-ray hits
|image=Icon322.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Sunspot from Cycle 25 for sure
|number = 321
|first_author = Tomek Mrozek
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 10 April 2018
|description = YES! Cycle 25 is here!
|image=Icon321.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Blue-wing enhancement of the Mg II h and k lines in a flare
|number = 320
|first_author = Akiko TEI
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 April 2018
|description = Flare loops involve a cool upflow preceding the hot evaporation flow
|image=Icon320.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = NuSTAR detects X-ray flares in the quiet Sun
|number = 319
|first_author = Matej Kuhar
|second_author = and Säm Krucker
|publish_date = 26 March 2018
|description = Quiet-Sun flares may not be powerful, but they look a lot like ordinary flares
|image=Icon319.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Homologous CME/flares from AR 12371
|number = 318
|first_author = Panditi Vemareddy
|second_author = and Pascal Demoulín
|publish_date = 19 March 2018
|description = An excellent set of homologous flare/CMEs analyzed and explained
|image=Icon318.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Non-Maxwellian Diagnostics from SDO/EVE Spectra of an X-class Flare
|number = 317
|first_author = Elena Dzifčáková
|second_author = and Jaroslav Dudík
|publish_date = 16 February 2018
|description = Ratios of high-excitation ions can readily detect κ-distributions in flare plasmas
|image=Icon317.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Joint MinXSS and RHESSI Flare X-ray Spectra between 1 and 15 keV
|number = 316
|first_author = Chris Moore, Brian Dennis and the MinXSS Science Team
|publish_date = 5 February 2018
|description = MinXSS adds systematic views of flare soft X-ray spectra to RHESSI imagery
|image=Icon316.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Parameterized Flare Models with Chromospheric Compressions
|number = 315
|first_author = Adam Kowalski & Joel Allred
|publish_date = 17 January 2018
|description = A new approach to modeling the lower flare atmosphere
|image=FlareModelsKowalskiAllred.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Curious Sunspot Group in 2018
|number = 314
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 14 January 2018
|description = The first new sunspot group of 2018 emerged at the wrong latitude
|image = Icon314.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Tecumseh's Eclipse and Astrophysics
|number = 313
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 25 December 2017
|description = The solar corona was first recognized as such, and named, in an eclipse of 1806
|image = Icon313.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hunting for Hidden Tiny Flares
|number = 312
|first_author = Shin-nosuke ISHIKAWA
|publish_date = 27 November 2017
|description = FOXSI-2 says that episodic energy releases are still viable as a part of the coronal heating problem.
|image = Icon312.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unusual Type III Burst Dynamics Produced by Diverging Magnetic Fields
|number = 311
|first_author = Patrick McCauley
|publish_date = 20 November 2017
|description = Unusual type III bursts follow coronal separatrix structures.
|image = Icon311.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Valderrama in the 21st Century
|number = 310
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 31 October 2017
|description = A newly-described white-light flare from the 19th century!..
|image = Icon310.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electron Scattering in the Flaring Corona
|number = 309
|first_author = Sophie Musset
|publish_date = 24 October 2017
|description = Diffusive transport may contribute to the trapping of electrons in coronal X-ray sources
|image = Icon309.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Power of Turbulence
|number = 308
|first_author = Nic Bian
|publish_date = 25 September 2017
|description = Turbulent energy content may underlie flare energy transfer, magnetic reconnection, and particle acceleration
|image = Icon308.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Kelvin Force and Loop-Top Concentration
|number = 307
|first_author = Kiyoto SHIBASAKI
|publish_date = 18 September 2017
|description = New physics can explain the perplexing overpressure at the flare looptop regions
|image = Icon307.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Last Best Flare of Cycle 24?
|number = 306
|first_author = Säm Krucker
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 11 September 2017
|description = Right on schedule, Cycle 24 has produced a great flare (with a GLE)
|image = Icon306.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electric Current Neutralization and Solar Eruption in Active Regions
|number = 305
|first_author = Yang LIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 28 August 2017
|description = Active current systems in the solar corona don't have return currents
|image = Icon305.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = RHESSI and the Megamovie
|number = 304
|first_author = Hugh Hudson, Laura Peticolas,
|second_author = and Juan Carlos Martínez Oliveros
|publish_date = 31 July 2017
|description = A wholly new way to view a solar eclipse, and to do solar astrometry
|image = Icon304.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bastille Day 2017
|number = 303
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = and Säm Krucker
|publish_date = 24 July 2017
|description = Interesting flares really do happen on Bastille Day...
|image = Icon303.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Solar X-ray Limb III
|number = 302
|first_author = Marina Battaglia
|second_author = and Gordon Hurford
|publish_date = 12 June 2017
|description = RHESSI succeeds with a wholly new way to measure the solar diameter
|image = Icon302.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Double Coronal X-ray and Microwave Sources Associated With A Magnetic Breakout Solar Eruption
|number = 301
|first_author = Yao CHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 29 May 2017
|description = A different explanation of the double coronal hard X-ray sources
|image = Icon301.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Lasso Model for Solar Gamma-ray Events
|number = 300
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 May 2017
|description = A toy model hoping to explain the SEP/LAT relationship
|image = Icon300.png}}

[[RHESSI Science Nuggets 200 to 299|Next Nuggets]]

SolarNuggets

2026-03-20T19:56:34Z

Hhudson: Added No. 519 with a place-holder icon

Welcome to the [[SolarNuggets]] collection, which extends the series of [[RHESSI]] Nuggets. The following is a time-ordered list of the latest Nuggets added to the HelioWiki. An [[:Category:Nugget|alphabetical list of the SolarNuggets]] is also available as well as [[:Category:RHESSI Nugget List|yearly lists]]. One can search on author, topic, IAU flare identifier, etc.). We welcome volunteer authors - please see our page of [[Help:For_Authors| help for authors]] or just send an email to the Curator at (hugh.hudson@glasgow.ac.uk).

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops
|number = 519
|first_author = Theodora MIHAILESCU
|second_author = Peter YOUNG et AL.
||publish_date = 16 March 2026
|description = Higher FIP bias than expected in some flare loops, a diagnostically interesting result
|image=Icon360.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = When Magnetic Field Lines Stretch, Snap, and Expand: A New Look at Solar Flares with L-maps
|number = 518
|first_author = Maria KAZACHENKO,
|second_author = Yuhong FAN and Andrey AFANASYEV
||publish_date = 9 March 2026
|description = A clever new tool tracks magnetic connectivity (and energy) during flare/CME occurrence
|image=Icon518.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observational Evidence Linking Loop Length and Thermal/Nonthermal Peak Timing in Solar Flares
|number = 517
|first_author = Solomon PERRIYIL
||publish_date = 23 February 2026
|description = Clear evidence for the universality of the physics behind the Neupert Effect
|image=Icon517.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A fine-scale bright kernel captured by Hi-C 3 in the post-maximum phase of an M-class solar flare
|number = 516
|first_author = Sanjiv TIWARI
||publish_date = 9 February 2026
|description = The Hi-C rocket catches an extremely compact brightening in late-phase flare ribbon development
|image=Icon516.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On the Relationship Between Nanoflare Energy and Delay in the Closed Solar Corona
|number = 515
|first_author = Shanwlee SOW MONDAL et al.
||publish_date = 19 January 2026
|description = Nanoflaring implies energy storage and sudden release, suggesting correlation between event energy and its timing
|image=Icon515.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fine structures in solar flare ribbons
|number = 514
|first_author = Jonas THOEN FABER
||publish_date = 12 January 2026
|description = Elongated "riblets" commonly rise out of flare ribbons, and have characteristic Doppler shifts
|image=Icon514.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The M- and X-class White-light Flares in Super Active Region NOAA 13664/13697
|number = 513
|first_author = Zhichen JING
|second_author = and Ying LI
|publish_date = 5 January 2026
|description = "Super" active regions have relatively more frequent X-class flares, which correlate well with visible continuum (white-light flare) emission
|image=Icon513.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Iron Fluorescence in X-class Solar Flares
|number = 512
|first_author = Abhilash SARWADE
|publish_date = 8 December 2025
|description = A new spectroscopic capability for Iron K-alpha fluorescence
|image=Icon512.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star Analysis of a Solar Eruption Source Region Using H-alpha Spectroscopic Observations from CHASE
|number = 510
|first_author = Xiaofeng LIU
|second_author = and Yijun HOU
|publish_date = 24 November 2025
|description = Sun-as-a-star observations help to translate solar/stellar processes
|image=Icon5010.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On the Origin of Solar Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Flares‎‎‎‎
|number = 509
|first_author = Alessandro BRUNO
|publish_date = 3 November 2025
|description = Do we really need a CME to produce a long-duration solar gamma-ray event?
|image=Icon509.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = FAI and GOES eclipses‎‎
|number = 508
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 20 October 2025
|description = Flare anticipation via FAI may have problems during GOES eclipses, which are really interesting in their own right
|image=Icon508.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The EUV Late Phase‎
|number = 507
|first_author = Sascha ORNIG
|publish_date = 13 October 2025
|description = Basic comparative statistics of the ELP, a distinct flare phenomenon
|image=Icon507.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Time evolution of flare-accelerated electrons using the warm-target model‎
|number = 506
|first_author = Debesh BHATTACHARJEE
|publish_date = 6 October 2025
|description = Considering a "warm" thick target allows flare-accelerated electrons to be treated self-consistently
|image=Icon506.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOLSTICE observes flare Doppler shifts in Si III
|number = 505
|first_author = Luke MAJURY
|publish_date = 30 September 2025
|description = A rarely used database suggests prograde-flow Doppler shifts in flaring plasmas
|image=Icon505.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare Phases and the Earth's Ionospheric Response
|number = 504
|first_author = Susanna BEKKER
|publish_date = 16 September 2025
|description = A flare's "EUV late phase" is surprisingly geoeffective
|image=Icon504.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Neupertianity
|number = 503
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 August 2025
|description = It's hard to avoid the Neupert Effect
|image=Icon503.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Synchrotron Radiation and the Foundations for a Cosmic Bridge
|number = 502
|first_author = Immanuel JEBARAJ
|publish_date = 11 August 2025
|description = Gyrosynchrotron radiation in shocks: a cosmic connection
|image=Icon502.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Aulanier Effect: drifting footpoints of CME flux ropes
|number = 501
|first_author = Jaroslav DUDÍK,
|second_author = Juraj LÖRINČÍK and Brigitte SCHMIEDER
|publish_date = 21 July 2025
|description = The breakthrough to 3D flare physics: the Aulanier Effect
|image=Icon501.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Five Hundred Nuggets
|number = 500
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 14 July 2025
|description = A milestone
|image=Icon169.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasiperiodic Pulsations in the Balmer Continuum in an X-class Solar White-light Flare
|number = 499
|first_author = De-Chao SONG et al.
|publish_date = 30 June 2025
|description = QPP in the Balmer continuum: the powerful heartbeat of a flare
|image=Icon499.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = High-Resolution Observations of a C3 class White-Light Flare
|number = 498
|first_author = Zhe XU and
|second_author = Xiaoli YAN
|publish_date = 16 June 2025
|description = A compact white-light flare with vortical motions (and hard X-rays)
|image=Icon498.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Sun's open-closed flux boundary and the origin of the slow solar wind
|number = 497
|first_author = Chloe WILKINS and
|second_author = David PONTIN
|publish_date = 26 May 2025
|description = Identifying the solar sources of slow solar wind
|image=Icon497.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Delay of Near-Relativistic Electrons
|number = 496
|first_author = Grant MITCHELL
|publish_date = 19 May 2025
|description = Parker Solar Probe solves an old mystery about type III bursts
|image=Icon496.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Multi-Site Telescope for Multi-Height for Synoptic Observations
|number = 495
|first_author = Fallon KONOW
|publish_date = 11 May 2025
|description = A new synoptic network for observations at multiple wavelengths
|image=Icon495.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On turbulent magnetic reconnection: fast and slow mean steady-states
|number = 494
|first_author = Sage STANISH
|second_author = and David MacTAGGART
|publish_date = 28 April 2025
|description = In a turbulent medium, magnetic reconnection has two limiting domains
|image=Icon494.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasi-Periodic Pulsations in Ionospheric TEC and Flare EUV
|number = 493
|first_author = Aisling O'HARE
|publish_date = 21 April 2025
|description = The Earth's ionosphere reflects QPPs, with a small delay
|image=Icon493.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Metis observations of Alfvenic outflows driven by interchange reconnection in a pseudostreamer
|number = 492
|first_author = Paolo ROMANO and the Metis team
|publish_date = 7 April 2025
|description = Exactly as predicted by numerical simulations... a rare coup
|image=Icon492.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Rollercoaster: looping-the-loop in the solar corona
|number = 491
|first_author = Mohamed NEDAL et al.
|publish_date = 31 March 2025
|description = Large-scale helical motion in the flare/CME SOL2024-05-14
|image=Icon491.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Proton Beam Energy Deposition as a Mechanism of Deep Photospheric Heating
|number = 490
|first_author = Samuel GRANOVSKY
|second_author = and Alexander KOSOVICHEV
|publish_date = 17 March 2025
|description = Evidence for proton beams in white-light flares
|image=Icon490.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = New insights into the proton precipitation sites in solar flares
|number = 489
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 17 February 2025
|description = There is no detectable difference in proton and electron foopoint locations after all
|image=Icon489.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Gamma-Ray Evidence for a Distinct Population of MeV Flare-Accelerated Electrons
|number = 488
|first_author = Gerry SHARE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 10 February 2025
|description = Relativistic electrons in solar flares newly recognized as a distinct process
|image=Icon488.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = From Chromospheric Evaporation to Coronal Rain: An Investigation of the Mass and Energy Cycle of a Flare‎
|number = 487
|first_author = Seray &Scedil;AHIN
|second_author = and Patrick ANTOLIN
|publish_date = 3 February 2025
|description = A first quantitative comparison of flare evaporation and coronal rain
|image=Icon487.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energetic neutral atoms detected in the large solar energetic particle event of February 2022‎
|number = 486
|first_author = Christina COHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 January 2025
|description = Only the second direct observation of high-energy neutral atoms from the Sun
|image=Icon486.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Magnetic topology of quiet-Sun Ellerman bombs and associated ultraviolet brightenings‎
|number = 485
|first_author = Aditi BHATNAGAR
|second_author =
|publish_date = 6 January 2025
|description = Tiny "Ellerman Bombs" occur all across the solar surface, with differences
|image=Icon485.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unveiling CME Dynamics: Rare Rotations of CMEs in the Heliosphere
|number = 484
|first_author = Sandeep KUMAR and
|second_author = Nandita SRIVASTAVA
|publish_date = 30 December 2024
|description = CMEs usually do not show additional rotation as they move though the heliosphere
|image=Icon484.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatial and Spectral Evolution of Microwave and X-Ray Sources During the Limb Flare SOL2023-02-05
|number = 483
|first_author = Yulia N. SHAMSUTDINOVA
|publish_date = 23 December 2024
|description = Rare microwave imaging spectroscopy of a hot-onset precursor event
|image=Icon483.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = High-resolution observational analysis of flare ribbon fine structures
|number = 482
|first_author = Jonas THOEN FABER
|publish_date = 16 December 2024
|description = Spatially periodic fine structures in flare ribbons reveal current-sheet tearing
|image=Icon482.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Advection and super-diffusive expansion as the model of flare accelerated electron transport in type III solar radio bursts
|number = 481
|first_author = Eduard KONTAR
|publish_date = 9 December 2024
|description = Sturrock's dilemma resolved
|image=Icon481.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Faraday's Law in Solar Flares: A Cautionary Message
|number = 480
|first_author = Michael FARADAY
|publish_date = 2 December 2024
|description = We must not forget the global implications of Faraday's Law
|image=Icon480.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remarkable NUV Spectrum of an M-star Megaflare
|number = 479
|first_author = Adam KOWALSKI
|publish_date = 25 November 2024
|description = Remarkable NUV spectra from an HST stellar flare
|image=Icon479.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Revised Point-Spread Functions of AIA and their effect on DEM analyses
|number = 478
|first_author =Stefan HOFMEISTER,
|second_author = Daniel Wolf SAVIN, and Michael HAHN
|publish_date = 18 November 2024
|description = Substantial revisions of the AIA point-response functions
|image=Icon478.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = How much of the energy in flare-accelerated electrons reaches the chromosphere?
|number = 477
|first_author = Meriem ALAOUI
|second_author = and Gordon HOLMAN
|publish_date = 11 November 2024
|description = Keeping flare-accelerated electrons out of the chromosphere
|image=Icon477.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatially resolved plasma composition evolution in a solar flare
|number = 476
|first_author = Andy S. H. TO
|publish_date = 4 November 2024
|description = Reconnection outflow feeds abundance variations
|image=Icon476.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = HOPE during high activity
|number = 475
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Alphonse STERLING
|publish_date = 28 October 2024
|description = Hot onsets appear even in the most active solar conditions
|image=Icon475.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Simulated heliospheric electron spectra show sensitivity to plasma properties of a source region in the flaring corona
|number = 474
|first_author = Ross PALLISTER
|second_author = and Natasha JEFFREY
|publish_date = 21 October 2024
|description = Getting closer to an understanding of how solar energetic particles "escape"
|image=Icon474.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An extremely complex active region with very strong non-neutralized electric currents
|number = 473
|first_author = Ioannis KONTOGIANNIS
|publish_date = 14 October 2024
|description = Large non-neutralized electric currents flow through the active-region corona
|image=Icon473.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An X9 flare and its huge crochet (SFE)
|number = 472
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 7 October 2024
|description = The geomagnetic effect (SFE/crochet) that will calibrate the Carrington flare
|image=Icon472.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = All microflares that accelerate electrons to high energies are rooted in sunspots
|number = 471
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|publish_date = 30 September 2024
|description = Microflares with hard X-ray spectra are a well-defined class, and invariably have one footpoint embedded in a sunspot
|image=Icon471.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The warm-target model and kappa distributions
|number = 470
|first_author = Yingjie LUO
|publish_date = 16 September 2024
|description = A self-consistent treatment of non-thermal electron spectra points to kappa distributions
|image=Icon470.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Is there HOPE for Hyder flares...
|number = 468
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 15 March 2024
|description = Filament eruptions/Hyder flares/disparitions brusques may all show HOPE
|image=Icon468.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star Analysis of the M8.7 Flare on 2022 October 2 Using H-alpha and EUV Spectra Taken by SMART/SDDI and SDO/EVE
|number = 467
|first_author = Takato OTSU
|publish_date = 19 February 2024
|description = Whole-Sun spectroscopic observations can readily detect ejecta
|image=Icon467.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unexpected Asymmetry in GeV Emission
|number = 466
|first_author = Bruno ARSIOLI and Elena ORLANDO
|publish_date = 15 January 2024
|description = The high-energy solar gamma radiation shows inexplicable but fascinating properties
|image=Icon466.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = When it rippled in one place and exploded in another
|number = 465
|first_author = Ivan ZIMOVETS
|publish_date = 25 December 2023
|description = Pulsations precede a flare, but seem unrelated
|image=Icon465.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar flares: evaporation and simulation‎
|number = 464
|first_author = Malcolm DRUETT
|publish_date = 18 December 2023
|description = Fitting beam electrons into multi-dimensional models
|image=Icon464.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Pre-impulsive and Impulsive Phases of the March 28, 2022 Sub-Terahertz Flare
|number = 463
|first_author = Galina G. MOTORINA
|publish_date = 11 December 2023
|description = A flare with an increasing sub-THz spectrum and sub-THZ precursor information
|image=Icon463.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal Bright Points
|number = 462
|first_author = Daniel NÓBREGA-SIVERIO
|publish_date = 27 November 2023
|description = Bright EUV rowel-like structures can result from null-point reconnection
|image=Icon462.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Aurora-like Radio Emission from a Sunspot
|number = 461
|first_author = Sijie YU
|publish_date = 20 November 2023
|description = Maser action above a sunspot
|image=Icon461.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Search for a Flare Anticipation Index (FAI)
|number = 460
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Jim McTiernan
|publish_date = 13 November 2023
|description = Quantifying flare precursors on a few-minute time scale
|image=Icon460.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bouncing motions of fast electrons using Nobeyama Radioheliograph
|number = 459
|first_author = Keitarou MATSUMOTO
|publish_date = 6 November 2023
|description = Solar evidence for conservation of second adiabatic invariant in particle motion
|image=Icon459.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Impact of nanoflare heating in the lower solar atmosphere
|number = 458
|first_author = Helle BAKKE
|publish_date = 30 October 2023
|description = The behavior of nanoflare fast electrons in Bifrost models
|image=Icon458.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Precise timing of flare footpoint sources from mid-infrared observations‎
|number = 457
|first_author = Paulo SIMÕES et al.
|publish_date = 23 October 2023
|description = Mid-IR observations at high spatial and high temporal resolution: Conjugacy
|image=Icon457.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Greatest GOES Flares‎
|number = 456
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Ed CLIVER
|publish_date = 25 September 2023
|description = The greatest GOES events, re-analyzed, fall short of expectations
|image=Icon456.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Introducing SunSketcher
|number = 455
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Gordon EMSLIE
|publish_date = 11 September 2023
|description = Galloping towards roundup in the 2024 total solar eclipse
|image=Icon455.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = TeV Gamma rays from the Quiescent Sun
|number = 454
|first_author = Mehr Un NISA
|second_author = and John BEACOM
|publish_date = 21 August 2023
|description = Solar photons at unprecedented high energies
|image=Icon454.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Hard X-Ray Sources in Flare Model with Vertical Current Sheet
|number = 453
|first_author = Alexander SHABALIN, Eugenia OVCHINNIKOVA,
|second_author = and Yuri CHARIKOV
|publish_date = 7 August 2023
|description = Modeling betatron acceleration in current-sheet development.
|image=Icon453.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatial Distribution of Magnetic Reconnection Rate in an M6.5 Solar Flare
|number = 452
|first_author = Ju JING
|publish_date = 12 June 2023
|description = Linking hard X-rays to high-resolution images that show reconnection rates.
|image=Icon452.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Statistical study of Type III bursts and associated HXR emissions
|number = 451
|first_author = Nicole VILMER and Tomin JAMES
|publish_date = 29 May 2023
|description = Linking electron populations escaping from the Sun with those that RHESSI detects.
|image=Icon451.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar flare hard X-rays from the anchor points of an eruptive filament
|number = 450
|first_author = Muriel STIEFEL
|publish_date = 15 May 2023
|description = A rare "four-ribbon" flare has been detected in hard X-rays.
|image=Icon450.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Did a Solar Flare Accelerate all the Ambient Electrons in the Coronal Acceleration Region?...
|number = 449
|first_author = Gordon EMSLIE, Eduard KONTAR,
|second_author = Galina MOTORINA, and Brian DENNIS
|publish_date = 1 May 2023
|description = Considering SOL2017-09-10, probably not.
|image=Icon449.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Diagnostics of Spatially-Extended Turbulent Acceleration and Transport
|number = 448
|first_author = Morgan STORES
|publish_date = 24 April 2023
|description = Drilling down into the detailed structure of solar-flare energy release by including turbulence with particle acceleration.
|image=Icon448.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = RHESSI's Re-entry
|number = 447
|first_author = Pascal SAINT-HILAIRE and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 17 April 2023
|description = The final demise of RHESSI is this week
|image=Icon447.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Glasgow geomagnetic observation of a solar flare
|number = 446
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON, John MALONE-LEIGH,
|second_author = Graham WOAN, and Chris OSBORNE
|publish_date = 13 March 2023
|description = Irish and Scottish geomagnetic observatories see a crochet much like that of the Carrington event
|image=Icon_446.png}}

{{{Nugget Badge
|title = Particle Acceleration in Two Coronal Jets
|number = 445
|first_author = Yixian ZHANG
|publish_date = 27 February 2023
|description = Coronal jets with hard X-ray sources at disjoint locations
|image=Icon445.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Curious First Sunquake of Solar Cycle 25‎
|number = 444
|first_author = Alexander KOSOVICHEV
|publish_date = 13 February 2023
|description = A double whammy: two distinct sunquakes from SOL2022-05-10.
|image=Icon444.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hard X-ray Pulsations via Gaussian Decomposition
|number = 443
|first_author = Hannah COLLIER and Laura HAYES
|publish_date = 30 January 2023
|description = Flare hard X-ray time variations decomposed objectively
|image=Icon443.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A possible coronal magnetic flare precursor
|number = 442
|first_author = Enrico LANDI
|publish_date = 16 January 2023
|description = Novel measurements of the coronal magnetic field may help with flare prediction
|image=Icon442.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A slow HOPE with microwave context
|number = 441
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 12 December 2022
|description = A new microwave facility at Chashan Observatory, and a prototypical HOPE
|image=Icon441.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Rapid variations of Si IV spectra in a flare observed by IRIS at a sub-second cadence
|number = 440
|first_author = Juraj LÖRINČÍK
|publish_date = 14 November 2022
|description = Transition-region lines in a flare have a Doppler component revealing quasi-periodic pulsations
|image=Icon440.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Significant Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance Associated with a Massive Gamma-ray Burst
|number = 439
|first_author = Laura HAYES and Peter GALLAGHER
|publish_date = 31 October 2022
|description = A first SID observed in broad daylight, from a source far far away
|image=Icon439.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Effects of Coronal Structures on the Dynamics of the Global Coronal Wave of SOL2017-09-10‎
|number = 438
|first_author = Huidong HU, Ying D. LIU, and Bei ZHU
|publish_date = 17 October 2022
|description = The amazing global coronal wave of SOL2017-09-10 wrapped around the whole Sun, and displayed transmission and reflection at both polar coronal holes
|image=Icon438.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = KW-Sun: The Konus-Wind Solar Flare Database in Hard X-Ray and Soft Gamma-Ray Ranges
|number = 437
|first_author = Alexandra LYSENKO
|publish_date = 26 September 2022
|description = An unrivaled hard X-ray and gamma-ray database is entering its third activity maximum
|image=Icon437.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = First Detection of Kink Oscillations with Solar Orbiter
|number = 436
|first_author = Sihui ZHONG et al.
|publish_date = 19 September 2022
|description = SolO sees coronal oscillations as well as AIA can, and even better
|image=Icon436.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energetic Neutral Hydrogen from Large Solar Flares
|number = 435
|first_author = Glenn MASON
|publish_date = 6 September 2022
|description = A rediscovered data treasury reveals the occurrence of many flare/CME events producing solar high-energy neutral atoms
|image=Icon435.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fifty-year Anniversary of the First Detection of Gamma rays from a Solar Flare
|number = 434
|first_author = Jim Ryan,
|second_author = Brian Dennis, and Phil Dunphy
|publish_date = 8 August 2022
|description = The rich astrophysics of gamma-ray astronomy began with solar observations fifty years ago
|image=Icon434.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fast Prograde Flows in Solar Active Regions
|number = 433
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 July 2022
|description = Unexpected, unpredicted, and not modeled yet - weird flows in hot active-region loops
|image=Icon433.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Undetected Minority-polarity Flux, Moss, and Coronal Heating
|number = 432
|first_author = Yi-Ming WANG
|publish_date = 11 July 2022
|description = There's plenty of room in "unipolar" active regions for both polarities, and there is good evidence for them
|image=Icon432.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Thermal/Nonthermal with MinXSS and RHESSI
|number = 431
|first_author = Shunsaku NAGASAWA
|publish_date = 13 June 2022
|description = Time-domain studies of improved X-ray spectra reveal a "super-hot' component
|image=Icon431.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star spectroscopic observations of the line-of-sight velocity of a solar eruption on October 28, 2021
|number = 430
|first_author = Yu XU
|second_author = and Hui TIAN
|publish_date = 30 May 2022
|description = The observation of the full 3d velocity of a CME, for an anniversary event
|image=Icon430.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Carl Størmer
|number = 429
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Lyndsay FLETCHER
|publish_date = 15 April 2022
|description = Størmer and the theory of trapping in loops
|image=Icon429.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Hard X-rays with Insight
|number = 428
|first_author = Wei WANG
|second_author = and Ping ZHANG
|publish_date = 21 March 2022
|description = A spectacular limb flare introduces Insight/HXMT, a new observational resource
|image=Icon428.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Probing chromospheric current sheets using SST and ALMA co-observations
|number = 427
|first_author = João da SILVA SANTOS
|publish_date = 21 February 2022
|description = Emerging magnetic flux appears in ALMA images reflecting coronal current sheets
|image=Icon427.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A demonstration of STIX hard X-ray imaging spectroscopy capabilities for an X-class flare (SOL2021-10-28)
|number = 426
|first_author = Andrea BATTAGLIA, Hannah COLLIER,
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 7 February 2022
|description = STIX imaging of an X-class flare marks its success
|image=Icon426.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A solar flare driven by thermal conduction observed in mid-infrared
|number = 425
|first_author = Guillermo GIMÉNEZ de CASTRO
|publish_date = 24 January 2022
|description = Strong 10-micron emission from a GOES C2 flare suggests conductive heating
|image=Icon425.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Disk Occultation of a Lopsided Sun‎
|number = 424
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON,
|second_author = Stephen WHITE and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 10 January 2022
|description = Observing a spotless Sun can enable observations of the faint corona.
|image=Icon424.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Resolving two distinct thermal X-ray components in a compound solar flare
|number = 423
|first_author = Zhenjun ZHOU
|second_author = and Rui LIU
|publish_date = 28 December 2021
|description = Superhot coronal sources may be independent loop systems
|image=Icon423.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bridging solar flares to coronal mass ejections
|number = 422
|first_author = Markus ASCHWANDEN
|publish_date = 14 December 2021
|description = The Neupert effect allows us to trace coronal mass ejections seamlessly
|image=Icon422.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Jakimiec Diagnostic Diagram
|number = 421
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 29 November 2021
|description = The joint variation of GOES temperature and emission measure discloses new features via an old tool
|image=Icon421.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = First look at ALMA/HInode/IRIS microflares
|number = 420
|first_author = Toshifumi SHIMIZU
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 8 November 2021
|description = High-resolution ALMA and multiwavelength observations of microflaring
|image=Icon420.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Thomson scattering near sunspots
|number = 419
|first_author = Pascal Saint-Hilaire
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 25 October 2021
|description = Completing the modeling of low-coronal Thomson polarimetry
|image=Icon419.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Non-PFSS Global Coronal Model
|number = 418
|first_author = Oliver RICE
|second_author = and Anthony YEATES
|publish_date = 11 October 2021
|description = Modeling as convenient as PFSS but much more realistic
|image=Icon418.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Manifold Nonthermality
|number = 417
|first_author = Marina BATTAGLIA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 27 September 2021
|description = Even weak flares involve multiple sites of non thermal activity
|image=Icon417.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = X-Rays from a Type I Radio Burst
|number = 416
|first_author = R. RAMESH
|publish_date = 20 September 2021
|description = A first identification of type I radio emission with hot plasma
|image=Icon416.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Do Hot Onsets Predict Flare Magnitudes?
|number = 415
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 30 August 2021
|description = Maybe we can tell how big a flare is going to be from its initial development...
|image=Icon415.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Confined or Eruptive?
|number = 414
|first_author = Ting LI et al.
|publish_date = 16 August 2021
|description = Increased magnetic flux reduces CME eruptivity
|image=Icon414.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Impulsive and Gradual Eruptive Gamma Flares and Associated CMEs
|number = 413
|first_author = Alexey STRUMINSKY,
|second_author = Irina GRIGORIEVA and Andrei SADOVSKI
|publish_date = 19 July 2021
|description = Extreme behavior of flare/CME events explained by environment
|image=Icon373.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Morphology of Flare Time Profiles
|number = 412
|first_author = Larisa KASHAPOVA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 12 July 2021
|description = Systematic comparison of solar and stellar flaring time profiles
|image=Icon412.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare Pulsation and the Heliosphere
|number = 411
|first_author = Brendan CLARKE
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 5 July 2021
|description = Flare pulsations link closely to the distant heliosphere
|image=Icon411.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = STIX, the Hard X-Ray Telescope on board Solar Orbiter
|number = 410
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 28 June 2021
|description = STIX is operational and producing great data
|image=Icon410.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Nonequilibrium Ionization of Flare Plasma Observed by Hinode/EIS
|number = 409
|first_author = Shinsuke IMADA
|second_author =
|publish_date = 14 June 2021
|description = Evidence for non-equilibrium ionization in the current sheet of SOL2017-09-10
|image=Icon409.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Effects of Flares on Solar p-modes
|number = 408
|first_author = Maria-Cristina RABELLO SOARES
|second_author = and Frederic BAUDIN
|publish_date = 26 April 2021
|description = No detectable p-mode amplitude changes due to solar flares
|image=Icon408.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Subsecond Spikes in Solar Flare X-ray Flux as Seen by Fermi GBM
|number = 407
|first_author =Trevor KNUTH
|second_author = and Lindsay GLESENER
|publish_date = 19 April 2021
|description = A new analysis technique pushes hard X-ray time scales to 0.1 sec or faster
|image=Icon407.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Negative He 10830 Flare Ribbons and Non-thermal Electrons
|number = 406
|first_author = Graham KERR
|second_author =
|publish_date = 12 April 2021
|description = A 1D radiation hydrodynamics model can explain the dark leading edges of He I flare ribbons
|image=Icon406.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Tracing the sources of gradual solar energetic particle events
|number = 405
|first_author = David H. BROOKS
|second_author = and Stephanie L. YARDLEY
|publish_date = 29 March 2021
|description = Chemical abundances in SEPs suggest an origin in flare-related moss regions
|image=Icon405.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Superflare SOL2017-09-06: from submm to mid-IR
|number = 404
|first_author = Guillermo (Guigue) GIMÉNEZ DE CASTRO
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 March 2021
|description = Glimpsing the "missing decades" of the flare emission spectrum
|image=Icon404.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Neupert Effect Revisited
|number = 403
|first_author = Jiong QIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 8 March 2021
|description = Two time scales for heating individual flare strands
|image=Icon403.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = FLUKA as a tool for interpreting flare gamma-rays
|number = 402
|first_author = Alec MACKINNON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 1 March 2021
|description = The nuclear physics of solar flares captured in a detailed model
|image=Icon402.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Collective Study of 11 NuSTAR Microflares
|number = 401
|first_author = Jessie DUNCAN and
|second_author = Lindsay GLESENER
|publish_date = 22 February 2021
|description = Swarms of NuSTAR micro flares
|image=Icon401.png}}

{{{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Solar FRB
|number = 400
|first_author = Dale GARY and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 15 February 2021
|description = A new frontier in the solar time domain
|image=Icon400.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Richard Schwartz
|number = 399
|first_author = Brian DENNIS and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 January 2021
|description = Remembering a friend and colleague
|image=Icon399.jpg}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observing Solar Flare X-ray Polarization with Prospective CubeSat Missions
|number = 398
|first_author = Natasha JEFFREY
|publish_date = 4 January 2021
|description = The polarization of the solar X-ray spectrum generally remains to be observed
|image=Icon398.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar effects in the local interstellar medium
|number = 397
|first_author = Don GURNETT and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 14 December 2020
|description = Relativistic particle events observed _in situ_ in the interstellar medium
|image=Icon397.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Investigation of Small-Scale Energy Releases in Hard X-rays with FOXSI
|number = 396
|first_author = Subramania ATHIRAY and
|second_author = Juliana VIEVERING
|publish_date = 7 December 2020
|description = Hard X-rays and high temperatures from the feeblest microflares
|image=Icon396.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = What drives impulsive coronal heating?
|number = 395
|first_author = Pradeep CHITTA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 30 November 2020
|description = Impulsive footpoint emissions suggest magnetic reconnection in the chromosphere
|image=Icon395.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Probing the solar coronal heating function with slow magnetoacoustic waves
|number = 394
|first_author = Dmitrii KOLOTKOV
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 16 November 2020
|description = Coronal heating models meet damped slow magnetoacoustic waves
|image=Icon394.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Self-Consistent Flare Model
|number = 393
|first_author = Wenzhi RUAN
|second_author = and Rony KEPPENS
|publish_date = 2 November 2020
|description = Energy transport by fast particles made self-consistent with MHD flare modeling
|image=Icon393.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hot Flare Onsets
|number = 392
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 26 October 2020
|description = The initial soft X-ray temperatures of solar flares tend to be in the 10-15 MK range
|image=Icon392.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electric Current Neutralization and Eruption
|number = 391
|first_author = Ellis AVALLONE
|second_author = and Xudong SUN
|publish_date = 19 October 2020
|description = Coronal currents without neutralizing return currents appear to
|image=Icon391.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Prediction of Solar Cycle 25
|number = 390
|first_author = Leif SVALGAARD
|second_author =
|publish_date = 5 October 2020
|description = Now we know how big the next solar maximum will be
|image=Icon390.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare/CME Cartoon Archive
|number = 389
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 September 2020
|description = A new edition of the Flare/CME archive, nearly a half kilotoon now
|image=Icon389.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Submerged Flare Acoustic Sources
|number = 388
|first_author = Juan Camilo BUITRAGO CASAS
|second_author = and Angel MARTÍNEZ
|publish_date = 13 September 2020
|description = Flare acoustic radiation emanates from a source _inside_ the Sun
|image=Icon388.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Circular Ribbon Flare at Microwaves
|number = 387
|first_author = Jeongwoo LEE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 31 August 2020
|description = Breakout reconnection reveals itself via microwave polarization measurements.
|image=Icon387.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Relation of Non-neutralized electric currents and the activity in active regions
|number = 386
|first_author = P. VEMAREDDY
|second_author =
|publish_date = 24 August 2020
|description = Non-neutralized coronal current systems contribute to CME eruptions
|image=Icon386.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = White-light emission and photospheric magnetic field changes in flares
|number = 385
|first_author = J. Sebastián CASTELLANOS DURÁN
|second_author = and Lucia KLEINT
|publish_date = 17 August 2020
|description = There are strong correlations between white-light flare emissions and line-of-sight magnetic field changes
|image=Icon385.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sunspot Differential Rotation in an X-class Flare
|number = 384
|first_author = Richard GRIMES,
|second_author = Balázs PINTÉR and Huw MORGAN
|publish_date = 10 August 2020
|description = Observations suggesting how the coronal tail can wag the photospheric dog
|image=Icon384.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energy Partitioning in a Nonthermally Dominated Two-loop Solar Flare
|number = 383
|first_author = Galina MOTORINA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 3 August 2020
|description = Modeling the propagation of energy via GX Simulator in an early-impulsive flare
|image=Icon383.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOL2013-11-10 Eruptive Circular-ribbon Flare with Extended Remote Brightenings
|number = 382
|first_author = Chang LIU
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 31 July 2020
|description = A circular-ribbon event can launch an eruption by breaking through its separatrix dome
|image=Icon382.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Extreme-Ultraviolet Late Phase of Solar Flares
|number = 381
|first_author = Rui LIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 June 2020
|description = Both arcade and circular-ribbon flares may sometimes spawn EUV late phase emission
|image=Icon381.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energy transport by accelerated particles in the quiet solar atmosphere
|number = 380
|first_author = Lars FROGNER,
|second_author = Boris GUDIKSEN and Helle BAKKE
|publish_date = 15 June 2020
|description = A first study of non-thermal particles integrated into an MHD simulation of the solar atmosphere
|image=Icon380.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasi-periodic pulsations as indicators of oscillatory processes in solar flares
|number = 379
|first_author = Elena KUPRIYANOVA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 11 May 2020
|description = Many, many QPPs
|image=Icon379.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Rejuvenating Solar Flare Termination Shocks as Particle Accelerators
|number = 378
|first_author = Bin CHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 4 May 2020
|description = At last, clear evidence for a long-predicted phenomenon
|image=Icon378.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Broad symmetrical Doppler-shifted Fe XXI line profiles
|number = 377
|first_author = Vanessa POLITO
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 April 2020
|description = It is difficult to explain "evaporation" line profiles by superposition of unresolved flows
|image=Icon377.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Phenomena in the unusually long pre-impulsive phase of SOL2011-06-07
|number = 376
|first_author = Marian KARLICKÝ,
|second_author = Jana KA&Scaron;PAROVÁ, and Robert SYCH
|publish_date = 13 April 2020
|description = A massive and slowly-rising filament eruption reveals important new signatures of the physics
|image=Icon376.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Evidence for a Coronal Shock Wave Origin for Relativistic Protons Producing Solar Gamma-Rays and Observed by Neutron Monitors at Earth‎
|number = 375
|first_author = Athanasios KOULOUMVAKOS
|second_author = and Gerry SHARE
|publish_date = 6 April 2020
|description = Successful modeling of prolonged solar gamma-ray emissions and terrestrial ground-level cosmic-ray events
|image=Icon375.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Using overlappogram data to find hot flare plasma
|number = 374
|first_author = Louise HARRA
|
|publish_date = 23 March 2020
|description = Imaging Fe XXIV at high resolution with the EIS slot data
|image=Icon374.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOL2017-09-04 (M5.5) 2017 as a Source of Relativistic Electrons and Protons
|number = 373
|first_author = Alexei STRUMINSKII
| (see text)
|publish_date = 16 March 2020
|description = Flare-accelerated particles, rather than SEPs, energize sustained gamma-ray emission
|image=Icon373.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Heating of the solar photosphere during a white-light flare‎
|number = 372
|first_author = Jan JURČÁK
| (see text)
|publish_date = 2 March 2020
|description = The best-ever spectrum of the flare photosphere
|image=Icon372.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Hot Cusp-Shaped Confined Solar Flare
|number = 371
|first_author = Aaron HERNANDEZ-PEREZ
|publish_date = 24 February 2020
|description = A flare may have a prominent hot cusp with the help of any eruption
|image=Icon371.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Temporal and Spatial Extension of Gamma-ray Emission from the Sun
|number = 370
|first_author = Nat GOPALSWAMY
|publish_date = 17 February 2020
|description = Sustained solar γ-rays and solar cosmic rays
|image=Icon370.ng.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A PSP Perihelion
|number = 369
|first_author = Jessie DUNCAN
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 20 January 2020
|description = The Parker Solar Probe enters its fourth perihelion already. Now
|image=Icon369.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remembering John Brown
|number = 368
|first_author = Alec MacKINNON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 13 January 2020
|description = John passed away unexpectedly on 16 November 2019
|image=Icon368.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Global Survey of EUV Coronal Power Spectra
|number = 367
|first_author = Karl Battams
|second_author =
|publish_date = 30 December 2019
|description = Time-series parameter maps of imaged power spectra from an AIA pipeline
|image=Icon367.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Cosmic Rays over the Rainbow Bridge
|number = 366
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = Alec MacKinnon
|publish_date = 16 December 2019
|description = Cosmic rays approach the Sun
|image=Icon366.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spectropolarimetric Insight into Plasma-Sheet Dynamics of a Solar Flare
|number = 365
|first_author = Ryan French
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 December 2019
|description = CoMP polarization patterns in SOL2017-09-10 are amazing
|image=Icon365.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Lorentz Force Evolution Reveals the Energy Build-up Processes during Recurrent Eruptive Solar Flares‎
|number = 364
|first_author = Ranadeep Sarkar,
|second_author = Nandita Srivastava and Astrid Veronig
|publish_date = 18 November 2019
|description = The net Lorentz force clearly exhibits a build-up and release pattern
|image=Icon364.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare waiting times depend on their magnitudes
|number = 363
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 11 November 2019
|description = Surprising new evidence for the flare build-up and release process
|image=Icon363.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Can magnetic reconnection cause solar rainstorms?‎
|number = 362
|first_author = Petra Kohutova
|second_author =
|publish_date = 4 November 2019
|description = Impulsive coronal heating resulting from reconnection can trigger coronal rain
|image=Icon362.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Non-radial jets on the edges of active regions
|number = 361
|first_author = Peter Wyper
|second_author =
|publish_date = 14 October 2019
|description = The very common jet structures we see can naturally combine twist and breakout
|image=Icon361.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Searching SOLfully within the Nuggets
|number = 360
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 7 October 2019
|description = The IAU target identifier works well for finding items about a particular event
|image=Icon360.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Submillimeter Radiation as the Thermal Component of the Neupert Effect
|number = 359
|first_author = Guillermo Giménez de Castro
|second_author =
|publish_date = 31 September 2019
|description = Flare radiation at the highest frequencies can be bremsstrahlung
|image=Icon359.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The "Last Best" Flares
|number = 358
|first_author = Hugh Hudson,
|second_author = Ed Cliver, and Brian Dennis
|publish_date = 24 September 2019
|description = Major flares tend to happen at the very ends of sunspot cycles
|image=Icon358.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Dynamic Processes of the Moreton Wave on 2014 March 29‎
|number = 357
|first_author = Denis Cabezas
|second_author = and the FMT team
|publish_date = 16 September 2019
|description = A beautiful Moreton wave excited by the best-observed flare ever
|image=Icon357.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = EVE-RHESSI DEM Models and the Low-energy Cutoff for Nonthermal Electrons
|number = 356
|first_author = Jim McTiernan
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 September 2019
|description = Characterizing flare temperature distributions helps to define the non-thermal energy release
|image=Icon356.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Stealth Coronal Mass Ejections from Active Regions
|number = 355
|first_author = Jennifer O'Kane
|second_author =
|publish_date = 26 August 2019
|description = Perhaps just feeble versions of the same magnetic disease...
|image=Icon355.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Do Kepler Superflare Stars Really Include Slowly Rotating Sun-like Stars?‎
|number = 354
|first_author = Yuta NOTSU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 July 2019
|description = Kepler superflares hint at solar superflares
|image=Icon354.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Localized Microwave and EUV Bright Structures in an Eruptive Prominence
|number = 353
|first_author = Jing HUANG
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 June 2019
|description = Detailed correlations between EUV and microwaves in prominence fine structures
|image=Icon353.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Broken-up hard X-ray spectra found for a loop-top source during a solar limb flare
|number = 352
|first_author = Hao NING,
|second_author = Yao CHEN and Jeongwoo LEE
|publish_date = 16 June 2019
|description = SOL2017-09-10 coronal hard X-ray sources
|image=Icon352.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Cosmic-Ray Shadow and Coronal Magnetism
|number = 351
|first_author = Frederik Tenholt
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 May 2019
|description = The coronal magnetic field measured in Antarctica
|image=Icon351.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Kristian Birkeland
|number = 350
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Lyndsay FLETCHER
|publish_date = 6 May 2019
|description = Space weather a century ago: Kristian Birkeland
|image=Icon350.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Warm UV loops heated by small-scale cancellation events
|number = 349
|first_author = Seray ŞAHIN
|second_author = and Vasyl YURCHYSHYN
|publish_date = 22 April 2019
|description = Precisely locating the footpoints of warm coronal loops helps identify their source(s) of excitation
|image=Icon349.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Multiple Regions of Shock-accelerated Particles during a Solar Coronal Mass Ejection
|number = 348
|first_author = Diana MOROSAN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 1 April 2019
|description = LOFAR identifies herringbone sources within the flank of the SOL2017-09-10 shock - no joke
|image=Icon348.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Persistent Quasi-Periodic Pulsations Detected During the Large X8.2 Solar Flare
|number = 347
|first_author = Laura HAYES
|second_author = and Peter GALLAGHER
|publish_date = 25 March 2019
|description = The most beautiful flare has the most beautiful pulsations
|image=Icon347.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Is the coronal magnetic field braiding?
|number = 346
|first_author = Markus ASCHWANDEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 11 March 2019
|description = This iconic cartoon does not relate well to the observations
|image=Icon346.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An energetic pre-flare: electron distributions in magnetic reconnection outflows
|number = 345
|first_author = Marina BATTAGLIA,
|second_author = Eduard KONTAR and Galina MOTORINA
|publish_date = 18 February 2019
|description = Assessing energy partition in a pre-impulsive flare development
|image=Icon345.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Linear Polarization in H-alpha Flares
|number = 344
|first_author = Tomoko KAWATE
|second_author = and Yoichiro HANAOKA
|publish_date = 4 February 2019
|description = H-alpha polarization is rarely observable but, in once case, very suggestive
|image=Icon344.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Short-Period Waves
|number = 343
|first_author = Sijie YU
|second_author = and Bin CHEN
|publish_date = 21 January 2019
|description = New decimetric imaging spectroscopy suggests Alfvénic energy transport in flares
|image=Icon343.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Interesting RHESSI/SAS Archive
|number = 342
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Martin FIVIAN
|publish_date = 8 January 2019
|description = The full mission database shows RHESSI to have been very stable geometrically
|image=Icon342.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Homologous White Light Solar Flares‎
|number = 341
|first_author = Paolo ROMANO
|second_author = and Abouazza ELMHAMDI
|publish_date = 31 December 2018
|description = Homologous white-light flares, in rapid succession, and coronal null points
|image=Icon341.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The flight of FOXSI-3
|number = 340
|first_author = Lindsay GLESENER
|second_author = and Noriyuki NARUKAGE
|publish_date = 10 December 2018
|description = Single-photon counting and direct focusing across hard and soft energies
|image=Icon340.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Stellar Flares and Starspots
|number = 339
|first_author = Lauren DOYLE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 3 December 2018
|description = Stellar flares don't spatially match their starspots
|image=Icon339.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Neutron Production in Solar Flares
|number = 338
|first_author = Ron MURPHY
|second_author = and Gerry SHARE
|publish_date = 26 November 2018
|description = Neutron astronomy helps us understand solar flares
|image=Icon338.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Cycle 25 Strikes Again
|number = 337
|first_author = Kamil BICZ
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 November 2018
|description = A second, larger Cycle 25 sunspot
|image=Icon337.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remembering Marcos Machado via his research
|number = 336
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 13 November 2018
|description = Recalling a friend and colleague, and admiring his final paper
|image=Icon336.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = CORONAS/SPIRIT Mg XII and Nanoflares‎
|number = 335
|first_author = Anton REVA
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 October 2018
|description = Monochromatic Mg XII spectroheliography sets severe limits on nanoflare heating models
|image=Icon335.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = White-light Emission and Non-thermal Electrons‎
|number = 334
|first_author = Kyoung-Sun LEE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 8 October 2018
|description = An intimate relationship between accelerated electrons and visible flare continuum
|image=Icon334.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal Hard X-ray Sources Revisited
|number = 333
|first_author = Brian DENNIS
|second_author =
|publish_date = 24 September 2018
|description = Reporting some over-interpretation of the evidence for "coronal thick targets"
|image=Icon333.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Photospheric response to a flare
|number = 332
|first_author = Mike WHEATLAND
|second_author =
|publish_date = 17 September 2018
|description = Sudden changes in the magnetic field in the low atmosphere associated with particle acceleration
|image=Icon332.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = New Views of Global Solar Magnetic Field Evolution Over Four Solar Cycles
|number = 331
|first_author = David WEBB
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 August 2018
|description = A digital archive of Pat McIntosh's 44 years of solar synoptic observations
|image=Icon331.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Understanding the co-spatial return current in solar flares
|number = 330
|first_author = Meriem ALAOUI
|second_author = and Gordon HOLMAN
|publish_date = 6 August 2018
|description = Completing the circuit in a thick-target model
|image=Icon330.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = 3D Magnetic Reconnection at a Coronal Null Point
|number = 329
|first_author = Shane MALONEY,
|second_author = Aidan O'Flannagain and Peter Gallagher
|publish_date = 30 July 2018
|description = Large-scale reconnection involved in Type I radio noise storm
|image=Icon329.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The true dawn of multimessenger astronomy
|number = 328
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 23 July 2018
|description = Ever since the Carrington flare
|image=Icon328.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Microwave Imaging Spectroscopy of Flares is Here‎
|number = 327
|first_author = Dale E. Gary,
|second_author = EOVSA and RHESSI Teams
|publish_date = 16 July 2018
|description = Microwave imaging spectroscopy takes a giant leap forward with SOL2017-09-10
|image=Icon327.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal nanoflares powered by footpoint reconnection
|number = 326
|first_author = Pradeep Chitta,
|second_author = Hardi Peter, and Sami Solanki
|publish_date = 9 July 2018
|description = Coronal nanoflares in active region cores can be powered by the magnetic reconnection in the lower solar atmosphere
|image=Icon326.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A remarkable, but confused, coronal hard X-ray source
|number = 325
|first_author = Alexandra Lysenko,
|second_author = Larisa Kashapova and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 25 June 2018
|description = A remarkable flare in 1999 adds to our short list of extended coronal hard X-ray/microwave sources
|image=Icon325.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Understanding HMI pseudocontinuum in white-light flares‎
|number = 324
|first_author = Michal &Scaron;vanda
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 28 May 2018
|description = The HMI pseudocontinuum (Ic) is ill-calibrated in regions with strong fields, i.e. for white-light flares
|image=Icon324.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = To beam or not to beam - that is (still) the question
|number = 323
|first_author = Paulo Simões
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 14 May 2018
|description = Descriptions of the lower solar atmosphere of flares ca. Cycle 21 sound surprisingly current
|image=Icon323.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observation of Cosmic Ray Spallation Events from SoHO‎
|number = 322
|first_author = Serge Koutchmy
|second_author = and Ehsan Tavabi
|publish_date = 7 May 2018
|description = LASCO's images capture high-energy nuclear interactions from cosmic-ray hits
|image=Icon322.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Sunspot from Cycle 25 for sure
|number = 321
|first_author = Tomek Mrozek
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 10 April 2018
|description = YES! Cycle 25 is here!
|image=Icon321.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Blue-wing enhancement of the Mg II h and k lines in a flare
|number = 320
|first_author = Akiko TEI
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 April 2018
|description = Flare loops involve a cool upflow preceding the hot evaporation flow
|image=Icon320.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = NuSTAR detects X-ray flares in the quiet Sun
|number = 319
|first_author = Matej Kuhar
|second_author = and Säm Krucker
|publish_date = 26 March 2018
|description = Quiet-Sun flares may not be powerful, but they look a lot like ordinary flares
|image=Icon319.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Homologous CME/flares from AR 12371
|number = 318
|first_author = Panditi Vemareddy
|second_author = and Pascal Demoulín
|publish_date = 19 March 2018
|description = An excellent set of homologous flare/CMEs analyzed and explained
|image=Icon318.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Non-Maxwellian Diagnostics from SDO/EVE Spectra of an X-class Flare
|number = 317
|first_author = Elena Dzifčáková
|second_author = and Jaroslav Dudík
|publish_date = 16 February 2018
|description = Ratios of high-excitation ions can readily detect κ-distributions in flare plasmas
|image=Icon317.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Joint MinXSS and RHESSI Flare X-ray Spectra between 1 and 15 keV
|number = 316
|first_author = Chris Moore, Brian Dennis and the MinXSS Science Team
|publish_date = 5 February 2018
|description = MinXSS adds systematic views of flare soft X-ray spectra to RHESSI imagery
|image=Icon316.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Parameterized Flare Models with Chromospheric Compressions
|number = 315
|first_author = Adam Kowalski & Joel Allred
|publish_date = 17 January 2018
|description = A new approach to modeling the lower flare atmosphere
|image=FlareModelsKowalskiAllred.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Curious Sunspot Group in 2018
|number = 314
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 14 January 2018
|description = The first new sunspot group of 2018 emerged at the wrong latitude
|image = Icon314.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Tecumseh's Eclipse and Astrophysics
|number = 313
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 25 December 2017
|description = The solar corona was first recognized as such, and named, in an eclipse of 1806
|image = Icon313.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hunting for Hidden Tiny Flares
|number = 312
|first_author = Shin-nosuke ISHIKAWA
|publish_date = 27 November 2017
|description = FOXSI-2 says that episodic energy releases are still viable as a part of the coronal heating problem.
|image = Icon312.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unusual Type III Burst Dynamics Produced by Diverging Magnetic Fields
|number = 311
|first_author = Patrick McCauley
|publish_date = 20 November 2017
|description = Unusual type III bursts follow coronal separatrix structures.
|image = Icon311.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Valderrama in the 21st Century
|number = 310
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 31 October 2017
|description = A newly-described white-light flare from the 19th century!..
|image = Icon310.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electron Scattering in the Flaring Corona
|number = 309
|first_author = Sophie Musset
|publish_date = 24 October 2017
|description = Diffusive transport may contribute to the trapping of electrons in coronal X-ray sources
|image = Icon309.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Power of Turbulence
|number = 308
|first_author = Nic Bian
|publish_date = 25 September 2017
|description = Turbulent energy content may underlie flare energy transfer, magnetic reconnection, and particle acceleration
|image = Icon308.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Kelvin Force and Loop-Top Concentration
|number = 307
|first_author = Kiyoto SHIBASAKI
|publish_date = 18 September 2017
|description = New physics can explain the perplexing overpressure at the flare looptop regions
|image = Icon307.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Last Best Flare of Cycle 24?
|number = 306
|first_author = Säm Krucker
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 11 September 2017
|description = Right on schedule, Cycle 24 has produced a great flare (with a GLE)
|image = Icon306.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electric Current Neutralization and Solar Eruption in Active Regions
|number = 305
|first_author = Yang LIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 28 August 2017
|description = Active current systems in the solar corona don't have return currents
|image = Icon305.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = RHESSI and the Megamovie
|number = 304
|first_author = Hugh Hudson, Laura Peticolas,
|second_author = and Juan Carlos Martínez Oliveros
|publish_date = 31 July 2017
|description = A wholly new way to view a solar eclipse, and to do solar astrometry
|image = Icon304.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bastille Day 2017
|number = 303
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = and Säm Krucker
|publish_date = 24 July 2017
|description = Interesting flares really do happen on Bastille Day...
|image = Icon303.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Solar X-ray Limb III
|number = 302
|first_author = Marina Battaglia
|second_author = and Gordon Hurford
|publish_date = 12 June 2017
|description = RHESSI succeeds with a wholly new way to measure the solar diameter
|image = Icon302.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Double Coronal X-ray and Microwave Sources Associated With A Magnetic Breakout Solar Eruption
|number = 301
|first_author = Yao CHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 29 May 2017
|description = A different explanation of the double coronal hard X-ray sources
|image = Icon301.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Lasso Model for Solar Gamma-ray Events
|number = 300
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 May 2017
|description = A toy model hoping to explain the SEP/LAT relationship
|image = Icon300.png}}

[[RHESSI Science Nuggets 200 to 299|Next Nuggets]]

Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops

2026-03-20T10:07:57Z

Hhudson: /* Hinode EIS Observations */

{{Infobox Nugget
|name = Nugget
|title = Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops
|number = 519
|first_author = Teodora Mihailescu
|second_author = Peter R. Young et al.
|publish_date = March 16, 2026
|next_nugget = TBD
|previous_nugget = {{#ask: [[Category:Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::518]]}}
}}

== Overview ==

The chemical composition of an astronomical objects produces abundant
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy spectroscopic] signatures.
In particular the
[https://solarb.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/SolarB/ EIS]
instrument on the
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinode_(satellite) Hinode]
satellite can generate
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet EUV]
spectroscopy resolved in space and time, as well as wavelength.
This makes it possible to study flares, for example.

Plasma composition in flaring regions has been shown to have
significant spatial and temporal variations, likely driven by
dynamical processes that take place as a consequence of the sudden
energy release at the reconnection site. The origins of these
variations, as well as the effects they might, in turn, have on
flare loops dynamics are not yet fully understood. In
[https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.10643 this work] (Ref. [1])
we investigate the plasma composition evolution and its link to
plasma cooling times in the loops formed following the M-class flare
SOL2022-04-02T13:56
using high cadence Hinode
EIS spectroscopic observations.

== Hinode EIS Observations ==

Hinode EIS observed the evolution of this flare's coronal loops using a "sit-and-stare" study (a fixed single slit position) which captured a portion of the flare loop arcade top and one of the footpoints (see Figure 1). This allowed us to study plasma composition using the Ca XIV 193.866 Å /Ar XIV 194.401 Å diagnostic and a
[https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/images/u33/SWW_GOESVW_DEMs_plowman.pdf DEM analysis].
Given the narrow temperature distribution of the structure, a Gaussian shape was assumed for the DEM function. Observations indicate a systematic difference in plasma composition along the loop, with the loop top exhibiting a FIP bias of 2.8±0.2, higher than the 2.4±0.2 value observed at the footpoint (see Figure 2). FIP bias values higher than 1 indicate an overabundance in low-FIP elements in the corona.

[[File:519f1.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 1: 
Context AIA 94 Å image of the flare loops associated with the flare.
The solid white rectangle
indicates the position of the EIS slit for the Fe XII 195.119 Å
window, and the dashed white rectangle shows the loop arcade studied
in this work.
]]

[[File:519f2.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 2: 
Evolution of Gaussian DEM centroid temperature (top) and associated
FIP bias (bottom) for the loop top (blue) and loop footpoint (red).
]]

The evolution of line intensities covering a wide temperature range
(log(T) = 5.72 to 7.25) was used to track the cooling times, revealing
shorter cooling times at the loop top compared to the loop footpoint
(see Figure 3). The evolution of the Gaussian centroid temperature
also shows a steeper slope for the loop top than footpoint, providing
additional indication that the flare loop top is cooling faster
than the footpoint.

[[File:519f3.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 3: 
Radiative energy losses, Q(T,Ne), as a function of electron temperature
in the case of plasma with FIP bias = 2.4 (red) and FIP bias = 2.8
(blue), assuming the default CHIANTI ionisation file and an electron
density of 1010 cm-3.
]]

== EBTEL Simulations ==

The radiative loss function depends on plasma composition, particularly
in the temperature range where emission is dominated by low-FIP
elements (Ref. [2]; see the example in Figure 3 here).
We investigate the effect
the spatial variation in FIP bias observed along the flare loop
could have on the loop cooling times using simulations from the
EBTEL 0D hydrodynamic model.
The EBTEL simulations show that the
observed difference in FIP bias between the loop top and footpoint
is sufficiently high to produce a noticeable difference in cooling
times, with the higher FIP bias leading to a faster radiative cooling
rate (see Figure 4).

[[File:519f4.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 4: 
Intensity evolution comparison between observations and simulations.
Left: Averaged Hinode EIS spectra intensity evolution in the loop
top (blue) and footpoint (red). The peak emission times for each
feature in each line are indicated by the vertical dashed lines.
Right: Synthetic intensity evolution computed using an EBTEL
simulation of a heating event in a single loop strand, assuming a
plasma with a FIP bias = 2.8 (blue) and a FIP bias = 2.4 (red)
respectively. Lifetimes are indicated in the top right corner of
each plot.
]]

== Conclusions ==

The observed FIP bias values are higher than those reported in some
previous studies which found photospheric composition during flares.
While several aspects need to be considered when comparing our
results to previous ones, the relatively high FIP bias values we
observe suggest that, in this particular event and flare stage
captured, the energy deposition and consequent chromospheric
evaporation take place above the fractionation level in the
chromosphere.

The consistently higher FIP bias and shorter cooling times at the
loop top compared to the loop footpoint suggest a faster radiative
cooling rate. Previous studies have reported even stronger spatial
variations in FIP bias along flare loops (e.g., Ref. [3]), suggesting
that the influence of plasma composition on heat
transport and loop cooling may be even more significant in more
energetic events.

== Acknowledgments ==

Co-authors: Peter R. Young, David H. Brooks, Deborah Baker, Lucie M. Green,
David M. Long, Lidia van Driel-Gesztelyi.

== References ==

[1] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026arXiv260310643M/abstract "Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops"]

[2] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ApJ...338.1176C/abstract "Effect of Coronal Elemental Abundances on the Radiative Loss Function"]

[3] [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa4f5 "Photospheric and Coronal Abundances in an X8.3 Class Limb Flare"]

Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops

2026-03-20T10:04:02Z

Hhudson: author's fixes 519

{{Infobox Nugget
|name = Nugget
|title = Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops
|number = 519
|first_author = Teodora Mihailescu
|second_author = Peter R. Young et al.
|publish_date = March 16, 2026
|next_nugget = TBD
|previous_nugget = {{#ask: [[Category:Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::518]]}}
}}

== Overview ==

The chemical composition of an astronomical objects produces abundant
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy spectroscopic] signatures.
In particular the
[https://solarb.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/SolarB/ EIS]
instrument on the
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinode_(satellite) Hinode]
satellite can generate
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet EUV]
spectroscopy resolved in space and time, as well as wavelength.
This makes it possible to study flares, for example.

Plasma composition in flaring regions has been shown to have
significant spatial and temporal variations, likely driven by
dynamical processes that take place as a consequence of the sudden
energy release at the reconnection site. The origins of these
variations, as well as the effects they might, in turn, have on
flare loops dynamics are not yet fully understood. In
[https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.10643 this work] (Ref. [1])
we investigate the plasma composition evolution and its link to
plasma cooling times in the loops formed following the M-class flare
SOL2022-04-02T13:56
using high cadence Hinode
EIS spectroscopic observations.

== Hinode EIS Observations ==

Hinode EIS observed the evolution of this flare's coronal loops using a "sit-and-stare" study (a fixed single slit position) which captured a portion of the flare loop arcade top and one of the footpoints (see Figure 1). This allowed us to study plasma composition using the Ca XIV 193.866 Å /Ar XIV 194.401 Å diagnostic and a DEM analysis. Given the narrow temperature distribution of the structure, a Gaussian shape was assumed for the DEM function. Observations indicate a systematic difference in plasma composition along the loop, with the loop top exhibiting a FIP bias of 2.8±0.2, higher than the 2.4±0.2 value observed at the footpoint (see Figure 2). FIP bias values higher than 1 indicate an overabundance in low-FIP elements in the corona.

[[File:519f1.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 1: 
Context AIA 94 Å image of the flare loops associated with the flare.
The solid white rectangle
indicates the position of the EIS slit for the Fe XII 195.119 Å
window, and the dashed white rectangle shows the loop arcade studied
in this work.
]]

[[File:519f2.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 2: 
Evolution of Gaussian DEM centroid temperature (top) and associated
FIP bias (bottom) for the loop top (blue) and loop footpoint (red).
]]

The evolution of line intensities covering a wide temperature range
(log(T) = 5.72 to 7.25) was used to track the cooling times, revealing
shorter cooling times at the loop top compared to the loop footpoint
(see Figure 3). The evolution of the Gaussian centroid temperature
also shows a steeper slope for the loop top than footpoint, providing
additional indication that the flare loop top is cooling faster
than the footpoint.

[[File:519f3.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 3: 
Radiative energy losses, Q(T,Ne), as a function of electron temperature
in the case of plasma with FIP bias = 2.4 (red) and FIP bias = 2.8
(blue), assuming the default CHIANTI ionisation file and an electron
density of 1010 cm-3.
]]

== EBTEL Simulations ==

The radiative loss function depends on plasma composition, particularly
in the temperature range where emission is dominated by low-FIP
elements (Ref. [2]; see the example in Figure 3 here).
We investigate the effect
the spatial variation in FIP bias observed along the flare loop
could have on the loop cooling times using simulations from the
EBTEL 0D hydrodynamic model.
The EBTEL simulations show that the
observed difference in FIP bias between the loop top and footpoint
is sufficiently high to produce a noticeable difference in cooling
times, with the higher FIP bias leading to a faster radiative cooling
rate (see Figure 4).

[[File:519f4.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 4: 
Intensity evolution comparison between observations and simulations.
Left: Averaged Hinode EIS spectra intensity evolution in the loop
top (blue) and footpoint (red). The peak emission times for each
feature in each line are indicated by the vertical dashed lines.
Right: Synthetic intensity evolution computed using an EBTEL
simulation of a heating event in a single loop strand, assuming a
plasma with a FIP bias = 2.8 (blue) and a FIP bias = 2.4 (red)
respectively. Lifetimes are indicated in the top right corner of
each plot.
]]

== Conclusions ==

The observed FIP bias values are higher than those reported in some
previous studies which found photospheric composition during flares.
While several aspects need to be considered when comparing our
results to previous ones, the relatively high FIP bias values we
observe suggest that, in this particular event and flare stage
captured, the energy deposition and consequent chromospheric
evaporation take place above the fractionation level in the
chromosphere.

The consistently higher FIP bias and shorter cooling times at the
loop top compared to the loop footpoint suggest a faster radiative
cooling rate. Previous studies have reported even stronger spatial
variations in FIP bias along flare loops (e.g., Ref. [3]), suggesting
that the influence of plasma composition on heat
transport and loop cooling may be even more significant in more
energetic events.

== Acknowledgments ==

Co-authors: Peter R. Young, David H. Brooks, Deborah Baker, Lucie M. Green,
David M. Long, Lidia van Driel-Gesztelyi.

== References ==

[1] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026arXiv260310643M/abstract "Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops"]

[2] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ApJ...338.1176C/abstract "Effect of Coronal Elemental Abundances on the Radiative Loss Function"]

[3] [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa4f5 "Photospheric and Coronal Abundances in an X8.3 Class Limb Flare"]

Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops

2026-03-19T13:08:03Z

Hhudson:

{{Infobox Nugget
|name = Nugget
|title = Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops
|number = 519
|first_author = Teodora Mihailescu
|second_author = Peter R. Young et al.
|publish_date = March 16, 2026
|next_nugget = TBD
|previous_nugget = {{#ask: [[Category:Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::518]]}}
}}

== Overview ==

The chemical composition of an astronomical objects produces abundant
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy spectroscopic] signatures.
In particular the
[https://solarb.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/SolarB/ EIS]
instrument on the
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinode_(satellite) Hinode]
satellite can generate
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet EUV]
spectroscopy resolved in space and time, as well as wavelength.
This makes it possible to study flares, for example.

Plasma composition in flaring regions has been shown to have
significant spatial and temporal variations, likely driven by
dynamical processes that take place as a consequence of the sudden
energy release at the reconnection site. The origins of these
variations, as well as the effects they might, in turn, have on
flare loops dynamics are not yet fully understood. In
[https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.10643 this work] (Ref. [1])
we investigate the plasma composition evolution and its link to
plasma cooling times in the loops formed following the M-class flare
SOL2022-04-02T13:56
using high cadence Hinode
EIS spectroscopic observations.

== Hinode EIS Observations ==

Hinode EIS observed the evolution of this flare's
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_loop coronal loops]
using a "sit-and-stare" study (a fixed single slit position)
which captured a portion of the flare loop arcade top and one
of the footpoints (see Figure 1).
This allowed us to study plasma composition
using the Ca XIV 193.866 Å /Ar XIV 194.401 Å diagnostics.
and a
[https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/images/u33/SWW_GOESVW_DEMs_plowman.pdf DEM analysis].
Given the narrow temperature distribution of
the structure, a Gaussian shape was assumed for the DEM function.
Observations indicate a systematic difference in plasma composition
along the loop, with the loop top exhibiting a
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization_energy FIP] bias
of 2.8±0.2, higher than the 2.4±0.2 value observed
at the footpoint (see Figure 2).
FIP bias is positive when low-FIP elements are relatively abundant.

[[File:519f1.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 1: 
Context AIA 94 Å image of the flare loops associated with the flare.
The solid white rectangle
indicates the position of the EIS slit for the Fe XII 195.119 Å
window, and the dashed white rectangle shows the loop arcade studied
in this work.
]]

[[File:519f2.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 2: 
Evolution of Gaussian DEM centroid temperature (top) and associated
FIP bias (bottom) for the loop top (blue) and loop footpoint (red).
]]

The evolution of line intensities covering a wide temperature range
(log(T) = 5.72 to 7.25) was used to track the cooling times, revealing
shorter cooling times at the loop top compared to the loop footpoint
(see Figure 3). The evolution of the Gaussian centroid temperature
also shows a steeper slope for the loop top than footpoint, providing
additional indication that the flare loop top is cooling faster
than the footpoint.

[[File:519f3.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 3: 
Radiative energy losses, Q(T,Ne), as a function of electron temperature
in the case of plasma with FIP bias = 2.4 (red) and FIP bias = 2.8
(blue), assuming the default CHIANTI ionisation file and an electron
density of 1010 cm-3.
]]

== EBTEL Simulations ==

The radiative loss function depends on plasma composition, particularly
in the temperature range where emission is dominated by low-FIP
elements (see Figure 3, from Ref. [2]).
We investigate the effect
the spatial variation in FIP bias observed along the flare loop
could have on the loop cooling times using simulations from the
EBTEL 0D hydrodynamic model.
The EBTEL simulations show that the
observed difference in FIP bias between the loop top and footpoint
is sufficiently high to produce a noticeable difference in cooling
times, with the higher FIP bias leading to a faster radiative cooling
rate (see Figure 4).

[[File:519f4.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 4: 
Intensity evolution comparison between observations and simulations.
Left: Averaged Hinode EIS spectra intensity evolution in the loop
top (blue) and footpoint (red). The peak emission times for each
feature in each line are indicated by the vertical dashed lines.
Right: Synthetic intensity evolution computed using an EBTEL
simulation of a heating event in a single loop strand, assuming a
plasma with a FIP bias = 2.8 (blue) and a FIP bias = 2.4 (red)
respectively. Lifetimes are indicated in the top right corner of
each plot.
]]

== Conclusions ==

The observed FIP bias values are higher than those reported in some
previous studies which found photospheric composition during flares.
While several aspects need to be considered when comparing our
results to previous ones, the relatively high FIP bias values we
observe suggest that, in this particular event and flare stage
captured, the energy deposition and consequent chromospheric
evaporation take place above the fractionation level in the
chromosphere.

The consistently higher FIP bias and shorter cooling times at the
loop top compared to the loop footpoint suggest a faster radiative
cooling rate. Previous studies have reported even stronger spatial
variations in FIP bias along flare loops (e.g., Ref. [3]), suggesting
that the influence of plasma composition on heat
transport and loop cooling may be even more significant in more
energetic events.

== Acknowledgments ==

Co-authors: Peter R. Young, David H. Brooks, Deborah Baker, Lucie M. Green,
David M. Long, Lidia van Driel-Gesztelyi.

== References ==

[1] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026arXiv260310643M/abstract "Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops"]

[2] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ApJ...338.1176C/abstract "Effect of Coronal Elemental Abundances on the Radiative Loss Function"]

[3] [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa4f5 "Photospheric and Coronal Abundances in an X8.3 Class Limb Flare"]

File:519f4.png

2026-03-19T13:07:19Z

Hhudson: Hhudson uploaded a new version of File:519f4.png

File:519f4.png

2026-03-19T13:05:26Z

Hhudson:

File:519f3.png

2026-03-19T13:05:08Z

Hhudson:

File:519f2.png

2026-03-19T13:04:22Z

Hhudson:

File:519f1.png

2026-03-19T13:04:02Z

Hhudson:

Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops

2026-03-19T13:03:36Z

Hhudson: No. 519 text

{{Infobox Nugget
|name = Nugget
|title = Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops
|number = 519
|first_author = Teodora Mihailescu
|second_author = Peter R. Young
|publish_date = March 16, 2026
|next_nugget = TBD
|previous_nugget = {{#ask: [[Category:Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::518]]}}
}}

== Overview ==

The chemical composition of an astronomical objects produces abundant
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy spectroscopic] signatures.
In particular the
[https://solarb.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/SolarB/ EIS]
instrument on the
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinode_(satellite) Hinode]
satellite can generate
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet EUV]
spectroscopy resolved in space and time, as well as wavelength.
This makes it possible to study flares, for example.

Plasma composition in flaring regions has been shown to have
significant spatial and temporal variations, likely driven by
dynamical processes that take place as a consequence of the sudden
energy release at the reconnection site. The origins of these
variations, as well as the effects they might, in turn, have on
flare loops dynamics are not yet fully understood. In
[https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.10643 this work] (Ref. [1])
we investigate the plasma composition evolution and its link to
plasma cooling times in the loops formed following the M-class flare
SOL2022-04-02T13:56
using high cadence Hinode
EIS spectroscopic observations.

== Hinode EIS Observations ==

Hinode EIS observed the evolution of this flare's
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_loop coronal loops]
using a "sit-and-stare" study (a fixed single slit position)
which captured a portion of the flare loop arcade top and one
of the footpoints (see Figure 1).
This allowed us to study plasma composition
using the Ca XIV 193.866 Å /Ar XIV 194.401 Å diagnostics.
and a
[https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/images/u33/SWW_GOESVW_DEMs_plowman.pdf DEM analysis].
Given the narrow temperature distribution of
the structure, a Gaussian shape was assumed for the DEM function.
Observations indicate a systematic difference in plasma composition
along the loop, with the loop top exhibiting a
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization_energy FIP] bias
of 2.8±0.2, higher than the 2.4±0.2 value observed
at the footpoint (see Figure 2).
FIP bias is positive when low-FIP elements are relatively abundant.

[[File:519f1.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 1: 
Context AIA 94 Å image of the flare loops associated with the flare.
The solid white rectangle
indicates the position of the EIS slit for the Fe XII 195.119 Å
window, and the dashed white rectangle shows the loop arcade studied
in this work.
]]

[[File:519f2.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 2: 
Evolution of Gaussian DEM centroid temperature (top) and associated
FIP bias (bottom) for the loop top (blue) and loop footpoint (red).
]]

The evolution of line intensities covering a wide temperature range
(log(T) = 5.72 to 7.25) was used to track the cooling times, revealing
shorter cooling times at the loop top compared to the loop footpoint
(see Figure 3). The evolution of the Gaussian centroid temperature
also shows a steeper slope for the loop top than footpoint, providing
additional indication that the flare loop top is cooling faster
than the footpoint.

[[File:519f3.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 3: 
Radiative energy losses, Q(T,Ne), as a function of electron temperature
in the case of plasma with FIP bias = 2.4 (red) and FIP bias = 2.8
(blue), assuming the default CHIANTI ionisation file and an electron
density of 1010 cm-3.
]]

== EBTEL Simulations ==

The radiative loss function depends on plasma composition, particularly
in the temperature range where emission is dominated by low-FIP
elements (see Figure 3, from Ref. [2]).
We investigate the effect
the spatial variation in FIP bias observed along the flare loop
could have on the loop cooling times using simulations from the
EBTEL 0D hydrodynamic model.
The EBTEL simulations show that the
observed difference in FIP bias between the loop top and footpoint
is sufficiently high to produce a noticeable difference in cooling
times, with the higher FIP bias leading to a faster radiative cooling
rate (see Figure 4).

[[File:519f4.png|center|thumb|600px|caption|Figure 4: 
Intensity evolution comparison between observations and simulations.
Left: Averaged Hinode EIS spectra intensity evolution in the loop
top (blue) and footpoint (red). The peak emission times for each
feature in each line are indicated by the vertical dashed lines.
Right: Synthetic intensity evolution computed using an EBTEL
simulation of a heating event in a single loop strand, assuming a
plasma with a FIP bias = 2.8 (blue) and a FIP bias = 2.4 (red)
respectively. Lifetimes are indicated in the top right corner of
each plot.
]]

== Conclusions ==

The observed FIP bias values are higher than those reported in some
previous studies which found photospheric composition during flares.
While several aspects need to be considered when comparing our
results to previous ones, the relatively high FIP bias values we
observe suggest that, in this particular event and flare stage
captured, the energy deposition and consequent chromospheric
evaporation take place above the fractionation level in the
chromosphere.

The consistently higher FIP bias and shorter cooling times at the
loop top compared to the loop footpoint suggest a faster radiative
cooling rate. Previous studies have reported even stronger spatial
variations in FIP bias along flare loops (e.g., Ref. [3]), suggesting
that the influence of plasma composition on heat
transport and loop cooling may be even more significant in more
energetic events.

== Acknowledgments ==

Co-authors: Peter R. Young, David H. Brooks, Deborah Baker, Lucie M. Green,
David M. Long, Lidia van Driel-Gesztelyi.

== References ==

[1] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026arXiv260310643M/abstract "Hinode EIS Observations of Plasma Composition Evolution and Radiative Cooling of Flare Loops"]

[2] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ApJ...338.1176C/abstract "Effect of Coronal Elemental Abundances on the Radiative Loss Function"]

[3] [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa4f5 "Photospheric and Coronal Abundances in an X8.3 Class Limb Flare"]

SolarNuggets

2026-03-11T18:55:00Z

Hhudson:

Welcome to the [[SolarNuggets]] collection, which extends the series of [[RHESSI]] Nuggets. The following is a time-ordered list of the latest Nuggets added to the HelioWiki. An [[:Category:Nugget|alphabetical list of the SolarNuggets]] is also available as well as [[:Category:RHESSI Nugget List|yearly lists]]. One can search on author, topic, IAU flare identifier, etc.). We welcome volunteer authors - please see our page of [[Help:For_Authors| help for authors]] or just send an email to the Curator at (hugh.hudson@glasgow.ac.uk).

{{Nugget Badge
|title = When Magnetic Field Lines Stretch, Snap, and Expand: A New Look at Solar Flares with L-maps
|number = 518
|first_author = Maria KAZACHENKO,
|second_author = Yuhong FAN and Andrey AFANASYEV
||publish_date = 9 March 2026
|description = A clever new tool tracks magnetic connectivity (and energy) during flare/CME occurrence
|image=Icon518.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observational Evidence Linking Loop Length and Thermal/Nonthermal Peak Timing in Solar Flares
|number = 517
|first_author = Solomon PERRIYIL
||publish_date = 23 February 2026
|description = Clear evidence for the universality of the physics behind the Neupert Effect
|image=Icon517.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A fine-scale bright kernel captured by Hi-C 3 in the post-maximum phase of an M-class solar flare
|number = 516
|first_author = Sanjiv TIWARI
||publish_date = 9 February 2026
|description = The Hi-C rocket catches an extremely compact brightening in late-phase flare ribbon development
|image=Icon516.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On the Relationship Between Nanoflare Energy and Delay in the Closed Solar Corona
|number = 515
|first_author = Shanwlee SOW MONDAL et al.
||publish_date = 19 January 2026
|description = Nanoflaring implies energy storage and sudden release, suggesting correlation between event energy and its timing
|image=Icon515.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fine structures in solar flare ribbons
|number = 514
|first_author = Jonas THOEN FABER
||publish_date = 12 January 2026
|description = Elongated "riblets" commonly rise out of flare ribbons, and have characteristic Doppler shifts
|image=Icon514.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The M- and X-class White-light Flares in Super Active Region NOAA 13664/13697
|number = 513
|first_author = Zhichen JING
|second_author = and Ying LI
|publish_date = 5 January 2026
|description = "Super" active regions have relatively more frequent X-class flares, which correlate well with visible continuum (white-light flare) emission
|image=Icon513.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Iron Fluorescence in X-class Solar Flares
|number = 512
|first_author = Abhilash SARWADE
|publish_date = 8 December 2025
|description = A new spectroscopic capability for Iron K-alpha fluorescence
|image=Icon512.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star Analysis of a Solar Eruption Source Region Using H-alpha Spectroscopic Observations from CHASE
|number = 510
|first_author = Xiaofeng LIU
|second_author = and Yijun HOU
|publish_date = 24 November 2025
|description = Sun-as-a-star observations help to translate solar/stellar processes
|image=Icon5010.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On the Origin of Solar Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Flares‎‎‎‎
|number = 509
|first_author = Alessandro BRUNO
|publish_date = 3 November 2025
|description = Do we really need a CME to produce a long-duration solar gamma-ray event?
|image=Icon509.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = FAI and GOES eclipses‎‎
|number = 508
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 20 October 2025
|description = Flare anticipation via FAI may have problems during GOES eclipses, which are really interesting in their own right
|image=Icon508.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The EUV Late Phase‎
|number = 507
|first_author = Sascha ORNIG
|publish_date = 13 October 2025
|description = Basic comparative statistics of the ELP, a distinct flare phenomenon
|image=Icon507.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Time evolution of flare-accelerated electrons using the warm-target model‎
|number = 506
|first_author = Debesh BHATTACHARJEE
|publish_date = 6 October 2025
|description = Considering a "warm" thick target allows flare-accelerated electrons to be treated self-consistently
|image=Icon506.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOLSTICE observes flare Doppler shifts in Si III
|number = 505
|first_author = Luke MAJURY
|publish_date = 30 September 2025
|description = A rarely used database suggests prograde-flow Doppler shifts in flaring plasmas
|image=Icon505.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare Phases and the Earth's Ionospheric Response
|number = 504
|first_author = Susanna BEKKER
|publish_date = 16 September 2025
|description = A flare's "EUV late phase" is surprisingly geoeffective
|image=Icon504.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Neupertianity
|number = 503
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 August 2025
|description = It's hard to avoid the Neupert Effect
|image=Icon503.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Synchrotron Radiation and the Foundations for a Cosmic Bridge
|number = 502
|first_author = Immanuel JEBARAJ
|publish_date = 11 August 2025
|description = Gyrosynchrotron radiation in shocks: a cosmic connection
|image=Icon502.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Aulanier Effect: drifting footpoints of CME flux ropes
|number = 501
|first_author = Jaroslav DUDÍK,
|second_author = Juraj LÖRINČÍK and Brigitte SCHMIEDER
|publish_date = 21 July 2025
|description = The breakthrough to 3D flare physics: the Aulanier Effect
|image=Icon501.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Five Hundred Nuggets
|number = 500
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 14 July 2025
|description = A milestone
|image=Icon169.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasiperiodic Pulsations in the Balmer Continuum in an X-class Solar White-light Flare
|number = 499
|first_author = De-Chao SONG et al.
|publish_date = 30 June 2025
|description = QPP in the Balmer continuum: the powerful heartbeat of a flare
|image=Icon499.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = High-Resolution Observations of a C3 class White-Light Flare
|number = 498
|first_author = Zhe XU and
|second_author = Xiaoli YAN
|publish_date = 16 June 2025
|description = A compact white-light flare with vortical motions (and hard X-rays)
|image=Icon498.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Sun's open-closed flux boundary and the origin of the slow solar wind
|number = 497
|first_author = Chloe WILKINS and
|second_author = David PONTIN
|publish_date = 26 May 2025
|description = Identifying the solar sources of slow solar wind
|image=Icon497.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Delay of Near-Relativistic Electrons
|number = 496
|first_author = Grant MITCHELL
|publish_date = 19 May 2025
|description = Parker Solar Probe solves an old mystery about type III bursts
|image=Icon496.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Multi-Site Telescope for Multi-Height for Synoptic Observations
|number = 495
|first_author = Fallon KONOW
|publish_date = 11 May 2025
|description = A new synoptic network for observations at multiple wavelengths
|image=Icon495.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On turbulent magnetic reconnection: fast and slow mean steady-states
|number = 494
|first_author = Sage STANISH
|second_author = and David MacTAGGART
|publish_date = 28 April 2025
|description = In a turbulent medium, magnetic reconnection has two limiting domains
|image=Icon494.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasi-Periodic Pulsations in Ionospheric TEC and Flare EUV
|number = 493
|first_author = Aisling O'HARE
|publish_date = 21 April 2025
|description = The Earth's ionosphere reflects QPPs, with a small delay
|image=Icon493.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Metis observations of Alfvenic outflows driven by interchange reconnection in a pseudostreamer
|number = 492
|first_author = Paolo ROMANO and the Metis team
|publish_date = 7 April 2025
|description = Exactly as predicted by numerical simulations... a rare coup
|image=Icon492.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Rollercoaster: looping-the-loop in the solar corona
|number = 491
|first_author = Mohamed NEDAL et al.
|publish_date = 31 March 2025
|description = Large-scale helical motion in the flare/CME SOL2024-05-14
|image=Icon491.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Proton Beam Energy Deposition as a Mechanism of Deep Photospheric Heating
|number = 490
|first_author = Samuel GRANOVSKY
|second_author = and Alexander KOSOVICHEV
|publish_date = 17 March 2025
|description = Evidence for proton beams in white-light flares
|image=Icon490.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = New insights into the proton precipitation sites in solar flares
|number = 489
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 17 February 2025
|description = There is no detectable difference in proton and electron foopoint locations after all
|image=Icon489.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Gamma-Ray Evidence for a Distinct Population of MeV Flare-Accelerated Electrons
|number = 488
|first_author = Gerry SHARE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 10 February 2025
|description = Relativistic electrons in solar flares newly recognized as a distinct process
|image=Icon488.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = From Chromospheric Evaporation to Coronal Rain: An Investigation of the Mass and Energy Cycle of a Flare‎
|number = 487
|first_author = Seray &Scedil;AHIN
|second_author = and Patrick ANTOLIN
|publish_date = 3 February 2025
|description = A first quantitative comparison of flare evaporation and coronal rain
|image=Icon487.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energetic neutral atoms detected in the large solar energetic particle event of February 2022‎
|number = 486
|first_author = Christina COHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 January 2025
|description = Only the second direct observation of high-energy neutral atoms from the Sun
|image=Icon486.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Magnetic topology of quiet-Sun Ellerman bombs and associated ultraviolet brightenings‎
|number = 485
|first_author = Aditi BHATNAGAR
|second_author =
|publish_date = 6 January 2025
|description = Tiny "Ellerman Bombs" occur all across the solar surface, with differences
|image=Icon485.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unveiling CME Dynamics: Rare Rotations of CMEs in the Heliosphere
|number = 484
|first_author = Sandeep KUMAR and
|second_author = Nandita SRIVASTAVA
|publish_date = 30 December 2024
|description = CMEs usually do not show additional rotation as they move though the heliosphere
|image=Icon484.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatial and Spectral Evolution of Microwave and X-Ray Sources During the Limb Flare SOL2023-02-05
|number = 483
|first_author = Yulia N. SHAMSUTDINOVA
|publish_date = 23 December 2024
|description = Rare microwave imaging spectroscopy of a hot-onset precursor event
|image=Icon483.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = High-resolution observational analysis of flare ribbon fine structures
|number = 482
|first_author = Jonas THOEN FABER
|publish_date = 16 December 2024
|description = Spatially periodic fine structures in flare ribbons reveal current-sheet tearing
|image=Icon482.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Advection and super-diffusive expansion as the model of flare accelerated electron transport in type III solar radio bursts
|number = 481
|first_author = Eduard KONTAR
|publish_date = 9 December 2024
|description = Sturrock's dilemma resolved
|image=Icon481.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Faraday's Law in Solar Flares: A Cautionary Message
|number = 480
|first_author = Michael FARADAY
|publish_date = 2 December 2024
|description = We must not forget the global implications of Faraday's Law
|image=Icon480.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remarkable NUV Spectrum of an M-star Megaflare
|number = 479
|first_author = Adam KOWALSKI
|publish_date = 25 November 2024
|description = Remarkable NUV spectra from an HST stellar flare
|image=Icon479.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Revised Point-Spread Functions of AIA and their effect on DEM analyses
|number = 478
|first_author =Stefan HOFMEISTER,
|second_author = Daniel Wolf SAVIN, and Michael HAHN
|publish_date = 18 November 2024
|description = Substantial revisions of the AIA point-response functions
|image=Icon478.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = How much of the energy in flare-accelerated electrons reaches the chromosphere?
|number = 477
|first_author = Meriem ALAOUI
|second_author = and Gordon HOLMAN
|publish_date = 11 November 2024
|description = Keeping flare-accelerated electrons out of the chromosphere
|image=Icon477.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatially resolved plasma composition evolution in a solar flare
|number = 476
|first_author = Andy S. H. TO
|publish_date = 4 November 2024
|description = Reconnection outflow feeds abundance variations
|image=Icon476.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = HOPE during high activity
|number = 475
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Alphonse STERLING
|publish_date = 28 October 2024
|description = Hot onsets appear even in the most active solar conditions
|image=Icon475.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Simulated heliospheric electron spectra show sensitivity to plasma properties of a source region in the flaring corona
|number = 474
|first_author = Ross PALLISTER
|second_author = and Natasha JEFFREY
|publish_date = 21 October 2024
|description = Getting closer to an understanding of how solar energetic particles "escape"
|image=Icon474.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An extremely complex active region with very strong non-neutralized electric currents
|number = 473
|first_author = Ioannis KONTOGIANNIS
|publish_date = 14 October 2024
|description = Large non-neutralized electric currents flow through the active-region corona
|image=Icon473.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An X9 flare and its huge crochet (SFE)
|number = 472
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 7 October 2024
|description = The geomagnetic effect (SFE/crochet) that will calibrate the Carrington flare
|image=Icon472.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = All microflares that accelerate electrons to high energies are rooted in sunspots
|number = 471
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|publish_date = 30 September 2024
|description = Microflares with hard X-ray spectra are a well-defined class, and invariably have one footpoint embedded in a sunspot
|image=Icon471.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The warm-target model and kappa distributions
|number = 470
|first_author = Yingjie LUO
|publish_date = 16 September 2024
|description = A self-consistent treatment of non-thermal electron spectra points to kappa distributions
|image=Icon470.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Is there HOPE for Hyder flares...
|number = 468
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 15 March 2024
|description = Filament eruptions/Hyder flares/disparitions brusques may all show HOPE
|image=Icon468.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star Analysis of the M8.7 Flare on 2022 October 2 Using H-alpha and EUV Spectra Taken by SMART/SDDI and SDO/EVE
|number = 467
|first_author = Takato OTSU
|publish_date = 19 February 2024
|description = Whole-Sun spectroscopic observations can readily detect ejecta
|image=Icon467.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unexpected Asymmetry in GeV Emission
|number = 466
|first_author = Bruno ARSIOLI and Elena ORLANDO
|publish_date = 15 January 2024
|description = The high-energy solar gamma radiation shows inexplicable but fascinating properties
|image=Icon466.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = When it rippled in one place and exploded in another
|number = 465
|first_author = Ivan ZIMOVETS
|publish_date = 25 December 2023
|description = Pulsations precede a flare, but seem unrelated
|image=Icon465.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar flares: evaporation and simulation‎
|number = 464
|first_author = Malcolm DRUETT
|publish_date = 18 December 2023
|description = Fitting beam electrons into multi-dimensional models
|image=Icon464.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Pre-impulsive and Impulsive Phases of the March 28, 2022 Sub-Terahertz Flare
|number = 463
|first_author = Galina G. MOTORINA
|publish_date = 11 December 2023
|description = A flare with an increasing sub-THz spectrum and sub-THZ precursor information
|image=Icon463.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal Bright Points
|number = 462
|first_author = Daniel NÓBREGA-SIVERIO
|publish_date = 27 November 2023
|description = Bright EUV rowel-like structures can result from null-point reconnection
|image=Icon462.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Aurora-like Radio Emission from a Sunspot
|number = 461
|first_author = Sijie YU
|publish_date = 20 November 2023
|description = Maser action above a sunspot
|image=Icon461.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Search for a Flare Anticipation Index (FAI)
|number = 460
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Jim McTiernan
|publish_date = 13 November 2023
|description = Quantifying flare precursors on a few-minute time scale
|image=Icon460.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bouncing motions of fast electrons using Nobeyama Radioheliograph
|number = 459
|first_author = Keitarou MATSUMOTO
|publish_date = 6 November 2023
|description = Solar evidence for conservation of second adiabatic invariant in particle motion
|image=Icon459.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Impact of nanoflare heating in the lower solar atmosphere
|number = 458
|first_author = Helle BAKKE
|publish_date = 30 October 2023
|description = The behavior of nanoflare fast electrons in Bifrost models
|image=Icon458.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Precise timing of flare footpoint sources from mid-infrared observations‎
|number = 457
|first_author = Paulo SIMÕES et al.
|publish_date = 23 October 2023
|description = Mid-IR observations at high spatial and high temporal resolution: Conjugacy
|image=Icon457.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Greatest GOES Flares‎
|number = 456
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Ed CLIVER
|publish_date = 25 September 2023
|description = The greatest GOES events, re-analyzed, fall short of expectations
|image=Icon456.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Introducing SunSketcher
|number = 455
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Gordon EMSLIE
|publish_date = 11 September 2023
|description = Galloping towards roundup in the 2024 total solar eclipse
|image=Icon455.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = TeV Gamma rays from the Quiescent Sun
|number = 454
|first_author = Mehr Un NISA
|second_author = and John BEACOM
|publish_date = 21 August 2023
|description = Solar photons at unprecedented high energies
|image=Icon454.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Hard X-Ray Sources in Flare Model with Vertical Current Sheet
|number = 453
|first_author = Alexander SHABALIN, Eugenia OVCHINNIKOVA,
|second_author = and Yuri CHARIKOV
|publish_date = 7 August 2023
|description = Modeling betatron acceleration in current-sheet development.
|image=Icon453.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatial Distribution of Magnetic Reconnection Rate in an M6.5 Solar Flare
|number = 452
|first_author = Ju JING
|publish_date = 12 June 2023
|description = Linking hard X-rays to high-resolution images that show reconnection rates.
|image=Icon452.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Statistical study of Type III bursts and associated HXR emissions
|number = 451
|first_author = Nicole VILMER and Tomin JAMES
|publish_date = 29 May 2023
|description = Linking electron populations escaping from the Sun with those that RHESSI detects.
|image=Icon451.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar flare hard X-rays from the anchor points of an eruptive filament
|number = 450
|first_author = Muriel STIEFEL
|publish_date = 15 May 2023
|description = A rare "four-ribbon" flare has been detected in hard X-rays.
|image=Icon450.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Did a Solar Flare Accelerate all the Ambient Electrons in the Coronal Acceleration Region?...
|number = 449
|first_author = Gordon EMSLIE, Eduard KONTAR,
|second_author = Galina MOTORINA, and Brian DENNIS
|publish_date = 1 May 2023
|description = Considering SOL2017-09-10, probably not.
|image=Icon449.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Diagnostics of Spatially-Extended Turbulent Acceleration and Transport
|number = 448
|first_author = Morgan STORES
|publish_date = 24 April 2023
|description = Drilling down into the detailed structure of solar-flare energy release by including turbulence with particle acceleration.
|image=Icon448.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = RHESSI's Re-entry
|number = 447
|first_author = Pascal SAINT-HILAIRE and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 17 April 2023
|description = The final demise of RHESSI is this week
|image=Icon447.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Glasgow geomagnetic observation of a solar flare
|number = 446
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON, John MALONE-LEIGH,
|second_author = Graham WOAN, and Chris OSBORNE
|publish_date = 13 March 2023
|description = Irish and Scottish geomagnetic observatories see a crochet much like that of the Carrington event
|image=Icon_446.png}}

{{{Nugget Badge
|title = Particle Acceleration in Two Coronal Jets
|number = 445
|first_author = Yixian ZHANG
|publish_date = 27 February 2023
|description = Coronal jets with hard X-ray sources at disjoint locations
|image=Icon445.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Curious First Sunquake of Solar Cycle 25‎
|number = 444
|first_author = Alexander KOSOVICHEV
|publish_date = 13 February 2023
|description = A double whammy: two distinct sunquakes from SOL2022-05-10.
|image=Icon444.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hard X-ray Pulsations via Gaussian Decomposition
|number = 443
|first_author = Hannah COLLIER and Laura HAYES
|publish_date = 30 January 2023
|description = Flare hard X-ray time variations decomposed objectively
|image=Icon443.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A possible coronal magnetic flare precursor
|number = 442
|first_author = Enrico LANDI
|publish_date = 16 January 2023
|description = Novel measurements of the coronal magnetic field may help with flare prediction
|image=Icon442.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A slow HOPE with microwave context
|number = 441
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 12 December 2022
|description = A new microwave facility at Chashan Observatory, and a prototypical HOPE
|image=Icon441.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Rapid variations of Si IV spectra in a flare observed by IRIS at a sub-second cadence
|number = 440
|first_author = Juraj LÖRINČÍK
|publish_date = 14 November 2022
|description = Transition-region lines in a flare have a Doppler component revealing quasi-periodic pulsations
|image=Icon440.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Significant Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance Associated with a Massive Gamma-ray Burst
|number = 439
|first_author = Laura HAYES and Peter GALLAGHER
|publish_date = 31 October 2022
|description = A first SID observed in broad daylight, from a source far far away
|image=Icon439.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Effects of Coronal Structures on the Dynamics of the Global Coronal Wave of SOL2017-09-10‎
|number = 438
|first_author = Huidong HU, Ying D. LIU, and Bei ZHU
|publish_date = 17 October 2022
|description = The amazing global coronal wave of SOL2017-09-10 wrapped around the whole Sun, and displayed transmission and reflection at both polar coronal holes
|image=Icon438.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = KW-Sun: The Konus-Wind Solar Flare Database in Hard X-Ray and Soft Gamma-Ray Ranges
|number = 437
|first_author = Alexandra LYSENKO
|publish_date = 26 September 2022
|description = An unrivaled hard X-ray and gamma-ray database is entering its third activity maximum
|image=Icon437.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = First Detection of Kink Oscillations with Solar Orbiter
|number = 436
|first_author = Sihui ZHONG et al.
|publish_date = 19 September 2022
|description = SolO sees coronal oscillations as well as AIA can, and even better
|image=Icon436.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energetic Neutral Hydrogen from Large Solar Flares
|number = 435
|first_author = Glenn MASON
|publish_date = 6 September 2022
|description = A rediscovered data treasury reveals the occurrence of many flare/CME events producing solar high-energy neutral atoms
|image=Icon435.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fifty-year Anniversary of the First Detection of Gamma rays from a Solar Flare
|number = 434
|first_author = Jim Ryan,
|second_author = Brian Dennis, and Phil Dunphy
|publish_date = 8 August 2022
|description = The rich astrophysics of gamma-ray astronomy began with solar observations fifty years ago
|image=Icon434.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fast Prograde Flows in Solar Active Regions
|number = 433
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 July 2022
|description = Unexpected, unpredicted, and not modeled yet - weird flows in hot active-region loops
|image=Icon433.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Undetected Minority-polarity Flux, Moss, and Coronal Heating
|number = 432
|first_author = Yi-Ming WANG
|publish_date = 11 July 2022
|description = There's plenty of room in "unipolar" active regions for both polarities, and there is good evidence for them
|image=Icon432.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Thermal/Nonthermal with MinXSS and RHESSI
|number = 431
|first_author = Shunsaku NAGASAWA
|publish_date = 13 June 2022
|description = Time-domain studies of improved X-ray spectra reveal a "super-hot' component
|image=Icon431.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star spectroscopic observations of the line-of-sight velocity of a solar eruption on October 28, 2021
|number = 430
|first_author = Yu XU
|second_author = and Hui TIAN
|publish_date = 30 May 2022
|description = The observation of the full 3d velocity of a CME, for an anniversary event
|image=Icon430.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Carl Størmer
|number = 429
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Lyndsay FLETCHER
|publish_date = 15 April 2022
|description = Størmer and the theory of trapping in loops
|image=Icon429.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Hard X-rays with Insight
|number = 428
|first_author = Wei WANG
|second_author = and Ping ZHANG
|publish_date = 21 March 2022
|description = A spectacular limb flare introduces Insight/HXMT, a new observational resource
|image=Icon428.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Probing chromospheric current sheets using SST and ALMA co-observations
|number = 427
|first_author = João da SILVA SANTOS
|publish_date = 21 February 2022
|description = Emerging magnetic flux appears in ALMA images reflecting coronal current sheets
|image=Icon427.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A demonstration of STIX hard X-ray imaging spectroscopy capabilities for an X-class flare (SOL2021-10-28)
|number = 426
|first_author = Andrea BATTAGLIA, Hannah COLLIER,
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 7 February 2022
|description = STIX imaging of an X-class flare marks its success
|image=Icon426.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A solar flare driven by thermal conduction observed in mid-infrared
|number = 425
|first_author = Guillermo GIMÉNEZ de CASTRO
|publish_date = 24 January 2022
|description = Strong 10-micron emission from a GOES C2 flare suggests conductive heating
|image=Icon425.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Disk Occultation of a Lopsided Sun‎
|number = 424
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON,
|second_author = Stephen WHITE and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 10 January 2022
|description = Observing a spotless Sun can enable observations of the faint corona.
|image=Icon424.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Resolving two distinct thermal X-ray components in a compound solar flare
|number = 423
|first_author = Zhenjun ZHOU
|second_author = and Rui LIU
|publish_date = 28 December 2021
|description = Superhot coronal sources may be independent loop systems
|image=Icon423.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bridging solar flares to coronal mass ejections
|number = 422
|first_author = Markus ASCHWANDEN
|publish_date = 14 December 2021
|description = The Neupert effect allows us to trace coronal mass ejections seamlessly
|image=Icon422.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Jakimiec Diagnostic Diagram
|number = 421
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 29 November 2021
|description = The joint variation of GOES temperature and emission measure discloses new features via an old tool
|image=Icon421.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = First look at ALMA/HInode/IRIS microflares
|number = 420
|first_author = Toshifumi SHIMIZU
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 8 November 2021
|description = High-resolution ALMA and multiwavelength observations of microflaring
|image=Icon420.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Thomson scattering near sunspots
|number = 419
|first_author = Pascal Saint-Hilaire
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 25 October 2021
|description = Completing the modeling of low-coronal Thomson polarimetry
|image=Icon419.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Non-PFSS Global Coronal Model
|number = 418
|first_author = Oliver RICE
|second_author = and Anthony YEATES
|publish_date = 11 October 2021
|description = Modeling as convenient as PFSS but much more realistic
|image=Icon418.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Manifold Nonthermality
|number = 417
|first_author = Marina BATTAGLIA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 27 September 2021
|description = Even weak flares involve multiple sites of non thermal activity
|image=Icon417.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = X-Rays from a Type I Radio Burst
|number = 416
|first_author = R. RAMESH
|publish_date = 20 September 2021
|description = A first identification of type I radio emission with hot plasma
|image=Icon416.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Do Hot Onsets Predict Flare Magnitudes?
|number = 415
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 30 August 2021
|description = Maybe we can tell how big a flare is going to be from its initial development...
|image=Icon415.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Confined or Eruptive?
|number = 414
|first_author = Ting LI et al.
|publish_date = 16 August 2021
|description = Increased magnetic flux reduces CME eruptivity
|image=Icon414.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Impulsive and Gradual Eruptive Gamma Flares and Associated CMEs
|number = 413
|first_author = Alexey STRUMINSKY,
|second_author = Irina GRIGORIEVA and Andrei SADOVSKI
|publish_date = 19 July 2021
|description = Extreme behavior of flare/CME events explained by environment
|image=Icon373.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Morphology of Flare Time Profiles
|number = 412
|first_author = Larisa KASHAPOVA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 12 July 2021
|description = Systematic comparison of solar and stellar flaring time profiles
|image=Icon412.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare Pulsation and the Heliosphere
|number = 411
|first_author = Brendan CLARKE
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 5 July 2021
|description = Flare pulsations link closely to the distant heliosphere
|image=Icon411.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = STIX, the Hard X-Ray Telescope on board Solar Orbiter
|number = 410
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 28 June 2021
|description = STIX is operational and producing great data
|image=Icon410.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Nonequilibrium Ionization of Flare Plasma Observed by Hinode/EIS
|number = 409
|first_author = Shinsuke IMADA
|second_author =
|publish_date = 14 June 2021
|description = Evidence for non-equilibrium ionization in the current sheet of SOL2017-09-10
|image=Icon409.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Effects of Flares on Solar p-modes
|number = 408
|first_author = Maria-Cristina RABELLO SOARES
|second_author = and Frederic BAUDIN
|publish_date = 26 April 2021
|description = No detectable p-mode amplitude changes due to solar flares
|image=Icon408.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Subsecond Spikes in Solar Flare X-ray Flux as Seen by Fermi GBM
|number = 407
|first_author =Trevor KNUTH
|second_author = and Lindsay GLESENER
|publish_date = 19 April 2021
|description = A new analysis technique pushes hard X-ray time scales to 0.1 sec or faster
|image=Icon407.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Negative He 10830 Flare Ribbons and Non-thermal Electrons
|number = 406
|first_author = Graham KERR
|second_author =
|publish_date = 12 April 2021
|description = A 1D radiation hydrodynamics model can explain the dark leading edges of He I flare ribbons
|image=Icon406.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Tracing the sources of gradual solar energetic particle events
|number = 405
|first_author = David H. BROOKS
|second_author = and Stephanie L. YARDLEY
|publish_date = 29 March 2021
|description = Chemical abundances in SEPs suggest an origin in flare-related moss regions
|image=Icon405.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Superflare SOL2017-09-06: from submm to mid-IR
|number = 404
|first_author = Guillermo (Guigue) GIMÉNEZ DE CASTRO
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 March 2021
|description = Glimpsing the "missing decades" of the flare emission spectrum
|image=Icon404.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Neupert Effect Revisited
|number = 403
|first_author = Jiong QIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 8 March 2021
|description = Two time scales for heating individual flare strands
|image=Icon403.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = FLUKA as a tool for interpreting flare gamma-rays
|number = 402
|first_author = Alec MACKINNON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 1 March 2021
|description = The nuclear physics of solar flares captured in a detailed model
|image=Icon402.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Collective Study of 11 NuSTAR Microflares
|number = 401
|first_author = Jessie DUNCAN and
|second_author = Lindsay GLESENER
|publish_date = 22 February 2021
|description = Swarms of NuSTAR micro flares
|image=Icon401.png}}

{{{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Solar FRB
|number = 400
|first_author = Dale GARY and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 15 February 2021
|description = A new frontier in the solar time domain
|image=Icon400.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Richard Schwartz
|number = 399
|first_author = Brian DENNIS and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 January 2021
|description = Remembering a friend and colleague
|image=Icon399.jpg}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observing Solar Flare X-ray Polarization with Prospective CubeSat Missions
|number = 398
|first_author = Natasha JEFFREY
|publish_date = 4 January 2021
|description = The polarization of the solar X-ray spectrum generally remains to be observed
|image=Icon398.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar effects in the local interstellar medium
|number = 397
|first_author = Don GURNETT and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 14 December 2020
|description = Relativistic particle events observed _in situ_ in the interstellar medium
|image=Icon397.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Investigation of Small-Scale Energy Releases in Hard X-rays with FOXSI
|number = 396
|first_author = Subramania ATHIRAY and
|second_author = Juliana VIEVERING
|publish_date = 7 December 2020
|description = Hard X-rays and high temperatures from the feeblest microflares
|image=Icon396.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = What drives impulsive coronal heating?
|number = 395
|first_author = Pradeep CHITTA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 30 November 2020
|description = Impulsive footpoint emissions suggest magnetic reconnection in the chromosphere
|image=Icon395.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Probing the solar coronal heating function with slow magnetoacoustic waves
|number = 394
|first_author = Dmitrii KOLOTKOV
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 16 November 2020
|description = Coronal heating models meet damped slow magnetoacoustic waves
|image=Icon394.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Self-Consistent Flare Model
|number = 393
|first_author = Wenzhi RUAN
|second_author = and Rony KEPPENS
|publish_date = 2 November 2020
|description = Energy transport by fast particles made self-consistent with MHD flare modeling
|image=Icon393.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hot Flare Onsets
|number = 392
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 26 October 2020
|description = The initial soft X-ray temperatures of solar flares tend to be in the 10-15 MK range
|image=Icon392.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electric Current Neutralization and Eruption
|number = 391
|first_author = Ellis AVALLONE
|second_author = and Xudong SUN
|publish_date = 19 October 2020
|description = Coronal currents without neutralizing return currents appear to
|image=Icon391.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Prediction of Solar Cycle 25
|number = 390
|first_author = Leif SVALGAARD
|second_author =
|publish_date = 5 October 2020
|description = Now we know how big the next solar maximum will be
|image=Icon390.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare/CME Cartoon Archive
|number = 389
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 September 2020
|description = A new edition of the Flare/CME archive, nearly a half kilotoon now
|image=Icon389.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Submerged Flare Acoustic Sources
|number = 388
|first_author = Juan Camilo BUITRAGO CASAS
|second_author = and Angel MARTÍNEZ
|publish_date = 13 September 2020
|description = Flare acoustic radiation emanates from a source _inside_ the Sun
|image=Icon388.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Circular Ribbon Flare at Microwaves
|number = 387
|first_author = Jeongwoo LEE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 31 August 2020
|description = Breakout reconnection reveals itself via microwave polarization measurements.
|image=Icon387.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Relation of Non-neutralized electric currents and the activity in active regions
|number = 386
|first_author = P. VEMAREDDY
|second_author =
|publish_date = 24 August 2020
|description = Non-neutralized coronal current systems contribute to CME eruptions
|image=Icon386.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = White-light emission and photospheric magnetic field changes in flares
|number = 385
|first_author = J. Sebastián CASTELLANOS DURÁN
|second_author = and Lucia KLEINT
|publish_date = 17 August 2020
|description = There are strong correlations between white-light flare emissions and line-of-sight magnetic field changes
|image=Icon385.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sunspot Differential Rotation in an X-class Flare
|number = 384
|first_author = Richard GRIMES,
|second_author = Balázs PINTÉR and Huw MORGAN
|publish_date = 10 August 2020
|description = Observations suggesting how the coronal tail can wag the photospheric dog
|image=Icon384.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energy Partitioning in a Nonthermally Dominated Two-loop Solar Flare
|number = 383
|first_author = Galina MOTORINA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 3 August 2020
|description = Modeling the propagation of energy via GX Simulator in an early-impulsive flare
|image=Icon383.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOL2013-11-10 Eruptive Circular-ribbon Flare with Extended Remote Brightenings
|number = 382
|first_author = Chang LIU
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 31 July 2020
|description = A circular-ribbon event can launch an eruption by breaking through its separatrix dome
|image=Icon382.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Extreme-Ultraviolet Late Phase of Solar Flares
|number = 381
|first_author = Rui LIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 June 2020
|description = Both arcade and circular-ribbon flares may sometimes spawn EUV late phase emission
|image=Icon381.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energy transport by accelerated particles in the quiet solar atmosphere
|number = 380
|first_author = Lars FROGNER,
|second_author = Boris GUDIKSEN and Helle BAKKE
|publish_date = 15 June 2020
|description = A first study of non-thermal particles integrated into an MHD simulation of the solar atmosphere
|image=Icon380.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasi-periodic pulsations as indicators of oscillatory processes in solar flares
|number = 379
|first_author = Elena KUPRIYANOVA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 11 May 2020
|description = Many, many QPPs
|image=Icon379.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Rejuvenating Solar Flare Termination Shocks as Particle Accelerators
|number = 378
|first_author = Bin CHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 4 May 2020
|description = At last, clear evidence for a long-predicted phenomenon
|image=Icon378.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Broad symmetrical Doppler-shifted Fe XXI line profiles
|number = 377
|first_author = Vanessa POLITO
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 April 2020
|description = It is difficult to explain "evaporation" line profiles by superposition of unresolved flows
|image=Icon377.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Phenomena in the unusually long pre-impulsive phase of SOL2011-06-07
|number = 376
|first_author = Marian KARLICKÝ,
|second_author = Jana KA&Scaron;PAROVÁ, and Robert SYCH
|publish_date = 13 April 2020
|description = A massive and slowly-rising filament eruption reveals important new signatures of the physics
|image=Icon376.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Evidence for a Coronal Shock Wave Origin for Relativistic Protons Producing Solar Gamma-Rays and Observed by Neutron Monitors at Earth‎
|number = 375
|first_author = Athanasios KOULOUMVAKOS
|second_author = and Gerry SHARE
|publish_date = 6 April 2020
|description = Successful modeling of prolonged solar gamma-ray emissions and terrestrial ground-level cosmic-ray events
|image=Icon375.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Using overlappogram data to find hot flare plasma
|number = 374
|first_author = Louise HARRA
|
|publish_date = 23 March 2020
|description = Imaging Fe XXIV at high resolution with the EIS slot data
|image=Icon374.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOL2017-09-04 (M5.5) 2017 as a Source of Relativistic Electrons and Protons
|number = 373
|first_author = Alexei STRUMINSKII
| (see text)
|publish_date = 16 March 2020
|description = Flare-accelerated particles, rather than SEPs, energize sustained gamma-ray emission
|image=Icon373.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Heating of the solar photosphere during a white-light flare‎
|number = 372
|first_author = Jan JURČÁK
| (see text)
|publish_date = 2 March 2020
|description = The best-ever spectrum of the flare photosphere
|image=Icon372.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Hot Cusp-Shaped Confined Solar Flare
|number = 371
|first_author = Aaron HERNANDEZ-PEREZ
|publish_date = 24 February 2020
|description = A flare may have a prominent hot cusp with the help of any eruption
|image=Icon371.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Temporal and Spatial Extension of Gamma-ray Emission from the Sun
|number = 370
|first_author = Nat GOPALSWAMY
|publish_date = 17 February 2020
|description = Sustained solar γ-rays and solar cosmic rays
|image=Icon370.ng.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A PSP Perihelion
|number = 369
|first_author = Jessie DUNCAN
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 20 January 2020
|description = The Parker Solar Probe enters its fourth perihelion already. Now
|image=Icon369.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remembering John Brown
|number = 368
|first_author = Alec MacKINNON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 13 January 2020
|description = John passed away unexpectedly on 16 November 2019
|image=Icon368.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Global Survey of EUV Coronal Power Spectra
|number = 367
|first_author = Karl Battams
|second_author =
|publish_date = 30 December 2019
|description = Time-series parameter maps of imaged power spectra from an AIA pipeline
|image=Icon367.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Cosmic Rays over the Rainbow Bridge
|number = 366
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = Alec MacKinnon
|publish_date = 16 December 2019
|description = Cosmic rays approach the Sun
|image=Icon366.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spectropolarimetric Insight into Plasma-Sheet Dynamics of a Solar Flare
|number = 365
|first_author = Ryan French
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 December 2019
|description = CoMP polarization patterns in SOL2017-09-10 are amazing
|image=Icon365.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Lorentz Force Evolution Reveals the Energy Build-up Processes during Recurrent Eruptive Solar Flares‎
|number = 364
|first_author = Ranadeep Sarkar,
|second_author = Nandita Srivastava and Astrid Veronig
|publish_date = 18 November 2019
|description = The net Lorentz force clearly exhibits a build-up and release pattern
|image=Icon364.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare waiting times depend on their magnitudes
|number = 363
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 11 November 2019
|description = Surprising new evidence for the flare build-up and release process
|image=Icon363.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Can magnetic reconnection cause solar rainstorms?‎
|number = 362
|first_author = Petra Kohutova
|second_author =
|publish_date = 4 November 2019
|description = Impulsive coronal heating resulting from reconnection can trigger coronal rain
|image=Icon362.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Non-radial jets on the edges of active regions
|number = 361
|first_author = Peter Wyper
|second_author =
|publish_date = 14 October 2019
|description = The very common jet structures we see can naturally combine twist and breakout
|image=Icon361.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Searching SOLfully within the Nuggets
|number = 360
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 7 October 2019
|description = The IAU target identifier works well for finding items about a particular event
|image=Icon360.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Submillimeter Radiation as the Thermal Component of the Neupert Effect
|number = 359
|first_author = Guillermo Giménez de Castro
|second_author =
|publish_date = 31 September 2019
|description = Flare radiation at the highest frequencies can be bremsstrahlung
|image=Icon359.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The "Last Best" Flares
|number = 358
|first_author = Hugh Hudson,
|second_author = Ed Cliver, and Brian Dennis
|publish_date = 24 September 2019
|description = Major flares tend to happen at the very ends of sunspot cycles
|image=Icon358.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Dynamic Processes of the Moreton Wave on 2014 March 29‎
|number = 357
|first_author = Denis Cabezas
|second_author = and the FMT team
|publish_date = 16 September 2019
|description = A beautiful Moreton wave excited by the best-observed flare ever
|image=Icon357.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = EVE-RHESSI DEM Models and the Low-energy Cutoff for Nonthermal Electrons
|number = 356
|first_author = Jim McTiernan
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 September 2019
|description = Characterizing flare temperature distributions helps to define the non-thermal energy release
|image=Icon356.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Stealth Coronal Mass Ejections from Active Regions
|number = 355
|first_author = Jennifer O'Kane
|second_author =
|publish_date = 26 August 2019
|description = Perhaps just feeble versions of the same magnetic disease...
|image=Icon355.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Do Kepler Superflare Stars Really Include Slowly Rotating Sun-like Stars?‎
|number = 354
|first_author = Yuta NOTSU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 July 2019
|description = Kepler superflares hint at solar superflares
|image=Icon354.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Localized Microwave and EUV Bright Structures in an Eruptive Prominence
|number = 353
|first_author = Jing HUANG
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 June 2019
|description = Detailed correlations between EUV and microwaves in prominence fine structures
|image=Icon353.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Broken-up hard X-ray spectra found for a loop-top source during a solar limb flare
|number = 352
|first_author = Hao NING,
|second_author = Yao CHEN and Jeongwoo LEE
|publish_date = 16 June 2019
|description = SOL2017-09-10 coronal hard X-ray sources
|image=Icon352.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Cosmic-Ray Shadow and Coronal Magnetism
|number = 351
|first_author = Frederik Tenholt
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 May 2019
|description = The coronal magnetic field measured in Antarctica
|image=Icon351.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Kristian Birkeland
|number = 350
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Lyndsay FLETCHER
|publish_date = 6 May 2019
|description = Space weather a century ago: Kristian Birkeland
|image=Icon350.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Warm UV loops heated by small-scale cancellation events
|number = 349
|first_author = Seray ŞAHIN
|second_author = and Vasyl YURCHYSHYN
|publish_date = 22 April 2019
|description = Precisely locating the footpoints of warm coronal loops helps identify their source(s) of excitation
|image=Icon349.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Multiple Regions of Shock-accelerated Particles during a Solar Coronal Mass Ejection
|number = 348
|first_author = Diana MOROSAN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 1 April 2019
|description = LOFAR identifies herringbone sources within the flank of the SOL2017-09-10 shock - no joke
|image=Icon348.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Persistent Quasi-Periodic Pulsations Detected During the Large X8.2 Solar Flare
|number = 347
|first_author = Laura HAYES
|second_author = and Peter GALLAGHER
|publish_date = 25 March 2019
|description = The most beautiful flare has the most beautiful pulsations
|image=Icon347.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Is the coronal magnetic field braiding?
|number = 346
|first_author = Markus ASCHWANDEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 11 March 2019
|description = This iconic cartoon does not relate well to the observations
|image=Icon346.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An energetic pre-flare: electron distributions in magnetic reconnection outflows
|number = 345
|first_author = Marina BATTAGLIA,
|second_author = Eduard KONTAR and Galina MOTORINA
|publish_date = 18 February 2019
|description = Assessing energy partition in a pre-impulsive flare development
|image=Icon345.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Linear Polarization in H-alpha Flares
|number = 344
|first_author = Tomoko KAWATE
|second_author = and Yoichiro HANAOKA
|publish_date = 4 February 2019
|description = H-alpha polarization is rarely observable but, in once case, very suggestive
|image=Icon344.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Short-Period Waves
|number = 343
|first_author = Sijie YU
|second_author = and Bin CHEN
|publish_date = 21 January 2019
|description = New decimetric imaging spectroscopy suggests Alfvénic energy transport in flares
|image=Icon343.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Interesting RHESSI/SAS Archive
|number = 342
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Martin FIVIAN
|publish_date = 8 January 2019
|description = The full mission database shows RHESSI to have been very stable geometrically
|image=Icon342.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Homologous White Light Solar Flares‎
|number = 341
|first_author = Paolo ROMANO
|second_author = and Abouazza ELMHAMDI
|publish_date = 31 December 2018
|description = Homologous white-light flares, in rapid succession, and coronal null points
|image=Icon341.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The flight of FOXSI-3
|number = 340
|first_author = Lindsay GLESENER
|second_author = and Noriyuki NARUKAGE
|publish_date = 10 December 2018
|description = Single-photon counting and direct focusing across hard and soft energies
|image=Icon340.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Stellar Flares and Starspots
|number = 339
|first_author = Lauren DOYLE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 3 December 2018
|description = Stellar flares don't spatially match their starspots
|image=Icon339.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Neutron Production in Solar Flares
|number = 338
|first_author = Ron MURPHY
|second_author = and Gerry SHARE
|publish_date = 26 November 2018
|description = Neutron astronomy helps us understand solar flares
|image=Icon338.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Cycle 25 Strikes Again
|number = 337
|first_author = Kamil BICZ
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 November 2018
|description = A second, larger Cycle 25 sunspot
|image=Icon337.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remembering Marcos Machado via his research
|number = 336
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 13 November 2018
|description = Recalling a friend and colleague, and admiring his final paper
|image=Icon336.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = CORONAS/SPIRIT Mg XII and Nanoflares‎
|number = 335
|first_author = Anton REVA
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 October 2018
|description = Monochromatic Mg XII spectroheliography sets severe limits on nanoflare heating models
|image=Icon335.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = White-light Emission and Non-thermal Electrons‎
|number = 334
|first_author = Kyoung-Sun LEE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 8 October 2018
|description = An intimate relationship between accelerated electrons and visible flare continuum
|image=Icon334.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal Hard X-ray Sources Revisited
|number = 333
|first_author = Brian DENNIS
|second_author =
|publish_date = 24 September 2018
|description = Reporting some over-interpretation of the evidence for "coronal thick targets"
|image=Icon333.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Photospheric response to a flare
|number = 332
|first_author = Mike WHEATLAND
|second_author =
|publish_date = 17 September 2018
|description = Sudden changes in the magnetic field in the low atmosphere associated with particle acceleration
|image=Icon332.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = New Views of Global Solar Magnetic Field Evolution Over Four Solar Cycles
|number = 331
|first_author = David WEBB
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 August 2018
|description = A digital archive of Pat McIntosh's 44 years of solar synoptic observations
|image=Icon331.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Understanding the co-spatial return current in solar flares
|number = 330
|first_author = Meriem ALAOUI
|second_author = and Gordon HOLMAN
|publish_date = 6 August 2018
|description = Completing the circuit in a thick-target model
|image=Icon330.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = 3D Magnetic Reconnection at a Coronal Null Point
|number = 329
|first_author = Shane MALONEY,
|second_author = Aidan O'Flannagain and Peter Gallagher
|publish_date = 30 July 2018
|description = Large-scale reconnection involved in Type I radio noise storm
|image=Icon329.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The true dawn of multimessenger astronomy
|number = 328
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 23 July 2018
|description = Ever since the Carrington flare
|image=Icon328.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Microwave Imaging Spectroscopy of Flares is Here‎
|number = 327
|first_author = Dale E. Gary,
|second_author = EOVSA and RHESSI Teams
|publish_date = 16 July 2018
|description = Microwave imaging spectroscopy takes a giant leap forward with SOL2017-09-10
|image=Icon327.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal nanoflares powered by footpoint reconnection
|number = 326
|first_author = Pradeep Chitta,
|second_author = Hardi Peter, and Sami Solanki
|publish_date = 9 July 2018
|description = Coronal nanoflares in active region cores can be powered by the magnetic reconnection in the lower solar atmosphere
|image=Icon326.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A remarkable, but confused, coronal hard X-ray source
|number = 325
|first_author = Alexandra Lysenko,
|second_author = Larisa Kashapova and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 25 June 2018
|description = A remarkable flare in 1999 adds to our short list of extended coronal hard X-ray/microwave sources
|image=Icon325.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Understanding HMI pseudocontinuum in white-light flares‎
|number = 324
|first_author = Michal &Scaron;vanda
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 28 May 2018
|description = The HMI pseudocontinuum (Ic) is ill-calibrated in regions with strong fields, i.e. for white-light flares
|image=Icon324.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = To beam or not to beam - that is (still) the question
|number = 323
|first_author = Paulo Simões
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 14 May 2018
|description = Descriptions of the lower solar atmosphere of flares ca. Cycle 21 sound surprisingly current
|image=Icon323.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observation of Cosmic Ray Spallation Events from SoHO‎
|number = 322
|first_author = Serge Koutchmy
|second_author = and Ehsan Tavabi
|publish_date = 7 May 2018
|description = LASCO's images capture high-energy nuclear interactions from cosmic-ray hits
|image=Icon322.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Sunspot from Cycle 25 for sure
|number = 321
|first_author = Tomek Mrozek
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 10 April 2018
|description = YES! Cycle 25 is here!
|image=Icon321.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Blue-wing enhancement of the Mg II h and k lines in a flare
|number = 320
|first_author = Akiko TEI
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 April 2018
|description = Flare loops involve a cool upflow preceding the hot evaporation flow
|image=Icon320.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = NuSTAR detects X-ray flares in the quiet Sun
|number = 319
|first_author = Matej Kuhar
|second_author = and Säm Krucker
|publish_date = 26 March 2018
|description = Quiet-Sun flares may not be powerful, but they look a lot like ordinary flares
|image=Icon319.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Homologous CME/flares from AR 12371
|number = 318
|first_author = Panditi Vemareddy
|second_author = and Pascal Demoulín
|publish_date = 19 March 2018
|description = An excellent set of homologous flare/CMEs analyzed and explained
|image=Icon318.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Non-Maxwellian Diagnostics from SDO/EVE Spectra of an X-class Flare
|number = 317
|first_author = Elena Dzifčáková
|second_author = and Jaroslav Dudík
|publish_date = 16 February 2018
|description = Ratios of high-excitation ions can readily detect κ-distributions in flare plasmas
|image=Icon317.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Joint MinXSS and RHESSI Flare X-ray Spectra between 1 and 15 keV
|number = 316
|first_author = Chris Moore, Brian Dennis and the MinXSS Science Team
|publish_date = 5 February 2018
|description = MinXSS adds systematic views of flare soft X-ray spectra to RHESSI imagery
|image=Icon316.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Parameterized Flare Models with Chromospheric Compressions
|number = 315
|first_author = Adam Kowalski & Joel Allred
|publish_date = 17 January 2018
|description = A new approach to modeling the lower flare atmosphere
|image=FlareModelsKowalskiAllred.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Curious Sunspot Group in 2018
|number = 314
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 14 January 2018
|description = The first new sunspot group of 2018 emerged at the wrong latitude
|image = Icon314.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Tecumseh's Eclipse and Astrophysics
|number = 313
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 25 December 2017
|description = The solar corona was first recognized as such, and named, in an eclipse of 1806
|image = Icon313.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hunting for Hidden Tiny Flares
|number = 312
|first_author = Shin-nosuke ISHIKAWA
|publish_date = 27 November 2017
|description = FOXSI-2 says that episodic energy releases are still viable as a part of the coronal heating problem.
|image = Icon312.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unusual Type III Burst Dynamics Produced by Diverging Magnetic Fields
|number = 311
|first_author = Patrick McCauley
|publish_date = 20 November 2017
|description = Unusual type III bursts follow coronal separatrix structures.
|image = Icon311.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Valderrama in the 21st Century
|number = 310
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 31 October 2017
|description = A newly-described white-light flare from the 19th century!..
|image = Icon310.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electron Scattering in the Flaring Corona
|number = 309
|first_author = Sophie Musset
|publish_date = 24 October 2017
|description = Diffusive transport may contribute to the trapping of electrons in coronal X-ray sources
|image = Icon309.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Power of Turbulence
|number = 308
|first_author = Nic Bian
|publish_date = 25 September 2017
|description = Turbulent energy content may underlie flare energy transfer, magnetic reconnection, and particle acceleration
|image = Icon308.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Kelvin Force and Loop-Top Concentration
|number = 307
|first_author = Kiyoto SHIBASAKI
|publish_date = 18 September 2017
|description = New physics can explain the perplexing overpressure at the flare looptop regions
|image = Icon307.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Last Best Flare of Cycle 24?
|number = 306
|first_author = Säm Krucker
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 11 September 2017
|description = Right on schedule, Cycle 24 has produced a great flare (with a GLE)
|image = Icon306.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electric Current Neutralization and Solar Eruption in Active Regions
|number = 305
|first_author = Yang LIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 28 August 2017
|description = Active current systems in the solar corona don't have return currents
|image = Icon305.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = RHESSI and the Megamovie
|number = 304
|first_author = Hugh Hudson, Laura Peticolas,
|second_author = and Juan Carlos Martínez Oliveros
|publish_date = 31 July 2017
|description = A wholly new way to view a solar eclipse, and to do solar astrometry
|image = Icon304.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bastille Day 2017
|number = 303
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = and Säm Krucker
|publish_date = 24 July 2017
|description = Interesting flares really do happen on Bastille Day...
|image = Icon303.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Solar X-ray Limb III
|number = 302
|first_author = Marina Battaglia
|second_author = and Gordon Hurford
|publish_date = 12 June 2017
|description = RHESSI succeeds with a wholly new way to measure the solar diameter
|image = Icon302.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Double Coronal X-ray and Microwave Sources Associated With A Magnetic Breakout Solar Eruption
|number = 301
|first_author = Yao CHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 29 May 2017
|description = A different explanation of the double coronal hard X-ray sources
|image = Icon301.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Lasso Model for Solar Gamma-ray Events
|number = 300
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 May 2017
|description = A toy model hoping to explain the SEP/LAT relationship
|image = Icon300.png}}

[[RHESSI Science Nuggets 200 to 299|Next Nuggets]]

SolarNuggets

2026-03-11T18:54:29Z

Hhudson: Added No. 518

Welcome to the [[SolarNuggets]] collection, which extends the series of [[RHESSI]] Nuggets. The following is a time-ordered list of the latest Nuggets added to the HelioWiki. An [[:Category:Nugget|alphabetical list of the SolarNuggets]] is also available as well as [[:Category:RHESSI Nugget List|yearly lists]]. One can search on author, topic, IAU flare identifier, etc.). We welcome volunteer authors - please see our page of [[Help:For_Authors| help for authors]] or just send an email to the Curator at (hugh.hudson@glasgow.ac.uk).

{{Nugget Badge
|title = When Magnetic Field Lines Stretch, Snap, and Expand: A New Look at Solar Flares with L-maps
|number = 518
|first_author = Maria KAZACHENKO
|second_author = Yuhong FAN and Andrey AFANASYEV
||publish_date = 9 March 2026
|description = A clever new tool tracks magnetic connectivity (and energy) during flare/CME occurrence
|image=Icon518.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observational Evidence Linking Loop Length and Thermal/Nonthermal Peak Timing in Solar Flares
|number = 517
|first_author = Solomon PERRIYIL
||publish_date = 23 February 2026
|description = Clear evidence for the universality of the physics behind the Neupert Effect
|image=Icon517.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A fine-scale bright kernel captured by Hi-C 3 in the post-maximum phase of an M-class solar flare
|number = 516
|first_author = Sanjiv TIWARI
||publish_date = 9 February 2026
|description = The Hi-C rocket catches an extremely compact brightening in late-phase flare ribbon development
|image=Icon516.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On the Relationship Between Nanoflare Energy and Delay in the Closed Solar Corona
|number = 515
|first_author = Shanwlee SOW MONDAL et al.
||publish_date = 19 January 2026
|description = Nanoflaring implies energy storage and sudden release, suggesting correlation between event energy and its timing
|image=Icon515.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fine structures in solar flare ribbons
|number = 514
|first_author = Jonas THOEN FABER
||publish_date = 12 January 2026
|description = Elongated "riblets" commonly rise out of flare ribbons, and have characteristic Doppler shifts
|image=Icon514.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The M- and X-class White-light Flares in Super Active Region NOAA 13664/13697
|number = 513
|first_author = Zhichen JING
|second_author = and Ying LI
|publish_date = 5 January 2026
|description = "Super" active regions have relatively more frequent X-class flares, which correlate well with visible continuum (white-light flare) emission
|image=Icon513.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Iron Fluorescence in X-class Solar Flares
|number = 512
|first_author = Abhilash SARWADE
|publish_date = 8 December 2025
|description = A new spectroscopic capability for Iron K-alpha fluorescence
|image=Icon512.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star Analysis of a Solar Eruption Source Region Using H-alpha Spectroscopic Observations from CHASE
|number = 510
|first_author = Xiaofeng LIU
|second_author = and Yijun HOU
|publish_date = 24 November 2025
|description = Sun-as-a-star observations help to translate solar/stellar processes
|image=Icon5010.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On the Origin of Solar Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Flares‎‎‎‎
|number = 509
|first_author = Alessandro BRUNO
|publish_date = 3 November 2025
|description = Do we really need a CME to produce a long-duration solar gamma-ray event?
|image=Icon509.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = FAI and GOES eclipses‎‎
|number = 508
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 20 October 2025
|description = Flare anticipation via FAI may have problems during GOES eclipses, which are really interesting in their own right
|image=Icon508.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The EUV Late Phase‎
|number = 507
|first_author = Sascha ORNIG
|publish_date = 13 October 2025
|description = Basic comparative statistics of the ELP, a distinct flare phenomenon
|image=Icon507.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Time evolution of flare-accelerated electrons using the warm-target model‎
|number = 506
|first_author = Debesh BHATTACHARJEE
|publish_date = 6 October 2025
|description = Considering a "warm" thick target allows flare-accelerated electrons to be treated self-consistently
|image=Icon506.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOLSTICE observes flare Doppler shifts in Si III
|number = 505
|first_author = Luke MAJURY
|publish_date = 30 September 2025
|description = A rarely used database suggests prograde-flow Doppler shifts in flaring plasmas
|image=Icon505.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare Phases and the Earth's Ionospheric Response
|number = 504
|first_author = Susanna BEKKER
|publish_date = 16 September 2025
|description = A flare's "EUV late phase" is surprisingly geoeffective
|image=Icon504.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Neupertianity
|number = 503
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 August 2025
|description = It's hard to avoid the Neupert Effect
|image=Icon503.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Synchrotron Radiation and the Foundations for a Cosmic Bridge
|number = 502
|first_author = Immanuel JEBARAJ
|publish_date = 11 August 2025
|description = Gyrosynchrotron radiation in shocks: a cosmic connection
|image=Icon502.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Aulanier Effect: drifting footpoints of CME flux ropes
|number = 501
|first_author = Jaroslav DUDÍK,
|second_author = Juraj LÖRINČÍK and Brigitte SCHMIEDER
|publish_date = 21 July 2025
|description = The breakthrough to 3D flare physics: the Aulanier Effect
|image=Icon501.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Five Hundred Nuggets
|number = 500
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 14 July 2025
|description = A milestone
|image=Icon169.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasiperiodic Pulsations in the Balmer Continuum in an X-class Solar White-light Flare
|number = 499
|first_author = De-Chao SONG et al.
|publish_date = 30 June 2025
|description = QPP in the Balmer continuum: the powerful heartbeat of a flare
|image=Icon499.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = High-Resolution Observations of a C3 class White-Light Flare
|number = 498
|first_author = Zhe XU and
|second_author = Xiaoli YAN
|publish_date = 16 June 2025
|description = A compact white-light flare with vortical motions (and hard X-rays)
|image=Icon498.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Sun's open-closed flux boundary and the origin of the slow solar wind
|number = 497
|first_author = Chloe WILKINS and
|second_author = David PONTIN
|publish_date = 26 May 2025
|description = Identifying the solar sources of slow solar wind
|image=Icon497.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Delay of Near-Relativistic Electrons
|number = 496
|first_author = Grant MITCHELL
|publish_date = 19 May 2025
|description = Parker Solar Probe solves an old mystery about type III bursts
|image=Icon496.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Multi-Site Telescope for Multi-Height for Synoptic Observations
|number = 495
|first_author = Fallon KONOW
|publish_date = 11 May 2025
|description = A new synoptic network for observations at multiple wavelengths
|image=Icon495.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = On turbulent magnetic reconnection: fast and slow mean steady-states
|number = 494
|first_author = Sage STANISH
|second_author = and David MacTAGGART
|publish_date = 28 April 2025
|description = In a turbulent medium, magnetic reconnection has two limiting domains
|image=Icon494.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasi-Periodic Pulsations in Ionospheric TEC and Flare EUV
|number = 493
|first_author = Aisling O'HARE
|publish_date = 21 April 2025
|description = The Earth's ionosphere reflects QPPs, with a small delay
|image=Icon493.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Metis observations of Alfvenic outflows driven by interchange reconnection in a pseudostreamer
|number = 492
|first_author = Paolo ROMANO and the Metis team
|publish_date = 7 April 2025
|description = Exactly as predicted by numerical simulations... a rare coup
|image=Icon492.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Rollercoaster: looping-the-loop in the solar corona
|number = 491
|first_author = Mohamed NEDAL et al.
|publish_date = 31 March 2025
|description = Large-scale helical motion in the flare/CME SOL2024-05-14
|image=Icon491.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Proton Beam Energy Deposition as a Mechanism of Deep Photospheric Heating
|number = 490
|first_author = Samuel GRANOVSKY
|second_author = and Alexander KOSOVICHEV
|publish_date = 17 March 2025
|description = Evidence for proton beams in white-light flares
|image=Icon490.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = New insights into the proton precipitation sites in solar flares
|number = 489
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 17 February 2025
|description = There is no detectable difference in proton and electron foopoint locations after all
|image=Icon489.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Gamma-Ray Evidence for a Distinct Population of MeV Flare-Accelerated Electrons
|number = 488
|first_author = Gerry SHARE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 10 February 2025
|description = Relativistic electrons in solar flares newly recognized as a distinct process
|image=Icon488.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = From Chromospheric Evaporation to Coronal Rain: An Investigation of the Mass and Energy Cycle of a Flare‎
|number = 487
|first_author = Seray &Scedil;AHIN
|second_author = and Patrick ANTOLIN
|publish_date = 3 February 2025
|description = A first quantitative comparison of flare evaporation and coronal rain
|image=Icon487.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energetic neutral atoms detected in the large solar energetic particle event of February 2022‎
|number = 486
|first_author = Christina COHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 January 2025
|description = Only the second direct observation of high-energy neutral atoms from the Sun
|image=Icon486.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Magnetic topology of quiet-Sun Ellerman bombs and associated ultraviolet brightenings‎
|number = 485
|first_author = Aditi BHATNAGAR
|second_author =
|publish_date = 6 January 2025
|description = Tiny "Ellerman Bombs" occur all across the solar surface, with differences
|image=Icon485.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unveiling CME Dynamics: Rare Rotations of CMEs in the Heliosphere
|number = 484
|first_author = Sandeep KUMAR and
|second_author = Nandita SRIVASTAVA
|publish_date = 30 December 2024
|description = CMEs usually do not show additional rotation as they move though the heliosphere
|image=Icon484.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatial and Spectral Evolution of Microwave and X-Ray Sources During the Limb Flare SOL2023-02-05
|number = 483
|first_author = Yulia N. SHAMSUTDINOVA
|publish_date = 23 December 2024
|description = Rare microwave imaging spectroscopy of a hot-onset precursor event
|image=Icon483.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = High-resolution observational analysis of flare ribbon fine structures
|number = 482
|first_author = Jonas THOEN FABER
|publish_date = 16 December 2024
|description = Spatially periodic fine structures in flare ribbons reveal current-sheet tearing
|image=Icon482.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Advection and super-diffusive expansion as the model of flare accelerated electron transport in type III solar radio bursts
|number = 481
|first_author = Eduard KONTAR
|publish_date = 9 December 2024
|description = Sturrock's dilemma resolved
|image=Icon481.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Faraday's Law in Solar Flares: A Cautionary Message
|number = 480
|first_author = Michael FARADAY
|publish_date = 2 December 2024
|description = We must not forget the global implications of Faraday's Law
|image=Icon480.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remarkable NUV Spectrum of an M-star Megaflare
|number = 479
|first_author = Adam KOWALSKI
|publish_date = 25 November 2024
|description = Remarkable NUV spectra from an HST stellar flare
|image=Icon479.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Revised Point-Spread Functions of AIA and their effect on DEM analyses
|number = 478
|first_author =Stefan HOFMEISTER,
|second_author = Daniel Wolf SAVIN, and Michael HAHN
|publish_date = 18 November 2024
|description = Substantial revisions of the AIA point-response functions
|image=Icon478.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = How much of the energy in flare-accelerated electrons reaches the chromosphere?
|number = 477
|first_author = Meriem ALAOUI
|second_author = and Gordon HOLMAN
|publish_date = 11 November 2024
|description = Keeping flare-accelerated electrons out of the chromosphere
|image=Icon477.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatially resolved plasma composition evolution in a solar flare
|number = 476
|first_author = Andy S. H. TO
|publish_date = 4 November 2024
|description = Reconnection outflow feeds abundance variations
|image=Icon476.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = HOPE during high activity
|number = 475
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Alphonse STERLING
|publish_date = 28 October 2024
|description = Hot onsets appear even in the most active solar conditions
|image=Icon475.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Simulated heliospheric electron spectra show sensitivity to plasma properties of a source region in the flaring corona
|number = 474
|first_author = Ross PALLISTER
|second_author = and Natasha JEFFREY
|publish_date = 21 October 2024
|description = Getting closer to an understanding of how solar energetic particles "escape"
|image=Icon474.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An extremely complex active region with very strong non-neutralized electric currents
|number = 473
|first_author = Ioannis KONTOGIANNIS
|publish_date = 14 October 2024
|description = Large non-neutralized electric currents flow through the active-region corona
|image=Icon473.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An X9 flare and its huge crochet (SFE)
|number = 472
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 7 October 2024
|description = The geomagnetic effect (SFE/crochet) that will calibrate the Carrington flare
|image=Icon472.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = All microflares that accelerate electrons to high energies are rooted in sunspots
|number = 471
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|publish_date = 30 September 2024
|description = Microflares with hard X-ray spectra are a well-defined class, and invariably have one footpoint embedded in a sunspot
|image=Icon471.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The warm-target model and kappa distributions
|number = 470
|first_author = Yingjie LUO
|publish_date = 16 September 2024
|description = A self-consistent treatment of non-thermal electron spectra points to kappa distributions
|image=Icon470.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Is there HOPE for Hyder flares...
|number = 468
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 15 March 2024
|description = Filament eruptions/Hyder flares/disparitions brusques may all show HOPE
|image=Icon468.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star Analysis of the M8.7 Flare on 2022 October 2 Using H-alpha and EUV Spectra Taken by SMART/SDDI and SDO/EVE
|number = 467
|first_author = Takato OTSU
|publish_date = 19 February 2024
|description = Whole-Sun spectroscopic observations can readily detect ejecta
|image=Icon467.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unexpected Asymmetry in GeV Emission
|number = 466
|first_author = Bruno ARSIOLI and Elena ORLANDO
|publish_date = 15 January 2024
|description = The high-energy solar gamma radiation shows inexplicable but fascinating properties
|image=Icon466.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = When it rippled in one place and exploded in another
|number = 465
|first_author = Ivan ZIMOVETS
|publish_date = 25 December 2023
|description = Pulsations precede a flare, but seem unrelated
|image=Icon465.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar flares: evaporation and simulation‎
|number = 464
|first_author = Malcolm DRUETT
|publish_date = 18 December 2023
|description = Fitting beam electrons into multi-dimensional models
|image=Icon464.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Pre-impulsive and Impulsive Phases of the March 28, 2022 Sub-Terahertz Flare
|number = 463
|first_author = Galina G. MOTORINA
|publish_date = 11 December 2023
|description = A flare with an increasing sub-THz spectrum and sub-THZ precursor information
|image=Icon463.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal Bright Points
|number = 462
|first_author = Daniel NÓBREGA-SIVERIO
|publish_date = 27 November 2023
|description = Bright EUV rowel-like structures can result from null-point reconnection
|image=Icon462.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Aurora-like Radio Emission from a Sunspot
|number = 461
|first_author = Sijie YU
|publish_date = 20 November 2023
|description = Maser action above a sunspot
|image=Icon461.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Search for a Flare Anticipation Index (FAI)
|number = 460
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Jim McTiernan
|publish_date = 13 November 2023
|description = Quantifying flare precursors on a few-minute time scale
|image=Icon460.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bouncing motions of fast electrons using Nobeyama Radioheliograph
|number = 459
|first_author = Keitarou MATSUMOTO
|publish_date = 6 November 2023
|description = Solar evidence for conservation of second adiabatic invariant in particle motion
|image=Icon459.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Impact of nanoflare heating in the lower solar atmosphere
|number = 458
|first_author = Helle BAKKE
|publish_date = 30 October 2023
|description = The behavior of nanoflare fast electrons in Bifrost models
|image=Icon458.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Precise timing of flare footpoint sources from mid-infrared observations‎
|number = 457
|first_author = Paulo SIMÕES et al.
|publish_date = 23 October 2023
|description = Mid-IR observations at high spatial and high temporal resolution: Conjugacy
|image=Icon457.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Greatest GOES Flares‎
|number = 456
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Ed CLIVER
|publish_date = 25 September 2023
|description = The greatest GOES events, re-analyzed, fall short of expectations
|image=Icon456.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Introducing SunSketcher
|number = 455
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Gordon EMSLIE
|publish_date = 11 September 2023
|description = Galloping towards roundup in the 2024 total solar eclipse
|image=Icon455.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = TeV Gamma rays from the Quiescent Sun
|number = 454
|first_author = Mehr Un NISA
|second_author = and John BEACOM
|publish_date = 21 August 2023
|description = Solar photons at unprecedented high energies
|image=Icon454.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Hard X-Ray Sources in Flare Model with Vertical Current Sheet
|number = 453
|first_author = Alexander SHABALIN, Eugenia OVCHINNIKOVA,
|second_author = and Yuri CHARIKOV
|publish_date = 7 August 2023
|description = Modeling betatron acceleration in current-sheet development.
|image=Icon453.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spatial Distribution of Magnetic Reconnection Rate in an M6.5 Solar Flare
|number = 452
|first_author = Ju JING
|publish_date = 12 June 2023
|description = Linking hard X-rays to high-resolution images that show reconnection rates.
|image=Icon452.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Statistical study of Type III bursts and associated HXR emissions
|number = 451
|first_author = Nicole VILMER and Tomin JAMES
|publish_date = 29 May 2023
|description = Linking electron populations escaping from the Sun with those that RHESSI detects.
|image=Icon451.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar flare hard X-rays from the anchor points of an eruptive filament
|number = 450
|first_author = Muriel STIEFEL
|publish_date = 15 May 2023
|description = A rare "four-ribbon" flare has been detected in hard X-rays.
|image=Icon450.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Did a Solar Flare Accelerate all the Ambient Electrons in the Coronal Acceleration Region?...
|number = 449
|first_author = Gordon EMSLIE, Eduard KONTAR,
|second_author = Galina MOTORINA, and Brian DENNIS
|publish_date = 1 May 2023
|description = Considering SOL2017-09-10, probably not.
|image=Icon449.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Diagnostics of Spatially-Extended Turbulent Acceleration and Transport
|number = 448
|first_author = Morgan STORES
|publish_date = 24 April 2023
|description = Drilling down into the detailed structure of solar-flare energy release by including turbulence with particle acceleration.
|image=Icon448.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = RHESSI's Re-entry
|number = 447
|first_author = Pascal SAINT-HILAIRE and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 17 April 2023
|description = The final demise of RHESSI is this week
|image=Icon447.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Glasgow geomagnetic observation of a solar flare
|number = 446
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON, John MALONE-LEIGH,
|second_author = Graham WOAN, and Chris OSBORNE
|publish_date = 13 March 2023
|description = Irish and Scottish geomagnetic observatories see a crochet much like that of the Carrington event
|image=Icon_446.png}}

{{{Nugget Badge
|title = Particle Acceleration in Two Coronal Jets
|number = 445
|first_author = Yixian ZHANG
|publish_date = 27 February 2023
|description = Coronal jets with hard X-ray sources at disjoint locations
|image=Icon445.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Curious First Sunquake of Solar Cycle 25‎
|number = 444
|first_author = Alexander KOSOVICHEV
|publish_date = 13 February 2023
|description = A double whammy: two distinct sunquakes from SOL2022-05-10.
|image=Icon444.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hard X-ray Pulsations via Gaussian Decomposition
|number = 443
|first_author = Hannah COLLIER and Laura HAYES
|publish_date = 30 January 2023
|description = Flare hard X-ray time variations decomposed objectively
|image=Icon443.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A possible coronal magnetic flare precursor
|number = 442
|first_author = Enrico LANDI
|publish_date = 16 January 2023
|description = Novel measurements of the coronal magnetic field may help with flare prediction
|image=Icon442.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A slow HOPE with microwave context
|number = 441
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 12 December 2022
|description = A new microwave facility at Chashan Observatory, and a prototypical HOPE
|image=Icon441.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Rapid variations of Si IV spectra in a flare observed by IRIS at a sub-second cadence
|number = 440
|first_author = Juraj LÖRINČÍK
|publish_date = 14 November 2022
|description = Transition-region lines in a flare have a Doppler component revealing quasi-periodic pulsations
|image=Icon440.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Significant Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance Associated with a Massive Gamma-ray Burst
|number = 439
|first_author = Laura HAYES and Peter GALLAGHER
|publish_date = 31 October 2022
|description = A first SID observed in broad daylight, from a source far far away
|image=Icon439.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Effects of Coronal Structures on the Dynamics of the Global Coronal Wave of SOL2017-09-10‎
|number = 438
|first_author = Huidong HU, Ying D. LIU, and Bei ZHU
|publish_date = 17 October 2022
|description = The amazing global coronal wave of SOL2017-09-10 wrapped around the whole Sun, and displayed transmission and reflection at both polar coronal holes
|image=Icon438.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = KW-Sun: The Konus-Wind Solar Flare Database in Hard X-Ray and Soft Gamma-Ray Ranges
|number = 437
|first_author = Alexandra LYSENKO
|publish_date = 26 September 2022
|description = An unrivaled hard X-ray and gamma-ray database is entering its third activity maximum
|image=Icon437.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = First Detection of Kink Oscillations with Solar Orbiter
|number = 436
|first_author = Sihui ZHONG et al.
|publish_date = 19 September 2022
|description = SolO sees coronal oscillations as well as AIA can, and even better
|image=Icon436.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energetic Neutral Hydrogen from Large Solar Flares
|number = 435
|first_author = Glenn MASON
|publish_date = 6 September 2022
|description = A rediscovered data treasury reveals the occurrence of many flare/CME events producing solar high-energy neutral atoms
|image=Icon435.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fifty-year Anniversary of the First Detection of Gamma rays from a Solar Flare
|number = 434
|first_author = Jim Ryan,
|second_author = Brian Dennis, and Phil Dunphy
|publish_date = 8 August 2022
|description = The rich astrophysics of gamma-ray astronomy began with solar observations fifty years ago
|image=Icon434.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Fast Prograde Flows in Solar Active Regions
|number = 433
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 July 2022
|description = Unexpected, unpredicted, and not modeled yet - weird flows in hot active-region loops
|image=Icon433.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Undetected Minority-polarity Flux, Moss, and Coronal Heating
|number = 432
|first_author = Yi-Ming WANG
|publish_date = 11 July 2022
|description = There's plenty of room in "unipolar" active regions for both polarities, and there is good evidence for them
|image=Icon432.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Thermal/Nonthermal with MinXSS and RHESSI
|number = 431
|first_author = Shunsaku NAGASAWA
|publish_date = 13 June 2022
|description = Time-domain studies of improved X-ray spectra reveal a "super-hot' component
|image=Icon431.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sun-as-a-star spectroscopic observations of the line-of-sight velocity of a solar eruption on October 28, 2021
|number = 430
|first_author = Yu XU
|second_author = and Hui TIAN
|publish_date = 30 May 2022
|description = The observation of the full 3d velocity of a CME, for an anniversary event
|image=Icon430.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Carl Størmer
|number = 429
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Lyndsay FLETCHER
|publish_date = 15 April 2022
|description = Størmer and the theory of trapping in loops
|image=Icon429.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar Hard X-rays with Insight
|number = 428
|first_author = Wei WANG
|second_author = and Ping ZHANG
|publish_date = 21 March 2022
|description = A spectacular limb flare introduces Insight/HXMT, a new observational resource
|image=Icon428.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Probing chromospheric current sheets using SST and ALMA co-observations
|number = 427
|first_author = João da SILVA SANTOS
|publish_date = 21 February 2022
|description = Emerging magnetic flux appears in ALMA images reflecting coronal current sheets
|image=Icon427.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A demonstration of STIX hard X-ray imaging spectroscopy capabilities for an X-class flare (SOL2021-10-28)
|number = 426
|first_author = Andrea BATTAGLIA, Hannah COLLIER,
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 7 February 2022
|description = STIX imaging of an X-class flare marks its success
|image=Icon426.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A solar flare driven by thermal conduction observed in mid-infrared
|number = 425
|first_author = Guillermo GIMÉNEZ de CASTRO
|publish_date = 24 January 2022
|description = Strong 10-micron emission from a GOES C2 flare suggests conductive heating
|image=Icon425.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Disk Occultation of a Lopsided Sun‎
|number = 424
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON,
|second_author = Stephen WHITE and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 10 January 2022
|description = Observing a spotless Sun can enable observations of the faint corona.
|image=Icon424.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Resolving two distinct thermal X-ray components in a compound solar flare
|number = 423
|first_author = Zhenjun ZHOU
|second_author = and Rui LIU
|publish_date = 28 December 2021
|description = Superhot coronal sources may be independent loop systems
|image=Icon423.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bridging solar flares to coronal mass ejections
|number = 422
|first_author = Markus ASCHWANDEN
|publish_date = 14 December 2021
|description = The Neupert effect allows us to trace coronal mass ejections seamlessly
|image=Icon422.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Jakimiec Diagnostic Diagram
|number = 421
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 29 November 2021
|description = The joint variation of GOES temperature and emission measure discloses new features via an old tool
|image=Icon421.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = First look at ALMA/HInode/IRIS microflares
|number = 420
|first_author = Toshifumi SHIMIZU
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 8 November 2021
|description = High-resolution ALMA and multiwavelength observations of microflaring
|image=Icon420.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Thomson scattering near sunspots
|number = 419
|first_author = Pascal Saint-Hilaire
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 25 October 2021
|description = Completing the modeling of low-coronal Thomson polarimetry
|image=Icon419.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Non-PFSS Global Coronal Model
|number = 418
|first_author = Oliver RICE
|second_author = and Anthony YEATES
|publish_date = 11 October 2021
|description = Modeling as convenient as PFSS but much more realistic
|image=Icon418.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Manifold Nonthermality
|number = 417
|first_author = Marina BATTAGLIA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 27 September 2021
|description = Even weak flares involve multiple sites of non thermal activity
|image=Icon417.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = X-Rays from a Type I Radio Burst
|number = 416
|first_author = R. RAMESH
|publish_date = 20 September 2021
|description = A first identification of type I radio emission with hot plasma
|image=Icon416.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Do Hot Onsets Predict Flare Magnitudes?
|number = 415
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 30 August 2021
|description = Maybe we can tell how big a flare is going to be from its initial development...
|image=Icon415.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Confined or Eruptive?
|number = 414
|first_author = Ting LI et al.
|publish_date = 16 August 2021
|description = Increased magnetic flux reduces CME eruptivity
|image=Icon414.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Impulsive and Gradual Eruptive Gamma Flares and Associated CMEs
|number = 413
|first_author = Alexey STRUMINSKY,
|second_author = Irina GRIGORIEVA and Andrei SADOVSKI
|publish_date = 19 July 2021
|description = Extreme behavior of flare/CME events explained by environment
|image=Icon373.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Morphology of Flare Time Profiles
|number = 412
|first_author = Larisa KASHAPOVA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 12 July 2021
|description = Systematic comparison of solar and stellar flaring time profiles
|image=Icon412.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare Pulsation and the Heliosphere
|number = 411
|first_author = Brendan CLARKE
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 5 July 2021
|description = Flare pulsations link closely to the distant heliosphere
|image=Icon411.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = STIX, the Hard X-Ray Telescope on board Solar Orbiter
|number = 410
|first_author = Andrea Francesco BATTAGLIA
|second_author = and Säm KRUCKER
|publish_date = 28 June 2021
|description = STIX is operational and producing great data
|image=Icon410.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Nonequilibrium Ionization of Flare Plasma Observed by Hinode/EIS
|number = 409
|first_author = Shinsuke IMADA
|second_author =
|publish_date = 14 June 2021
|description = Evidence for non-equilibrium ionization in the current sheet of SOL2017-09-10
|image=Icon409.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Effects of Flares on Solar p-modes
|number = 408
|first_author = Maria-Cristina RABELLO SOARES
|second_author = and Frederic BAUDIN
|publish_date = 26 April 2021
|description = No detectable p-mode amplitude changes due to solar flares
|image=Icon408.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Subsecond Spikes in Solar Flare X-ray Flux as Seen by Fermi GBM
|number = 407
|first_author =Trevor KNUTH
|second_author = and Lindsay GLESENER
|publish_date = 19 April 2021
|description = A new analysis technique pushes hard X-ray time scales to 0.1 sec or faster
|image=Icon407.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Negative He 10830 Flare Ribbons and Non-thermal Electrons
|number = 406
|first_author = Graham KERR
|second_author =
|publish_date = 12 April 2021
|description = A 1D radiation hydrodynamics model can explain the dark leading edges of He I flare ribbons
|image=Icon406.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Tracing the sources of gradual solar energetic particle events
|number = 405
|first_author = David H. BROOKS
|second_author = and Stephanie L. YARDLEY
|publish_date = 29 March 2021
|description = Chemical abundances in SEPs suggest an origin in flare-related moss regions
|image=Icon405.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Superflare SOL2017-09-06: from submm to mid-IR
|number = 404
|first_author = Guillermo (Guigue) GIMÉNEZ DE CASTRO
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 March 2021
|description = Glimpsing the "missing decades" of the flare emission spectrum
|image=Icon404.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Neupert Effect Revisited
|number = 403
|first_author = Jiong QIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 8 March 2021
|description = Two time scales for heating individual flare strands
|image=Icon403.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = FLUKA as a tool for interpreting flare gamma-rays
|number = 402
|first_author = Alec MACKINNON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 1 March 2021
|description = The nuclear physics of solar flares captured in a detailed model
|image=Icon402.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Collective Study of 11 NuSTAR Microflares
|number = 401
|first_author = Jessie DUNCAN and
|second_author = Lindsay GLESENER
|publish_date = 22 February 2021
|description = Swarms of NuSTAR micro flares
|image=Icon401.png}}

{{{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Solar FRB
|number = 400
|first_author = Dale GARY and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 15 February 2021
|description = A new frontier in the solar time domain
|image=Icon400.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Richard Schwartz
|number = 399
|first_author = Brian DENNIS and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 25 January 2021
|description = Remembering a friend and colleague
|image=Icon399.jpg}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observing Solar Flare X-ray Polarization with Prospective CubeSat Missions
|number = 398
|first_author = Natasha JEFFREY
|publish_date = 4 January 2021
|description = The polarization of the solar X-ray spectrum generally remains to be observed
|image=Icon398.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Solar effects in the local interstellar medium
|number = 397
|first_author = Don GURNETT and
|second_author = Hugh HUDSON
|publish_date = 14 December 2020
|description = Relativistic particle events observed _in situ_ in the interstellar medium
|image=Icon397.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Investigation of Small-Scale Energy Releases in Hard X-rays with FOXSI
|number = 396
|first_author = Subramania ATHIRAY and
|second_author = Juliana VIEVERING
|publish_date = 7 December 2020
|description = Hard X-rays and high temperatures from the feeblest microflares
|image=Icon396.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = What drives impulsive coronal heating?
|number = 395
|first_author = Pradeep CHITTA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 30 November 2020
|description = Impulsive footpoint emissions suggest magnetic reconnection in the chromosphere
|image=Icon395.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Probing the solar coronal heating function with slow magnetoacoustic waves
|number = 394
|first_author = Dmitrii KOLOTKOV
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 16 November 2020
|description = Coronal heating models meet damped slow magnetoacoustic waves
|image=Icon394.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Self-Consistent Flare Model
|number = 393
|first_author = Wenzhi RUAN
|second_author = and Rony KEPPENS
|publish_date = 2 November 2020
|description = Energy transport by fast particles made self-consistent with MHD flare modeling
|image=Icon393.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hot Flare Onsets
|number = 392
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 26 October 2020
|description = The initial soft X-ray temperatures of solar flares tend to be in the 10-15 MK range
|image=Icon392.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electric Current Neutralization and Eruption
|number = 391
|first_author = Ellis AVALLONE
|second_author = and Xudong SUN
|publish_date = 19 October 2020
|description = Coronal currents without neutralizing return currents appear to
|image=Icon391.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Prediction of Solar Cycle 25
|number = 390
|first_author = Leif SVALGAARD
|second_author =
|publish_date = 5 October 2020
|description = Now we know how big the next solar maximum will be
|image=Icon390.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare/CME Cartoon Archive
|number = 389
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 September 2020
|description = A new edition of the Flare/CME archive, nearly a half kilotoon now
|image=Icon389.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Submerged Flare Acoustic Sources
|number = 388
|first_author = Juan Camilo BUITRAGO CASAS
|second_author = and Angel MARTÍNEZ
|publish_date = 13 September 2020
|description = Flare acoustic radiation emanates from a source _inside_ the Sun
|image=Icon388.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Circular Ribbon Flare at Microwaves
|number = 387
|first_author = Jeongwoo LEE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 31 August 2020
|description = Breakout reconnection reveals itself via microwave polarization measurements.
|image=Icon387.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Relation of Non-neutralized electric currents and the activity in active regions
|number = 386
|first_author = P. VEMAREDDY
|second_author =
|publish_date = 24 August 2020
|description = Non-neutralized coronal current systems contribute to CME eruptions
|image=Icon386.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = White-light emission and photospheric magnetic field changes in flares
|number = 385
|first_author = J. Sebastián CASTELLANOS DURÁN
|second_author = and Lucia KLEINT
|publish_date = 17 August 2020
|description = There are strong correlations between white-light flare emissions and line-of-sight magnetic field changes
|image=Icon385.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Sunspot Differential Rotation in an X-class Flare
|number = 384
|first_author = Richard GRIMES,
|second_author = Balázs PINTÉR and Huw MORGAN
|publish_date = 10 August 2020
|description = Observations suggesting how the coronal tail can wag the photospheric dog
|image=Icon384.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energy Partitioning in a Nonthermally Dominated Two-loop Solar Flare
|number = 383
|first_author = Galina MOTORINA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 3 August 2020
|description = Modeling the propagation of energy via GX Simulator in an early-impulsive flare
|image=Icon383.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOL2013-11-10 Eruptive Circular-ribbon Flare with Extended Remote Brightenings
|number = 382
|first_author = Chang LIU
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 31 July 2020
|description = A circular-ribbon event can launch an eruption by breaking through its separatrix dome
|image=Icon382.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Extreme-Ultraviolet Late Phase of Solar Flares
|number = 381
|first_author = Rui LIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 June 2020
|description = Both arcade and circular-ribbon flares may sometimes spawn EUV late phase emission
|image=Icon381.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Energy transport by accelerated particles in the quiet solar atmosphere
|number = 380
|first_author = Lars FROGNER,
|second_author = Boris GUDIKSEN and Helle BAKKE
|publish_date = 15 June 2020
|description = A first study of non-thermal particles integrated into an MHD simulation of the solar atmosphere
|image=Icon380.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Quasi-periodic pulsations as indicators of oscillatory processes in solar flares
|number = 379
|first_author = Elena KUPRIYANOVA
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 11 May 2020
|description = Many, many QPPs
|image=Icon379.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Rejuvenating Solar Flare Termination Shocks as Particle Accelerators
|number = 378
|first_author = Bin CHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 4 May 2020
|description = At last, clear evidence for a long-predicted phenomenon
|image=Icon378.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Broad symmetrical Doppler-shifted Fe XXI line profiles
|number = 377
|first_author = Vanessa POLITO
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 April 2020
|description = It is difficult to explain "evaporation" line profiles by superposition of unresolved flows
|image=Icon377.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Phenomena in the unusually long pre-impulsive phase of SOL2011-06-07
|number = 376
|first_author = Marian KARLICKÝ,
|second_author = Jana KA&Scaron;PAROVÁ, and Robert SYCH
|publish_date = 13 April 2020
|description = A massive and slowly-rising filament eruption reveals important new signatures of the physics
|image=Icon376.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Evidence for a Coronal Shock Wave Origin for Relativistic Protons Producing Solar Gamma-Rays and Observed by Neutron Monitors at Earth‎
|number = 375
|first_author = Athanasios KOULOUMVAKOS
|second_author = and Gerry SHARE
|publish_date = 6 April 2020
|description = Successful modeling of prolonged solar gamma-ray emissions and terrestrial ground-level cosmic-ray events
|image=Icon375.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Using overlappogram data to find hot flare plasma
|number = 374
|first_author = Louise HARRA
|
|publish_date = 23 March 2020
|description = Imaging Fe XXIV at high resolution with the EIS slot data
|image=Icon374.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = SOL2017-09-04 (M5.5) 2017 as a Source of Relativistic Electrons and Protons
|number = 373
|first_author = Alexei STRUMINSKII
| (see text)
|publish_date = 16 March 2020
|description = Flare-accelerated particles, rather than SEPs, energize sustained gamma-ray emission
|image=Icon373.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Heating of the solar photosphere during a white-light flare‎
|number = 372
|first_author = Jan JURČÁK
| (see text)
|publish_date = 2 March 2020
|description = The best-ever spectrum of the flare photosphere
|image=Icon372.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Hot Cusp-Shaped Confined Solar Flare
|number = 371
|first_author = Aaron HERNANDEZ-PEREZ
|publish_date = 24 February 2020
|description = A flare may have a prominent hot cusp with the help of any eruption
|image=Icon371.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Temporal and Spatial Extension of Gamma-ray Emission from the Sun
|number = 370
|first_author = Nat GOPALSWAMY
|publish_date = 17 February 2020
|description = Sustained solar γ-rays and solar cosmic rays
|image=Icon370.ng.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A PSP Perihelion
|number = 369
|first_author = Jessie DUNCAN
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 20 January 2020
|description = The Parker Solar Probe enters its fourth perihelion already. Now
|image=Icon369.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remembering John Brown
|number = 368
|first_author = Alec MacKINNON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 13 January 2020
|description = John passed away unexpectedly on 16 November 2019
|image=Icon368.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Global Survey of EUV Coronal Power Spectra
|number = 367
|first_author = Karl Battams
|second_author =
|publish_date = 30 December 2019
|description = Time-series parameter maps of imaged power spectra from an AIA pipeline
|image=Icon367.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Cosmic Rays over the Rainbow Bridge
|number = 366
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = Alec MacKinnon
|publish_date = 16 December 2019
|description = Cosmic rays approach the Sun
|image=Icon366.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Spectropolarimetric Insight into Plasma-Sheet Dynamics of a Solar Flare
|number = 365
|first_author = Ryan French
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 December 2019
|description = CoMP polarization patterns in SOL2017-09-10 are amazing
|image=Icon365.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Lorentz Force Evolution Reveals the Energy Build-up Processes during Recurrent Eruptive Solar Flares‎
|number = 364
|first_author = Ranadeep Sarkar,
|second_author = Nandita Srivastava and Astrid Veronig
|publish_date = 18 November 2019
|description = The net Lorentz force clearly exhibits a build-up and release pattern
|image=Icon364.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Flare waiting times depend on their magnitudes
|number = 363
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 11 November 2019
|description = Surprising new evidence for the flare build-up and release process
|image=Icon363.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Can magnetic reconnection cause solar rainstorms?‎
|number = 362
|first_author = Petra Kohutova
|second_author =
|publish_date = 4 November 2019
|description = Impulsive coronal heating resulting from reconnection can trigger coronal rain
|image=Icon362.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Non-radial jets on the edges of active regions
|number = 361
|first_author = Peter Wyper
|second_author =
|publish_date = 14 October 2019
|description = The very common jet structures we see can naturally combine twist and breakout
|image=Icon361.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Searching SOLfully within the Nuggets
|number = 360
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 7 October 2019
|description = The IAU target identifier works well for finding items about a particular event
|image=Icon360.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Submillimeter Radiation as the Thermal Component of the Neupert Effect
|number = 359
|first_author = Guillermo Giménez de Castro
|second_author =
|publish_date = 31 September 2019
|description = Flare radiation at the highest frequencies can be bremsstrahlung
|image=Icon359.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The "Last Best" Flares
|number = 358
|first_author = Hugh Hudson,
|second_author = Ed Cliver, and Brian Dennis
|publish_date = 24 September 2019
|description = Major flares tend to happen at the very ends of sunspot cycles
|image=Icon358.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Dynamic Processes of the Moreton Wave on 2014 March 29‎
|number = 357
|first_author = Denis Cabezas
|second_author = and the FMT team
|publish_date = 16 September 2019
|description = A beautiful Moreton wave excited by the best-observed flare ever
|image=Icon357.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = EVE-RHESSI DEM Models and the Low-energy Cutoff for Nonthermal Electrons
|number = 356
|first_author = Jim McTiernan
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 September 2019
|description = Characterizing flare temperature distributions helps to define the non-thermal energy release
|image=Icon356.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Stealth Coronal Mass Ejections from Active Regions
|number = 355
|first_author = Jennifer O'Kane
|second_author =
|publish_date = 26 August 2019
|description = Perhaps just feeble versions of the same magnetic disease...
|image=Icon355.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Do Kepler Superflare Stars Really Include Slowly Rotating Sun-like Stars?‎
|number = 354
|first_author = Yuta NOTSU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 July 2019
|description = Kepler superflares hint at solar superflares
|image=Icon354.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Localized Microwave and EUV Bright Structures in an Eruptive Prominence
|number = 353
|first_author = Jing HUANG
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 June 2019
|description = Detailed correlations between EUV and microwaves in prominence fine structures
|image=Icon353.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Broken-up hard X-ray spectra found for a loop-top source during a solar limb flare
|number = 352
|first_author = Hao NING,
|second_author = Yao CHEN and Jeongwoo LEE
|publish_date = 16 June 2019
|description = SOL2017-09-10 coronal hard X-ray sources
|image=Icon352.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Cosmic-Ray Shadow and Coronal Magnetism
|number = 351
|first_author = Frederik Tenholt
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 May 2019
|description = The coronal magnetic field measured in Antarctica
|image=Icon351.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Kristian Birkeland
|number = 350
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Lyndsay FLETCHER
|publish_date = 6 May 2019
|description = Space weather a century ago: Kristian Birkeland
|image=Icon350.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Warm UV loops heated by small-scale cancellation events
|number = 349
|first_author = Seray ŞAHIN
|second_author = and Vasyl YURCHYSHYN
|publish_date = 22 April 2019
|description = Precisely locating the footpoints of warm coronal loops helps identify their source(s) of excitation
|image=Icon349.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Multiple Regions of Shock-accelerated Particles during a Solar Coronal Mass Ejection
|number = 348
|first_author = Diana MOROSAN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 1 April 2019
|description = LOFAR identifies herringbone sources within the flank of the SOL2017-09-10 shock - no joke
|image=Icon348.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Persistent Quasi-Periodic Pulsations Detected During the Large X8.2 Solar Flare
|number = 347
|first_author = Laura HAYES
|second_author = and Peter GALLAGHER
|publish_date = 25 March 2019
|description = The most beautiful flare has the most beautiful pulsations
|image=Icon347.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Is the coronal magnetic field braiding?
|number = 346
|first_author = Markus ASCHWANDEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 11 March 2019
|description = This iconic cartoon does not relate well to the observations
|image=Icon346.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = An energetic pre-flare: electron distributions in magnetic reconnection outflows
|number = 345
|first_author = Marina BATTAGLIA,
|second_author = Eduard KONTAR and Galina MOTORINA
|publish_date = 18 February 2019
|description = Assessing energy partition in a pre-impulsive flare development
|image=Icon345.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Linear Polarization in H-alpha Flares
|number = 344
|first_author = Tomoko KAWATE
|second_author = and Yoichiro HANAOKA
|publish_date = 4 February 2019
|description = H-alpha polarization is rarely observable but, in once case, very suggestive
|image=Icon344.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Short-Period Waves
|number = 343
|first_author = Sijie YU
|second_author = and Bin CHEN
|publish_date = 21 January 2019
|description = New decimetric imaging spectroscopy suggests Alfvénic energy transport in flares
|image=Icon343.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Interesting RHESSI/SAS Archive
|number = 342
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author = and Martin FIVIAN
|publish_date = 8 January 2019
|description = The full mission database shows RHESSI to have been very stable geometrically
|image=Icon342.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Homologous White Light Solar Flares‎
|number = 341
|first_author = Paolo ROMANO
|second_author = and Abouazza ELMHAMDI
|publish_date = 31 December 2018
|description = Homologous white-light flares, in rapid succession, and coronal null points
|image=Icon341.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The flight of FOXSI-3
|number = 340
|first_author = Lindsay GLESENER
|second_author = and Noriyuki NARUKAGE
|publish_date = 10 December 2018
|description = Single-photon counting and direct focusing across hard and soft energies
|image=Icon340.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Stellar Flares and Starspots
|number = 339
|first_author = Lauren DOYLE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 3 December 2018
|description = Stellar flares don't spatially match their starspots
|image=Icon339.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Neutron Production in Solar Flares
|number = 338
|first_author = Ron MURPHY
|second_author = and Gerry SHARE
|publish_date = 26 November 2018
|description = Neutron astronomy helps us understand solar flares
|image=Icon338.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Cycle 25 Strikes Again
|number = 337
|first_author = Kamil BICZ
|second_author =
|publish_date = 20 November 2018
|description = A second, larger Cycle 25 sunspot
|image=Icon337.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Remembering Marcos Machado via his research
|number = 336
|first_author = Hugh HUDSON
|second_author =
|publish_date = 13 November 2018
|description = Recalling a friend and colleague, and admiring his final paper
|image=Icon336.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = CORONAS/SPIRIT Mg XII and Nanoflares‎
|number = 335
|first_author = Anton REVA
|second_author =
|publish_date = 22 October 2018
|description = Monochromatic Mg XII spectroheliography sets severe limits on nanoflare heating models
|image=Icon335.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = White-light Emission and Non-thermal Electrons‎
|number = 334
|first_author = Kyoung-Sun LEE
|second_author =
|publish_date = 8 October 2018
|description = An intimate relationship between accelerated electrons and visible flare continuum
|image=Icon334.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal Hard X-ray Sources Revisited
|number = 333
|first_author = Brian DENNIS
|second_author =
|publish_date = 24 September 2018
|description = Reporting some over-interpretation of the evidence for "coronal thick targets"
|image=Icon333.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Photospheric response to a flare
|number = 332
|first_author = Mike WHEATLAND
|second_author =
|publish_date = 17 September 2018
|description = Sudden changes in the magnetic field in the low atmosphere associated with particle acceleration
|image=Icon332.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = New Views of Global Solar Magnetic Field Evolution Over Four Solar Cycles
|number = 331
|first_author = David WEBB
|second_author =
|publish_date = 27 August 2018
|description = A digital archive of Pat McIntosh's 44 years of solar synoptic observations
|image=Icon331.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Understanding the co-spatial return current in solar flares
|number = 330
|first_author = Meriem ALAOUI
|second_author = and Gordon HOLMAN
|publish_date = 6 August 2018
|description = Completing the circuit in a thick-target model
|image=Icon330.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = 3D Magnetic Reconnection at a Coronal Null Point
|number = 329
|first_author = Shane MALONEY,
|second_author = Aidan O'Flannagain and Peter Gallagher
|publish_date = 30 July 2018
|description = Large-scale reconnection involved in Type I radio noise storm
|image=Icon329.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The true dawn of multimessenger astronomy
|number = 328
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 23 July 2018
|description = Ever since the Carrington flare
|image=Icon328.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Microwave Imaging Spectroscopy of Flares is Here‎
|number = 327
|first_author = Dale E. Gary,
|second_author = EOVSA and RHESSI Teams
|publish_date = 16 July 2018
|description = Microwave imaging spectroscopy takes a giant leap forward with SOL2017-09-10
|image=Icon327.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Coronal nanoflares powered by footpoint reconnection
|number = 326
|first_author = Pradeep Chitta,
|second_author = Hardi Peter, and Sami Solanki
|publish_date = 9 July 2018
|description = Coronal nanoflares in active region cores can be powered by the magnetic reconnection in the lower solar atmosphere
|image=Icon326.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A remarkable, but confused, coronal hard X-ray source
|number = 325
|first_author = Alexandra Lysenko,
|second_author = Larisa Kashapova and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 25 June 2018
|description = A remarkable flare in 1999 adds to our short list of extended coronal hard X-ray/microwave sources
|image=Icon325.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Understanding HMI pseudocontinuum in white-light flares‎
|number = 324
|first_author = Michal &Scaron;vanda
|second_author = et al.
|publish_date = 28 May 2018
|description = The HMI pseudocontinuum (Ic) is ill-calibrated in regions with strong fields, i.e. for white-light flares
|image=Icon324.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = To beam or not to beam - that is (still) the question
|number = 323
|first_author = Paulo Simões
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 14 May 2018
|description = Descriptions of the lower solar atmosphere of flares ca. Cycle 21 sound surprisingly current
|image=Icon323.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Observation of Cosmic Ray Spallation Events from SoHO‎
|number = 322
|first_author = Serge Koutchmy
|second_author = and Ehsan Tavabi
|publish_date = 7 May 2018
|description = LASCO's images capture high-energy nuclear interactions from cosmic-ray hits
|image=Icon322.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Sunspot from Cycle 25 for sure
|number = 321
|first_author = Tomek Mrozek
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 10 April 2018
|description = YES! Cycle 25 is here!
|image=Icon321.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Blue-wing enhancement of the Mg II h and k lines in a flare
|number = 320
|first_author = Akiko TEI
|second_author =
|publish_date = 9 April 2018
|description = Flare loops involve a cool upflow preceding the hot evaporation flow
|image=Icon320.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = NuSTAR detects X-ray flares in the quiet Sun
|number = 319
|first_author = Matej Kuhar
|second_author = and Säm Krucker
|publish_date = 26 March 2018
|description = Quiet-Sun flares may not be powerful, but they look a lot like ordinary flares
|image=Icon319.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Homologous CME/flares from AR 12371
|number = 318
|first_author = Panditi Vemareddy
|second_author = and Pascal Demoulín
|publish_date = 19 March 2018
|description = An excellent set of homologous flare/CMEs analyzed and explained
|image=Icon318.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Non-Maxwellian Diagnostics from SDO/EVE Spectra of an X-class Flare
|number = 317
|first_author = Elena Dzifčáková
|second_author = and Jaroslav Dudík
|publish_date = 16 February 2018
|description = Ratios of high-excitation ions can readily detect κ-distributions in flare plasmas
|image=Icon317.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Joint MinXSS and RHESSI Flare X-ray Spectra between 1 and 15 keV
|number = 316
|first_author = Chris Moore, Brian Dennis and the MinXSS Science Team
|publish_date = 5 February 2018
|description = MinXSS adds systematic views of flare soft X-ray spectra to RHESSI imagery
|image=Icon316.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Parameterized Flare Models with Chromospheric Compressions
|number = 315
|first_author = Adam Kowalski & Joel Allred
|publish_date = 17 January 2018
|description = A new approach to modeling the lower flare atmosphere
|image=FlareModelsKowalskiAllred.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Curious Sunspot Group in 2018
|number = 314
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 14 January 2018
|description = The first new sunspot group of 2018 emerged at the wrong latitude
|image = Icon314.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Tecumseh's Eclipse and Astrophysics
|number = 313
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 25 December 2017
|description = The solar corona was first recognized as such, and named, in an eclipse of 1806
|image = Icon313.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Hunting for Hidden Tiny Flares
|number = 312
|first_author = Shin-nosuke ISHIKAWA
|publish_date = 27 November 2017
|description = FOXSI-2 says that episodic energy releases are still viable as a part of the coronal heating problem.
|image = Icon312.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Unusual Type III Burst Dynamics Produced by Diverging Magnetic Fields
|number = 311
|first_author = Patrick McCauley
|publish_date = 20 November 2017
|description = Unusual type III bursts follow coronal separatrix structures.
|image = Icon311.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Valderrama in the 21st Century
|number = 310
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 31 October 2017
|description = A newly-described white-light flare from the 19th century!..
|image = Icon310.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electron Scattering in the Flaring Corona
|number = 309
|first_author = Sophie Musset
|publish_date = 24 October 2017
|description = Diffusive transport may contribute to the trapping of electrons in coronal X-ray sources
|image = Icon309.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Power of Turbulence
|number = 308
|first_author = Nic Bian
|publish_date = 25 September 2017
|description = Turbulent energy content may underlie flare energy transfer, magnetic reconnection, and particle acceleration
|image = Icon308.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Kelvin Force and Loop-Top Concentration
|number = 307
|first_author = Kiyoto SHIBASAKI
|publish_date = 18 September 2017
|description = New physics can explain the perplexing overpressure at the flare looptop regions
|image = Icon307.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Last Best Flare of Cycle 24?
|number = 306
|first_author = Säm Krucker
|second_author = and Hugh Hudson
|publish_date = 11 September 2017
|description = Right on schedule, Cycle 24 has produced a great flare (with a GLE)
|image = Icon306.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Electric Current Neutralization and Solar Eruption in Active Regions
|number = 305
|first_author = Yang LIU
|second_author =
|publish_date = 28 August 2017
|description = Active current systems in the solar corona don't have return currents
|image = Icon305.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = RHESSI and the Megamovie
|number = 304
|first_author = Hugh Hudson, Laura Peticolas,
|second_author = and Juan Carlos Martínez Oliveros
|publish_date = 31 July 2017
|description = A wholly new way to view a solar eclipse, and to do solar astrometry
|image = Icon304.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Bastille Day 2017
|number = 303
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author = and Säm Krucker
|publish_date = 24 July 2017
|description = Interesting flares really do happen on Bastille Day...
|image = Icon303.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = The Solar X-ray Limb III
|number = 302
|first_author = Marina Battaglia
|second_author = and Gordon Hurford
|publish_date = 12 June 2017
|description = RHESSI succeeds with a wholly new way to measure the solar diameter
|image = Icon302.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = Double Coronal X-ray and Microwave Sources Associated With A Magnetic Breakout Solar Eruption
|number = 301
|first_author = Yao CHEN
|second_author =
|publish_date = 29 May 2017
|description = A different explanation of the double coronal hard X-ray sources
|image = Icon301.png}}

{{Nugget Badge
|title = A Lasso Model for Solar Gamma-ray Events
|number = 300
|first_author = Hugh Hudson
|second_author =
|publish_date = 15 May 2017
|description = A toy model hoping to explain the SEP/LAT relationship
|image = Icon300.png}}

[[RHESSI Science Nuggets 200 to 299|Next Nuggets]]

File:Icon518.png

2026-03-11T18:49:34Z

Hhudson:

When Magnetic Field Lines Stretch, Snap, and Expand: A New Look at Solar Flares with L-maps

2026-03-11T09:48:25Z

Hhudson: /* Methodology */

{{Infobox Nugget
|name = Nugget
|title = When Magnetic Field Lines Stretch, Snap, and Expand: A New Look at Solar Flares with L-maps
|number = 518
|first_author = Maria KAZACHENKO
|second_author = Yuhong FAN and Andrey AFANASYEV
|publish_date = March 9, 2026
|next_nugget = TBD
|previous_nugget = {{#ask: [[Category:Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::517]]}}
}}

== Overview ==

Understanding the three-dimensional evolution of coronal magnetic
fields during solar flares remains a major challenge in solar
physics.
Since direct coronal measurements are limited, studies
rely on photospheric observations and modeling.
Routine vector magnetic-field measurements from
[http://hmi.stanford.edu SDO/HMI]
have enabled more realistic data-driven simulations, creating a
growing need for tools that analyze these complex simulations and
validate them with observations.

== Methodology ==

In our new paper (Ref. [1]) we introduce a new diagnostic tool, L-maps, to
track the evolution of coronal magnetic field-line length during
solar eruptions.
L-maps measure the natural logarithm of field-line
length &ell; at each point of the lower boundary (photosphere):

<center>
L(x,y,t) = ln[&ell;(x,y,t)] .
</center>

Using a data-driven simulation of the X2.2 flare SOL2011-02-15
in active region AR 11158 (Ref. [2]), we show how L-maps
provide a direct way to validate 3D simulations against observations
of flare ribbons and coronal dimmings and to understand the evolution
of coronal magnetic fields.
Figure 1 shows two examples of L-maps before and during the X2.2 flare.

[[File:518f1.png|center|thumb|700px|caption|Figure 1: 
Examples of L-maps. Left: Pre-flare vertical magnetic field from
SDO/HMI.
Middle and right: L-maps during the pre-flare phase and
post-reconnection CME expansion.
Colors indicate logarithm of
field-line length normalized to the solar radius (red: longest,
dark blue: shortest).
White and black contours mark ±500 G HMI vertical field.
]]

Changes in L-maps track different patterns of magnetic evolution:

<ul>
<li> Decrease in L -> shortening of field-lines due to reconnection.
These occur in flare ribbon regions seen as brightenings (e.g.,
in 1600 Å), which mark the chromospheric footpoints of newly
reconnected magnetic field lines. </li>

<li> Increase in L -> lengthening of field lines during eruption.
These occur in coronal dimming regions -- dark areas (e.g., 211 Å)
observed during CMEs. They represent plasma evacuation along
expanding field lines.</li>
</ul>

== Results ==

In Figure 2 we compare the evolution of ribbon and dimming regions
dervied from L-maps with SDO/AIA observations. We find strong spatial
agreement between simulated and observed ribbons and dimmings,
demonstrating that the simulation captures the key features of
coronal magnetic evolution.

[[File:518f2.png|center|thumb|700px|caption|Figure 2: 
Comparison of simulated (L-maps, left) and observed (SDO/AIA, right)
cumulative masks for flare ribbons (top) and coronal dimmings
(bottom). Colors show first appearance time (blue early, red late).
Contours mark ±500 G HMI vertical field; red contours outline dimming
regions.
]]

== Three Stages of Magnetic Evolution During an X2.2 Flare ==

Using [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-means_clustering K-means clustering] of
the L-map time series, we identify three
distinct stages of coronal magnetic evolution during the eruption
(Figure 3).

<ol>
<li> Slow Preflare Rise Phase: Before flare onset, magnetic field
lines rooted in future ribbon locations gradually lengthen,
reflecting the slow buildup of magnetic stress prior to reconnection.</li>

<li>Flare Reconnection and CME Rise: During the impulsive phase:</li>

<ul>
<li>a. Field lines anchored in ribbon regions shorten abruptly due
to magnetic reconnection.</li>

<li>b. Field lines rooted in "reconnection dimming" regions
rapidly expand. Unlike classical dimmings, which result
from the gradual expansion of CME field lines, reconnection
dimmings occur during the reconnection phase and mark the
footpoints of newly formed field lines that become part of
the erupting flux rope.</li>
</ul>
<li> Post-Reconnection CME Expansion: After the main reconnection
episode, flare loops stabilize while the erupting flux rope continues
to rise.<li>
</ol>
 
[[File:518f3.png|center|thumb|700px|caption|Figure 3: 
K-means clustering of L-maps identifying three stages of coronal
magnetic-field evolution. Left: spatial clusters marking characteristic
regions of field-line evolution. Right: mean L-map value L = ln(l)
within each cluster. Colors are the same in the two panels.
]]

== Conclusions ==

L-maps provide a new framework for analysis of realistic magnetic-field
evolution during solar flares. They allow us to:

<ol>
<li>1. Compare and validate simulations with observations, including
flare ribbons and coronal dimmings.</li>

<li>Track three-dimensional magnetic connectivity evolution
and identify key stages of eruption dynamics.</li>

<li>Reveal new magnetic-field evolution phenomena, such as
the reconnection dimming that we find here.</li?
</ol>

We conclude that as realistic data-driven MHD
simulations become increasingly sophisticated, tools like L-maps
are essential for interpreting their complex outputs and validating
them with observations.

== References ==

[1] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026ApJ...999..137K/ "When Magnetic Field Lines Stretch, Snap, and Expand: A New Look at Solar Flares with L-maps"]

[2] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024ApJ...975..206F "A Data-driven Magnetohydrodynamic Simulation of the 2011 February 15 Coronal Mass Ejection from Active Region NOAA 11158"]

When Magnetic Field Lines Stretch, Snap, and Expand: A New Look at Solar Flares with L-maps

2026-03-11T09:43:32Z

Hhudson: aggressive use of <ul> etc.

{{Infobox Nugget
|name = Nugget
|title = When Magnetic Field Lines Stretch, Snap, and Expand: A New Look at Solar Flares with L-maps
|number = 518
|first_author = Maria KAZACHENKO
|second_author = Yuhong FAN and Andrey AFANASYEV
|publish_date = March 9, 2026
|next_nugget = TBD
|previous_nugget = {{#ask: [[Category:Nugget]] [[RHESSI Nugget Index::517]]}}
}}

== Overview ==

Understanding the three-dimensional evolution of coronal magnetic
fields during solar flares remains a major challenge in solar
physics.
Since direct coronal measurements are limited, studies
rely on photospheric observations and modeling.
Routine vector magnetic-field measurements from
[http://hmi.stanford.edu SDO/HMI]
have enabled more realistic data-driven simulations, creating a
growing need for tools that analyze these complex simulations and
validate them with observations.

== Methodology ==

In our new paper (Ref. [1]) we introduce a new diagnostic tool, L-maps, to
track the evolution of coronal magnetic field-line length during
solar eruptions.
L-maps measure the natural logarithm of field-line
length at each point of the lower boundary (photosphere):

L(x,y,t) = ln[l(x,y,t)].

Using a data-driven simulation of the X2.2 flare SOL2011-02-15
in active region AR 11158 (Ref. [2]), we show how L-maps
provide a direct way to validate 3D simulations against observations
of flare ribbons and coronal dimmings and to understand the evolution
of coronal magnetic fields.
Figure 1 shows two examples of L-maps before and during the X2.2 flare.

[[File:518f1.png|center|thumb|700px|caption|Figure 1: 
Examples of L-maps. Left: Pre-flare vertical magnetic field from
SDO/HMI.
Middle and right: L-maps during the pre-flare phase and
post-reconnection CME expansion.
Colors indicate logarithm of
field-line length normalized to the solar radius (red: longest,
dark blue: shortest).
White and black contours mark ±500 G HMI vertical field.
]]

Changes in L-maps track different patterns of magnetic evolution:

<ul>
<li> Decrease in L -> shortening of field-lines due to reconnection.
These occur in flare ribbon regions seen as brightenings (e.g.,
in 1600 Å), which mark the chromospheric footpoints of newly
reconnected magnetic field lines. </li>

<li> Increase in L -> lengthening of field lines during eruption.
These occur in coronal dimming regions -- dark areas (e.g., 211 Å)
observed during CMEs. They represent plasma evacuation along
expanding field lines.</li>
</ul>

== Results ==

In Figure 2 we compare the evolution of ribbon and dimming regions
dervied from L-maps with SDO/AIA observations. We find strong spatial
agreement between simulated and observed ribbons and dimmings,
demonstrating that the simulation captures the key features of
coronal magnetic evolution.

[[File:518f2.png|center|thumb|700px|caption|Figure 2: 
Comparison of simulated (L-maps, left) and observed (SDO/AIA, right)
cumulative masks for flare ribbons (top) and coronal dimmings
(bottom). Colors show first appearance time (blue early, red late).
Contours mark ±500 G HMI vertical field; red contours outline dimming
regions.
]]

== Three Stages of Magnetic Evolution During an X2.2 Flare ==

Using [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-means_clustering K-means clustering] of
the L-map time series, we identify three
distinct stages of coronal magnetic evolution during the eruption
(Figure 3).

<ol>
<li> Slow Preflare Rise Phase: Before flare onset, magnetic field
lines rooted in future ribbon locations gradually lengthen,
reflecting the slow buildup of magnetic stress prior to reconnection.</li>

<li>Flare Reconnection and CME Rise: During the impulsive phase:</li>

<ul>
<li>a. Field lines anchored in ribbon regions shorten abruptly due
to magnetic reconnection.</li>

<li>b. Field lines rooted in "reconnection dimming" regions
rapidly expand. Unlike classical dimmings, which result
from the gradual expansion of CME field lines, reconnection
dimmings occur during the reconnection phase and mark the
footpoints of newly formed field lines that become part of
the erupting flux rope.</li>
</ul>
<li> Post-Reconnection CME Expansion: After the main reconnection
episode, flare loops stabilize while the erupting flux rope continues
to rise.<li>
</ol>
 
[[File:518f3.png|center|thumb|700px|caption|Figure 3: 
K-means clustering of L-maps identifying three stages of coronal
magnetic-field evolution. Left: spatial clusters marking characteristic
regions of field-line evolution. Right: mean L-map value L = ln(l)
within each cluster. Colors are the same in the two panels.
]]

== Conclusions ==

L-maps provide a new framework for analysis of realistic magnetic-field
evolution during solar flares. They allow us to:

<ol>
<li>1. Compare and validate simulations with observations, including
flare ribbons and coronal dimmings.</li>

<li>Track three-dimensional magnetic connectivity evolution
and identify key stages of eruption dynamics.</li>

<li>Reveal new magnetic-field evolution phenomena, such as
the reconnection dimming that we find here.</li?
</ol>

We conclude that as realistic data-driven MHD
simulations become increasingly sophisticated, tools like L-maps
are essential for interpreting their complex outputs and validating
them with observations.

== References ==

[1] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026ApJ...999..137K/ "When Magnetic Field Lines Stretch, Snap, and Expand: A New Look at Solar Flares with L-maps"]

[2] [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024ApJ...975..206F "A Data-driven Magnetohydrodynamic Simulation of the 2011 February 15 Coronal Mass Ejection from Active Region NOAA 11158"]